Buildings

32 pages, 6848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Waste to Roads: Improving Pavement Performance and Achieving Sustainability with Recycled Steel Slag and Low-Density Polyethylene

by Syed Amir Mehmood, Muhammad Imran Khan, Sarfraz Ahmed, Rania Al-Nawasir and Rafiq M. Choudhry

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030476 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The use of waste, recycled, and modified materials is increasingly popular in roadway construction for sustainability and pavement longevity. This research examines the combination of steel slag (SS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), commonly used in plastic bags and steel manufacturing by-products, to mitigate [...] Read more.

The use of waste, recycled, and modified materials is increasingly popular in roadway construction for sustainability and pavement longevity. This research examines the combination of steel slag (SS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), commonly used in plastic bags and steel manufacturing by-products, to mitigate environmental pollution. LDPE was tested as a binder modifier in two bitumen grades, 60–70 and 80–100, at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7% by weight. SS was used as a replacement for coarse aggregate. The physical properties of both modified and unmodified bitumen grades and SS were analyzed before creating and testing hot-mix asphalt (HMA) samples. The dynamic modulus of these samples was measured at temperatures of 4.4 °C, 21.1 °C, 37.8 °C, and 54.4 °C with frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, and 25 Hz. Master curves were developed, and the dynamic modulus data underwent design of experiment (DOE) and computational intelligence (CI) analyses. Using KENPAVE, a mechanistic–empirical tool, the analysis assessed the design life and enhancements in damage ratio for each modifier and grade. The results showed that adding LDPE increases the softening point and penetration grade but decreases ductility due to increased bitumen stiffness, leading to premature fatigue failure at higher LDPE levels. Both 3% LDPE and 3% SS-modified LDPE improved Marshall Stability and dynamic modulus across all temperature and frequency ranges. Specifically, 3% LDPE enhanced stability by 13–16% and 3% SS-LDPE by 30–32%. The KENPAVE results for 3% LDPE showed a design life improvement of 19–25% and a damage ratio reduction of 15–18%. In comparison, 3% SS-LDPE demonstrated a design life improvement of 50–60% and a damage ratio reduction of 25–35%. Overall, this study concludes that 3% LDPE- and 3% SS-LDPE-modified HMA in both bitumen grades 60–70 and 80–100 provide optimal results for improving pavement performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures)

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38 pages, 11460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation-Based Optimization of Crane Lifting Position and Capacity Using a Construction Digital Twin for Prefabricated Bridge Deck Assembly

by Dae-Ho Jang, Gi-Tae Roh, Chi-Ho Jeon and Chang-Su Shim

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030475 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The growing adoption of off-site construction methods has increased the critical role of mobile cranes within the construction sector. This study develops a Construction Digital Twin (CDT) framework to optimize crane lifting positions and capacities for the installation of prefabricated bridge decks. By [...] Read more.

The growing adoption of off-site construction methods has increased the critical role of mobile cranes within the construction sector. This study develops a Construction Digital Twin (CDT) framework to optimize crane lifting positions and capacities for the installation of prefabricated bridge decks. By integrating 3D site modeling, Building Information Modeling (BIM), and crane simulations within the Unity game engine, the CDT overcomes the limitations of conventional 2D-based planning by providing a three-dimensional representation of site conditions. An exhaustive search method identifies optimal crane configurations, enhancing precision and efficiency. Simulation calibration using video analysis of real bridge deck installations aligns crane speed and cycle times with actual operations, improving reliability. Case studies demonstrate the CDT’s ability to reduce crane operation costs by 27% when employing a smaller capacity crane while maintaining operational efficiency. Additional DFA-focused simulations with varying deck dimensions revealed a potential 10% cost reduction by optimizing crane operations and deck design strategies. The CDT framework supports early-stage planning, reduces operational risks, and contributes to cost-effective and safer construction practices, offering a scalable solution adaptable to various construction scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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18 pages, 2241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Weather Conditions on Time, Cost, and Quality in Successful Construction Project Delivery

by RunRun Dong, Ali Muhammad and Umer Nauman

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030474 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The effective management of the triple constraints, time, cost, and quality, is imminently essential for the success of construction projects, and it is considered a hot research topic nowadays. For this purpose, we carried out this study to systematically analyze the influence of [...] Read more.

The effective management of the triple constraints, time, cost, and quality, is imminently essential for the success of construction projects, and it is considered a hot research topic nowadays. For this purpose, we carried out this study to systematically analyze the influence of these constraints on project success, specifically emphasizing how weather conditions intensify the difficulties associated with these constraints. A survey questionnaire was administered to 242 industry experts, and the collected data were evaluated utilizing the software named Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 30.0. Further, we also analyzed the obtained data by employing Cronbach’s alpha, correlation, and regression analyses, which obviously confirmed the effects of these constraints on project success. In addition, the results clearly indicated that weather-related delays increased the durations of projects by 25.7% and caused an average cost increase of 23.8%. Focused attention was required for effective management of these constraints. This study further highlights the need for strategic planning and effective risk management to mitigate weather-related risks. As a result, proficient management of these elements is imminently crucial for ensuring project success in the construction sector. Thus, we concluded that this study will allow construction projects in future endeavors to be carried out with high proficiency and effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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29 pages, 3039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Critical Delay Causative Factors and Their Mitigation Measures in Burundi Communal Construction Projects: A Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling Approach

by Georges Irankunda, Wei Zhang, Usman Isah Abdullahi, Muhirwa Fernand, Byiringiro David and Sinamenye Jean-Petit

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030473 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The execution of a construction project faces many potentials challenges, and delays are one of them. Communal construction projects in Burundi (CCP-Burundi projects) were considered as one field that could generate a Burundi government development plan. However, according to the frequency of delays [...] Read more.

The execution of a construction project faces many potentials challenges, and delays are one of them. Communal construction projects in Burundi (CCP-Burundi projects) were considered as one field that could generate a Burundi government development plan. However, according to the frequency of delays encountered by these projects, at a rate of 70% on average every year, the government’s target seems far from being achieved. As no scientific study exists on how to avoid CCP delays, this paper aims to identify and analyze factors that cause delays in CCP-Burundi and provide related measures to overcome them. Based on a list of fifty delay factors gathered from the National Communal Investment Fund institution FONIC (Fond National d’Investissement Communal), communal annual reports, and the literature, a questionnaire survey was developed and dispersed to CCP stakeholders to collect data about critical factors. The top fifteen factors were identified using a relative importance index and a factor analysis was performed. “Weather conditions” was the top-ranked factor, while “Claims” was the lowest ranked. A structural equation modeling approach was adopted to evaluate influences at the relationship level among delay factor groups. A standardized calculation revealed that Factors During Awarding of Bid (FDABs) positively influence Factors After the Award of Bid (FAABs). The findings were implemented in case studies to assess their efficacy. This paper’s findings could assist upcoming construction practitioners and future researchers aiming to explore construction-related project delays, providing a fundamental understanding of the significant delays encountered in the Burundi construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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38 pages, 39226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Research on the Construction of Traditional Village Heritage Corridors in the Taihu Lake Region Based on the Current Effective Conductance (CEC) Theory

by Yao Wu, Mingrui Miao, Yonglan Wu, Hui Zhu, Xiaobin Li and Antonio Candeias

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030472 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study focuses on constructing a heritage corridor for traditional villages in the Taihu Lake region, aiming to promote the cultural heritage preservation and sustainable development of these villages through innovative pathway design. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages across [...] Read more.

This study focuses on constructing a heritage corridor for traditional villages in the Taihu Lake region, aiming to promote the cultural heritage preservation and sustainable development of these villages through innovative pathway design. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages across five cities surrounding Taihu Lake (Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Huzhou, and Jiaxing) and the existing transportation network, this research integrates the Circuit Effective Conductance (CEC) theory with ArcGIS spatial analysis methods to optimize the pathways of the heritage corridor. The results show that the expected nearest neighbor distance of 307 traditional villages in the Taihu Lake region is 5245.61 m, with the actual nearest neighbor distance being 3385.60 m, a z-score of −11.85, and a nearest neighbor index of 0.645786, indicating that traditional villages in this region exhibit clustered distribution. Combined with kernel density results, a “dual-core–four zones–multiple scatter points” spatial structure of traditional villages in the Taihu Lake region is revealed, with Dongshan Island and Wujiang District serving as the primary and secondary cultural cores, respectively. By establishing a “dual-ring heritage corridor” spatial network, a stable pathway for village heritage preservation and cultural transmission has been formed, consisting of 137 heritage corridors. Meanwhile, the CEC model demonstrates high adaptability in generating circular heritage corridors, particularly in creating closed-loop structures around the lake, thereby enhancing the spatial connectivity of the corridors and facilitating the effective flow of cultural resources. Through the strategic design of outer and inner ring corridors, this study successfully links traditional villages in the Taihu Lake region and develops optimal travel routes. The study provides practical solutions for the protection, revitalization, and integration of cultural tourism in the region and offers a new perspective for constructing heritage corridors in lakefront geographies in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Cultural Heritage)

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17 pages, 2964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Vertical Greening Systems on Building Energy Consumption and Comprehensive Carbon Emission

by Hongtu Mi, Shidong Wang, Tingting Wang and Tao Li

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030471 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Vertical greening systems, in addition to enhancing the aesthetic design of building facades, contribute to energy saving and carbon reduction. This study proposes a simplified calculation method for the annual comprehensive carbon reduction potential of vertical greening systems, considering both indirect carbon reduction [...] Read more.

Vertical greening systems, in addition to enhancing the aesthetic design of building facades, contribute to energy saving and carbon reduction. This study proposes a simplified calculation method for the annual comprehensive carbon reduction potential of vertical greening systems, considering both indirect carbon reduction and direct carbon sequestration. The annual energy-saving potential of vertical greening systems was numerically simulated using EnergyPlus 9.2.0 for a typical three-story office building in four cities in different climate zones: Xi’an, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Kunming. The potential of indirect carbon reduction and that of direct carbon sequestration of the building for a full year as a result of the vertical greening system in these areas were calculated. The results show that vertical greening systems using Virginia creeper reduced annual building energy consumption by 1.2%, 3.1%, 8.7%, and 4.0% in Xi’an, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Kunming, respectively. The impact was most significant in Guangzhou, where the air condition period was the longest. When the leaf area index is 3, the indirect carbon reduction in Guangzhou can reach 1105.45 kgCO₂/a. In regions with higher summer air conditioning energy consumption, the vertical greening system exhibits better indirect carbon reduction potential. In Kunming and Guangzhou, where the growing season for creeper is longer, the system shows higher total annual carbon sequestration. In Guangzhou, the vertical greening system has the highest overall carbon reduction potential. The vertical greening system provides significant carbon reduction benefits across all climate zones and can strongly support the building industry’s efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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30 pages, 28849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sense of Place and Sacred Places: A Phenomenological Study of Ancestral Hall Spatial Narratives—The Shike Ancestral Hall, En Village, Guangdong

by Jie Feng, Azizi Bahauddin and Jingwen Miao

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030470 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Based on the narrative perspective, this paper studies the spatial characteristics and cultural significance of the Shike Ancestral Hall in En Village, Guangdong, as a sacred building. By drawing on Lefebvre’s theory of spatial production, the physical space, cultural value, and community sentiment [...] Read more.

Based on the narrative perspective, this paper studies the spatial characteristics and cultural significance of the Shike Ancestral Hall in En Village, Guangdong, as a sacred building. By drawing on Lefebvre’s theory of spatial production, the physical space, cultural value, and community sentiment of the Shike Ancestral Hall are linked to explore its role in the sense of place, clan memory, and cultural identity. The study found that the combination of perceived, conceived, and lived space gives the Shike Ancestral Hall profound social, cultural, and religious significance. The ancestral hall is not only a material existence but also a vital link to maintain the emotional and cultural identity among clan members. Through the multi-sensory experience of the building, including light, sound, touch, and smell, the unique atmosphere of the sacred space is revealed, further deepening the need for sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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23 pages, 11763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strength and Stiffness of Corrugated Plates Subjected to Bending

by Yuki Yoshino and Yoshihiro Kimura

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030469 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

When a beam twists, localized flexural deformation in the plate occurs at the connection between the corrugated plate and the beam, resulting in a reduction in the bracing stiffness of the corrugated plate. To accurately assess the bracing stiffness of a beam with [...] Read more.

When a beam twists, localized flexural deformation in the plate occurs at the connection between the corrugated plate and the beam, resulting in a reduction in the bracing stiffness of the corrugated plate. To accurately assess the bracing stiffness of a beam with a connected corrugated plate, it is essential to independently determine the bending stiffness of the corrugated plate and the rotational stiffness of the plate–beam joint. This study conducts bending experiments on corrugated plates subjected to in-plane bending to elucidate the stress mechanisms within the plates. The influence of the width-to-thickness ratio on the bending load and bending stiffness of the corrugated plates is examined using the width-to-thickness ratio regulations of various countries. The findings revealed that when the width-to-thickness ratio of the corrugated plates used in this study was lower than the threshold specified in the Eurocode, the bending load at the onset of stiffness degradation was approximately 80% of the maximum bending load, and the initial bending stiffness corresponded closely to the theoretical value. Conversely, when the web width-to-thickness ratio of the corrugated plates exceeded the limit prescribed in the Eurocode, it was demonstrated that the maximum bending load decreased to approximately 50% of the yield load, and the initial bending stiffness was reduced to about 95% of the theoretical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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18 pages, 6727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constitutive Relation of Polypropylene-Fiber-Reinforced Mortar Under Uniaxial Compression at High Temperature

by Hao Chen and Dongwei Li

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030468 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Exposure to elevated temperatures leads to the deterioration of the mechanical properties of cementitious materials. However, the inclusion of fibers can mitigate, to some extent, the negative effects of high temperatures on these materials. Specifically, polypropylene (PP) fibers, a synthetic fiber type, have [...] Read more.

Exposure to elevated temperatures leads to the deterioration of the mechanical properties of cementitious materials. However, the inclusion of fibers can mitigate, to some extent, the negative effects of high temperatures on these materials. Specifically, polypropylene (PP) fibers, a synthetic fiber type, have been demonstrated to improve the performance of cement-based composites. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the impact of temperature on the behavior of fiber-reinforced mortar for its broader application in construction. This study explores the effects of varying PP fiber contents (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%) and different temperature exposures (25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C) on the performance of cement mortar. The experimental results show that elevated temperatures significantly degrade both the mechanical and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced mortar. As the temperature and fiber content increase, both the quality and thermal conductivity of the mortar decrease. Between 25 °C and 200 °C, the incorporation of PP fibers (ranging from 0% to 0.2%) significantly enhances the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortar. However, this improvement becomes less pronounced as the fiber content exceeds 0.2%. At temperatures above 200 °C, further increases in temperature, coupled with higher fiber contents, consistently lead to a reduction in the compressive and flexural strengths. Based on the principles of continuous damage mechanics (which describes the degradation and fracture of materials under loading) and the dual-parameter Weibull distribution theory, a constitutive model is proposed to describe the damage behavior of high-temperature PP-fiber-reinforced mortar under uniaxial compressive stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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20 pages, 3477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Impact of House Size on Building Embodied Energy

by Abdul Rauf, Daniel Euroizing Attoye, Malik Mansoor Ali Khalfan and Muhammad Tariq Shafiq

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030467 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

The effects of buildings on the environment can be reduced with research-based alternative building designs. This study focuses on reducing the building space to lower the overall size of a building as a strategy to reduce the building’s embodied energy. The aim of [...] Read more.

The effects of buildings on the environment can be reduced with research-based alternative building designs. This study focuses on reducing the building space to lower the overall size of a building as a strategy to reduce the building’s embodied energy. The aim of this study was to investigate the initial embodied energy (IEE) of a residential building that was systematically reduced in size. Using input–output-based hybrid analysis, the IEE for three architecturally distinct four-bedroom residential prototypes (P1, P2, and P3) was calculated. The IEE for P1 (525 m²), P2 (266 m²), and P3 (109 m²) were 3555, 2008, and 1000 GJ, respectively. This indicates a 72% reduction in embodied energy consumption when the largest prototype (P1) was transitioned to the smallest (P3). When analyzing IEE/m² and IEE/m²/occupant, it becomes apparent that larger spaces tend to have a lower IEE/m². However, when the occupancy increases, the IEE/m²/occupant decreases by 25–33%. Therefore, considering occupant-centered design for residential buildings, the benefits of a large house are not justifiable. These findings can help inform decisions regarding the optimization of residential spaces to minimize environmental impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Buildings in the Built Environment)

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24 pages, 1152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Regeneration: Economic and Social Impacts of a Multifunctional Sports Park in Reggio Calabria

by Lucia Della Spina

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030466 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Urban areas increasingly face complex challenges in achieving sustainability, particularly in balancing economic, social, cultural, and environmental needs. Despite their significant potential, multifunctional infrastructures remain underexplored, especially in socio-economically disadvantaged and marginal contexts, where they could play a crucial role in urban regeneration [...] Read more.

Urban areas increasingly face complex challenges in achieving sustainability, particularly in balancing economic, social, cultural, and environmental needs. Despite their significant potential, multifunctional infrastructures remain underexplored, especially in socio-economically disadvantaged and marginal contexts, where they could play a crucial role in urban regeneration processes. This research, based on a case study of an unused urban infrastructure in Southern Italy, adopts a methodological framework to transform these abandoned urban spaces into integrated multifunctional infrastructures capable of providing social, sports, cultural, educational, and recreational services. The proposed framework offers a comprehensive decision-making tool for planners and policymakers, enabling the assessment of multifunctional infrastructures as strategic assets for urban regeneration. The study employs Discounted Cash Flow Analysis (DCFA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) to assess the economic feasibility and social sustainability of the proposed project. Investment and management costs were analyzed and compared against both direct and indirect economic benefits, revealing scenarios that support the feasibility of public–private investment. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis corroborates the robustness of the model, demonstrating its applicability under variable economic and social conditions. In conclusion, the evaluation results highlight the transformative potential of multifunctional infrastructures, highlighting their ability to generate significant social and economic impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Preservation of Buildings and Infrastructure)

21 pages, 5900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Infrared Detection of Debonding in Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes via Cooling-Based Excitation

by Haonan Cai and Chongsheng Cheng

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030465 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Debonding in concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) is a common defect that often occurs during the construction phase of CFST structures, significantly reducing their load-bearing capacity. Current methods for detecting debonding in CFSTs using infrared thermography primarily rely on heat excitation. However, applying this [...] Read more.

Debonding in concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) is a common defect that often occurs during the construction phase of CFST structures, significantly reducing their load-bearing capacity. Current methods for detecting debonding in CFSTs using infrared thermography primarily rely on heat excitation. However, applying this method during the exothermic hydration phase presents considerable challenges. This paper proposes the innovative use of spray cooling as an excitation method during the exothermic hydration phase, providing quantitative insights into the heat conduction dynamics on steel plates for infrared debonding detection in CFSTs. The effects of atomization level, excitation distance, excitation duration, and water temperature in the tank on infrared debonding detection performance were examined. The timing of the maximum temperature difference under cooling excitation was analyzed, and the heat conduction characteristics on the surface of the steel plate during the cooling process were explored. A highly efficient and stable cooling excitation method, suitable for practical engineering detection, is proposed, providing a foundation for quantitative infrared debonding detection in CFSTs. This method does not require additional energy sources, features a simple excitation process, and results in a five-times increase in temperature difference in the debonded region after excitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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15 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Mediterranean Large-Scale Buildings: A Study on Mobilized Thermal-Energy-Storage Systems

by Chawki Lahoud, Rawad Harake, Mira Fatfat and Sarah Bazi

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030464 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the use of Mobilized Thermal Energy Storage (MTES) systems to enhance energy efficiency in large-scale Mediterranean buildings, focusing on a university campus in Tripoli, Lebanon. The research question addresses whether MTES can effectively utilize waste heat from a power plant [...] Read more.

This study investigates the use of Mobilized Thermal Energy Storage (MTES) systems to enhance energy efficiency in large-scale Mediterranean buildings, focusing on a university campus in Tripoli, Lebanon. The research question addresses whether MTES can effectively utilize waste heat from a power plant to meet heating, cooling, and water heating needs. We hypothesize that MTES, using Erythritol as the phase change material (PCM) and Therminol55 as the heat transfer fluid (HTF), will improve energy efficiency and reduce costs compared to conventional systems. The methodology involves simulating the MTES system’s performance, including charge, self-discharge, and discharge phases, using Simulink-MATLAB. Key findings reveal that increasing the HTF flow reduces the charging time by 29% and enhances the efficiency by 8%, while larger project scales decrease heat costs. Economic analysis shows a payback period (PBP) of 2 years 11 months for heating only and 2 years 1 month for heating and cooling, with annual maintenance costs considered at 5%. These results demonstrate MTES as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for thermal energy storage, with potential applications in the energy sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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18 pages, 12870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation on an Ultra-Large Seven-Ring Internal Support System Considering the Effects of Soil–Structure Interaction and Temperature

by Hexiang Hu, Yu Tian, Neimeng Zheng, Xiuli Du, Haishan Guo and Zhonghua Xu

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030463 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

The foundation pit area of Kunming International Comprehensive Transportation Hub is 56,800 m², and the excavation depth ranges from 18 m to 25 m. Because the surrounding environment is very complex, the foundation pit is supported by an underground continuous wall [...] Read more.

The foundation pit area of Kunming International Comprehensive Transportation Hub is 56,800 m², and the excavation depth ranges from 18 m to 25 m. Because the surrounding environment is very complex, the foundation pit is supported by an underground continuous wall and three layers of internal support system with seven rings. The force of this internal support system is coupled integrally, and the number of rings is the highest in the world at present. In this work, a finite element model considering the interaction between soil and the retaining structure is established. The Hardening Soil model with small strain stiffness is used to simulate and analyze the whole excavation process of the foundation pit. Considering the ultra-large plane size of the foundation pit, we cannot ignore the temperature effect, so the deformation of the underground continuous wall and the force of the internal support system under seasonal temperature variation are investigated. By comparing numerical simulation results with field measurements, the deformation of the ultra-large seven-ring internal support system, the deformation of the surrounding soil, and the axial force of the supports are analyzed. The results show that the finite element simulation agrees well with the measured data. This work provides a reliable method for analyzing ultra-large deep foundation pits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil-Structure Interaction for Building Structures)

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16 pages, 7214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Load Control Strategy of Centralized Chiller Plants for Emergency Demand Response: A Field Experiment

by Jie Zhu, Zhe Tian, Jide Niu, Yakai Lu, Haizhu Zhou and Yitong Li

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030462 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

As the penetration rate of renewable energy in the power grid increases, the imbalance between power supply and demand has become one of the key issues. Buildings and their heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are considered excellent flexible demand response (DR) [...] Read more.

As the penetration rate of renewable energy in the power grid increases, the imbalance between power supply and demand has become one of the key issues. Buildings and their heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are considered excellent flexible demand response (DR) resources that can reduce peak loads to alleviate operational pressures on the power grid. Centralized chiller plants are regarded as flexible resources with large capacity and rapid adjustability. The direct load control of chiller plants can respond to the power grid within minutes, making them highly suitable for participation in emergency DR. However, existing studies are generally based on simulations and lack experimental research in actual large-scale buildings to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method and provide related lessons learned. This study conducted field experiments on a centralized chiller plant within an industrial building in Guangdong, China. The results indicate that the strategy of shutting down chiller plants is an effective DR measure. It can complete the load reduction process within 15 min, rapidly decreasing the system power by 380~459 kW, with a maximum duration of up to 50 min, without significantly affecting the thermal comfort of indoor occupants. Additionally, the impact of existing control logic on the participation of chiller plants in the DR process is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible Interaction between Buildings and Power Grid)

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16 pages, 4358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Flexural Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Foamed Lightweight Soil

by Yinhe Li, Yong Liu, Hongbo Zhang, Ning An and Zuolin Fan

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030461 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

The flexural behavior of geogrid-reinforced foamed lightweight soil (GRFL soil) is investigated in this study using unconfined compressive and four-point bending tests. The effects of wet density and reinforcement layers on flexural performance are analyzed using load–displacement curves, damage patterns, load characteristics, unconfined [...] Read more.

The flexural behavior of geogrid-reinforced foamed lightweight soil (GRFL soil) is investigated in this study using unconfined compressive and four-point bending tests. The effects of wet density and reinforcement layers on flexural performance are analyzed using load–displacement curves, damage patterns, load characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and flexural strength. A variance study demonstrates that increasing the wet density significantly increases unconfined compressive strength. Bond stress mechanisms enable geogrid integration, efficiently reroute stresses internally, and greatly increase flexural strength. With a maximum unconfined compressive strength of 3.16 MPa and a peak flexural strength increase of 166%, this reinforcement increases both strength and ductility by changing the damage pattern from brittle to ductile. The principal load is initially supported by the foamed lightweight soil, and in later phases, geogrids take over load-bearing responsibilities. Additionally, the work correlates the ratio of unconfined compressive to flexural strength with wet density and informs the development of predictive models for unconfined compressive strength as a function of reinforcing layers and wet density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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33 pages, 13132 KiB

Open AccessReview

Insights into the Diagnosis and Prognosis of the Alkali–Silica Reaction (ASR) in Concrete Dams, Highlighting the Case of the Demolished Alto Ceira Dam in Portugal

by João Custódio, Juan Mata, Carlos Serra, António Bettencourt Ribeiro, António Tavares de Castro and António Lopes Batista

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030460 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Over the past few decades, a significant number of large concrete structures with deterioration problems related to the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) have been identified in Portugal and worldwide. Assessing the condition of ASR-affected concrete dams involves both diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnosis evaluates the [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, a significant number of large concrete structures with deterioration problems related to the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) have been identified in Portugal and worldwide. Assessing the condition of ASR-affected concrete dams involves both diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnosis evaluates the structure’s current state, while prognosis predicts deterioration and safety implications. This is key to estimate the period during which the structure will effectively perform its function, and essential for the timely and cost-effective planning of the necessary mitigation, rehabilitation, and/or reconstruction works. This article aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion of this topic by the scientific and technical community and, therefore, presents the methodology adopted to assess the condition of a severely ASR-affected concrete dam in Portugal, the Alto Ceira dam, in which the concrete was produced with susceptible to ASR quartzitic aggregates and that was decommissioned and replaced by a new one in 2014. The article provides a brief review of the diagnosis and prognosis of the ASR in concrete dams, presents and analyses the results from laboratory testing (including chemical, microstructural, physical, mechanical, and expansion tests), in-situ testing, structural monitoring systems, visual inspections, and numerical modelling, aiming at assessing ASR impacts and evidencing the utility of the reported methodology on the appraisal of ASR-affected structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Materials: Performance Analysis and Assessment)

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29 pages, 18660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Passive Control of Nonlinear Dynamic Response Using the Force Analogy Method in a Chimney Located in a Wind- and Seismic-Prone Region in Mexico

by Hugo Hernández Barrios, Carlos Mauricio Patlán Manjarrez and Roberto Gómez Martínez

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030459 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the control of seismic and wind-induced responses in reinforced concrete chimneys, incorporating material nonlinearity and soil–structure interaction. Using the Force Analogy Method (FAM), an innovative approach for nonlinear dynamic analysis, the performance of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) is evaluated under [...] Read more.

This study investigates the control of seismic and wind-induced responses in reinforced concrete chimneys, incorporating material nonlinearity and soil–structure interaction. Using the Force Analogy Method (FAM), an innovative approach for nonlinear dynamic analysis, the performance of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) is evaluated under diverse loading scenarios, including seismic sequences with mainshock–aftershock events and wind-induced loads, due to synoptic and hurricane winds, modeled as stochastic processes. The FAM approach enables computationally efficient analysis, effectively capturing the complex interactions between seismic and wind actions across varying soil foundation conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of TMDs in reducing structural responses across various loading and foundation scenarios, emphasizing their efficiency in enhancing the safety and resilience of slender structures. This research provides valuable insights into the application of vibration control strategies for safeguarding critical infrastructure against extreme environmental loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Structural Engineering and Mechanics)

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19 pages, 3688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Urban Façade Condition Assessments with Semantic Data Visualizations and 3D Spatial Layouts from BIMs

by Zhuoya Shi and Semiha Ergan

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030458 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Safety inspection of building façades in urban settings is critical for public safety, as many incidents/accidents frequently occur due to falls from façades. This inspection is required for condition assessment of current states and their comparison to assessments conducted in a previous inspection [...] Read more.

Safety inspection of building façades in urban settings is critical for public safety, as many incidents/accidents frequently occur due to falls from façades. This inspection is required for condition assessment of current states and their comparison to assessments conducted in a previous inspection cycle. The current practice of façade condition assessment relies on static, scattered, and textual depictions, which prevents inspectors from having a comprehensive view of façade condition and comparing it to the previous inspection cycle’s findings. Integrated visualization of spatial and semantic data and providing this data based on the preferences of the decision makers are proven to be effective in various decision domains. This study builds on previous research efforts on integrated visualization techniques to identify façade inspectors’ preferences in comprehending inspection findings. Through the design of low-fidelity visualization prototypes, this study first identifies highly frequently preferred visualization techniques by inspectors. Based on these, this study then quantifies the impact of these identified visualization preferences on accuracy and efficiency of decisions in relation to condition assessment of building façades though a set of high-fidelity prototypes and user studies. The results show that integrated visualization of façade conditions has the potential to bring the efficiency of capturing a holistic view of the façade conditions up to 65% and increase the accuracy of decisions up to 41%. The findings of this study directly benefit inspection companies and city agencies who can deploy visualization techniques that are impactful for façade condition assessment in order to holistically assess building façades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Implementing Emerging Technologies in the Building Construction Industry)

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