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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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15 pages, 1122 KiB  
Article
Assessing Embodied Carbon in Structural Models: A Building Information Modelling-Based Approach
by James Hunt and Carlos A. Osorio-Sandoval
Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071679 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2790
Abstract
The construction industry’s recognition of the importance of embodied carbon (EC) drives the need for streamlined early-stage EC assessment. The adoption of building information modelling (BIM) allows for integrating EC assessment into current workflows, as BIM data are fundamental to the assessment. This [...] Read more.
The construction industry’s recognition of the importance of embodied carbon (EC) drives the need for streamlined early-stage EC assessment. The adoption of building information modelling (BIM) allows for integrating EC assessment into current workflows, as BIM data are fundamental to the assessment. This paper presents a BIM-based prototype tool developed to provide a quick and comprehensive assessment of EC in structural models. The prototype utilises visual programming language (VPL) and a database of external carbon factors to automate the assessment process and displays the results in a visualisation model. The prototype also offers high-level insights to support informed decision making and a detailed analysis to identify areas for optimisation. The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of the prototype in identifying EC hot spots and enabling informed decision making for optimisation. From an academic perspective, the study addresses a research gap by demonstrating the viability of integrating EC assessment in the early stages of design. In terms of practical implications, the presented prototype tool offers practitioners a solution that streamlines the assessment of EC in structural models, enabling informed decision making and identification of optimisation opportunities. In terms of policy, the research is aligned with the industry’s recognition of EC’s importance and supports sustainable building practices towards achieving net zero carbon goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net Zero Carbon (NZC) Building Design and Construction)
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21 pages, 7865 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Retrofitting Criteria in Heritage Buildings: Case Study in Seville (Spain)
by María Cimiano-Prados, Manuel Alejandro Pedreño-Rojas, Jan Fořt and María Jesús Morales-Conde
Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071635 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1682
Abstract
The construction sector has an important role to play in reducing the threat of climate change. Thus, this work proposes, analyses, and compares two constructive strategies for the intervention/rehabilitation of a protected building located in Seville (Spain). The first solution intends to follow [...] Read more.
The construction sector has an important role to play in reducing the threat of climate change. Thus, this work proposes, analyses, and compares two constructive strategies for the intervention/rehabilitation of a protected building located in Seville (Spain). The first solution intends to follow traditional techniques and standardized criteria, while the second option takes into account environmental aspects for the constructive definition of the proposal. An environmental study of each constructive solution, using a life-cycle assessment methodology, as well as an energy behavior analysis were carried out. The results show that the “sustainable proposal” represents a significant environmental improvement, in which a reduction in CO2 emissions and incorporated energy can be appreciated apart from an optimal energy certification. Finally, the sustainable proposal reveals a significant economic reduction in the total budget of the intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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30 pages, 3858 KiB  
Article
Immersive Technologies-Driven Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the Context of Metaverse
by Zhen Liu, Shiqi Gong, Zhiya Tan and Peter Demian
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061559 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6379
Abstract
At present, considering the novelty of Immersive Technologies (ImTs) associated with Digital Twin (DT), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) in the context of the metaverse and its rapid and ongoing development in Building Information Modeling (BIM), knowledge of [...] Read more.
At present, considering the novelty of Immersive Technologies (ImTs) associated with Digital Twin (DT), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) in the context of the metaverse and its rapid and ongoing development in Building Information Modeling (BIM), knowledge of specific possibilities and methods for integrating ImTs into building process workflows remains fragmented and scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the research progress and trends of immersive technology-driven BIM applications, providing a helpful reference for understanding the current knowledge system and stimulating future research. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to use macro-quantitative bibliometric analysis and micro-qualitative analysis methods to explore the research topic of ImTs-driven BIM. This study obtains 758 related studies in the past decade, year 2013 to 2022, through a series of keywords from the Web of Science Core Collection database and uses VOSviewer software to conduct keywords co-occurrence analysis and overlay visualisation to visualise the relationship between ImTs and BIM, which contains six clusters, namely VR, Internet of Things (IoT), DT, 3D model, design, and AR. The macro-quantitative analysis on ImTs-driven BIM applications throughout all the stages of the building lifecycle reveals the themes, content, and characteristics of the applications across the stages, which tend to be integrated with emerging advanced technology and tools, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and deep learning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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38 pages, 11371 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Truss Structures Using Composite Materials under Natural Frequency Constraints with a New Hybrid Algorithm Based on Cuckoo Search and Stochastic Paint Optimizer (CSSPO)
by Nima Khodadadi, Ehsan Harati, Francisco De Caso and Antonio Nanni
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061551 - 18 Jun 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1984
Abstract
This article highlights the absence of published paradigms hybridized by The Cuckoo Search (CS) and Stochastic Paint Optimizer (SPO) for optimizing truss structures using composite materials under natural frequency constraints. The article proposes a novel optimization algorithm called CSSPO for optimizing truss structures [...] Read more.
This article highlights the absence of published paradigms hybridized by The Cuckoo Search (CS) and Stochastic Paint Optimizer (SPO) for optimizing truss structures using composite materials under natural frequency constraints. The article proposes a novel optimization algorithm called CSSPO for optimizing truss structures made of composite materials, known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, to address this gap. Optimization problems of truss structures under frequency constraints are recognized as challenging due to their non-linear and non-convex search spaces that contain numerous local optima. The proposed methodology produces high-quality optimal solutions with less computational effort than the original methods. The aim of this work is to compare the performance of carbon FRP (CFRP), glass FRP (GFRP), and steel using a novel hybrid algorithm to provide valuable insights and inform decision-making processes in material selection and design. Four benchmark structure trusses with natural frequency constraints were utilized to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the CSSPO. The numerical analysis findings indicate that the CSSPO outperforms the classical SPO and exhibits comparable or superior performance when compared to the SPO. The study highlights that implementing CFRP and GFRP composites in truss construction leads to a notable reduction in weight compared to using steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Structural and Material Solutions for Buildings Using Composite Materials)
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31 pages, 2133 KiB  
Review
Potential Use of Oyster Shell Waste in the Composition of Construction Composites: A Review
by Poliana Bellei, Isabel Torres, Runar Solstad and Inês Flores-Colen
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061546 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 16518
Abstract
The oyster shell is a residue rich in calcium carbonate, which can be reused as a raw material for creating building materials. For this reason, many researchers focused on the incorporation of oyster shell in the composition of composites, as it is a [...] Read more.
The oyster shell is a residue rich in calcium carbonate, which can be reused as a raw material for creating building materials. For this reason, many researchers focused on the incorporation of oyster shell in the composition of composites, as it is a means of contributing to the economic sustainability by reducing the presence of pollution caused by aquaculture waste in the environment, thus increasing the value chain of the construction sector and reducing its carbon footprint. This paper intends to systematize the scientific production related to oyster shell-based composites in construction, carrying out a search using the Scopus tool and a systematic review based on the PRISMA statement. The results show that research on the incorporation of oyster shell into cementitious mortar mixtures, with a focus on its use in concrete, dominates existing scientific research. There is a lack of studies on the incorporation of the oyster shell that address its application as an aggregate or binder in the composition of coating and laying mortars. Most existing research is from Asia, and there is a lack of research in some parts of Europe. In the Americas, Africa and Oceania, no existing studies were found. Despite the growing understanding of the importance of sustainability and economic issues related to products used in the blue circular economy sector, there are still few studies that consider the incorporation of waste or by-products of aquaculture. Future investigations that cover these practical and contextual gaps can contribute to the better use of oyster shell waste and its insertion in the blue circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Building Materials)
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24 pages, 5799 KiB  
Article
Applicability of Deep Learning Algorithms for Predicting Indoor Temperatures: Towards the Development of Digital Twin HVAC Systems
by Pooria Norouzi, Sirine Maalej and Rodrigo Mora
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061542 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3148
Abstract
The development of digital twins leads to the pathway toward intelligent buildings. Today, the overwhelming rate of data in buildings carries a high amount of information that can provide an opportunity for a digital representation of the buildings and energy optimization strategies in [...] Read more.
The development of digital twins leads to the pathway toward intelligent buildings. Today, the overwhelming rate of data in buildings carries a high amount of information that can provide an opportunity for a digital representation of the buildings and energy optimization strategies in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. To implement a successful energy management strategy in a building, a data-driven approach should accurately forecast the HVAC features, in particular the indoor temperatures. Accurate predictions not only increase thermal comfort levels, but also play a crucial role in saving energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the capabilities of data-driven approaches and the development of a model for predicting indoor temperatures. A case study of an educational building is considered to forecast indoor temperatures using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The algorithms’ performance is evaluated and compared. The important model parameters are sorted out before choosing the best architecture. Considering real data, prediction models are created for indoor temperatures. The results reveal that all the investigated models are successful in predicting indoor temperatures. Hence, the proposed deep neural network model obtained the highest accuracy with an average RMSE of 0.16 °C, which renders it the best candidate for the development of a digital twin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practical Applications of Model Predictive Control and Other Advanced Control Methods in the Built Environment)
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14 pages, 1894 KiB  
Review
Review of Methods for Seismic Strengthening of Masonry Piers and Walls
by Ivan Hafner, Tomislav Kišiček and Matija Gams
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061524 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6811
Abstract
The seismic strengthening of buildings in earthquake-prone areas has been a hot topic in recent years, especially for masonry structures. Because there are so many masonry structures and because most were built before seismic codes existed, their seismic vulnerability is an unavoidable issue. [...] Read more.
The seismic strengthening of buildings in earthquake-prone areas has been a hot topic in recent years, especially for masonry structures. Because there are so many masonry structures and because most were built before seismic codes existed, their seismic vulnerability is an unavoidable issue. Over the years, several methods for seismic strengthening of masonry piers and walls have been developed that may roughly be classified as traditional or modern. In this paper, an overview of the most commonly used and effective methods will be presented with an emphasis on modern methods based on a Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix. The advantages and disadvantages will be discussed from the point of view of usability, feasibility, and effectiveness. Finally, a comparison will be drawn between traditional and new methods based on composite materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Seismic Performance Analysis and Assessment of Masonry Building Structure)
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19 pages, 2737 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Impact of Public Participation Processes on Participants in Smart City Development: A Scoping Review
by Coline Senior, Alenka Temeljotov Salaj, Agnar Johansen and Jardar Lohne
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061484 - 8 Jun 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5626
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current state of research on the evaluation methods of participatory processes in smart cities. Specifically, it aims to identify and analyze existing evaluation methods and frameworks for public participation (PP) in smart city development. The study [...] Read more.
This paper provides an overview of the current state of research on the evaluation methods of participatory processes in smart cities. Specifically, it aims to identify and analyze existing evaluation methods and frameworks for public participation (PP) in smart city development. The study focuses on the evaluation of participatory processes to find key indicators and enable an assessment of PP from multiple perspectives. A scoping literature review was conducted to analyze the past ten years of scientific literature on the topic. Relevant literature was retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and articles were selected based on a set of criteria to ensure quality and relevance. We found that digital participation, also known as “e-participation”, is the most used method either exclusively or mixed with in-person methods. The level of participation achieved was mostly limited to the first two degrees of PP (i.e., information and consultation), and only a few papers addressed the highest degrees (i.e., agenda-setting and co-management). The impact on participants was mostly related to knowledge and skills, awareness raising, and satisfaction with the process and method. This paper highlights the potential to upskill citizens and enhance their understanding of sustainable urban development, fostering their commitment to achieving the United Nations’ sustainability goals for climate change mitigation in the urban context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Cities: Infrastructure, Innovation, Technology, Governance and Citizenship)
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17 pages, 4212 KiB  
Article
Examination of User Emotions and Task Performance in Indoor Space Design Using Mixed-Reality
by Kyung-Tae Lee, Chang-Han Park and Ju-Hyung Kim
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061483 - 7 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1914
Abstract
Given the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting social distancing measures with inevitable telecommuting, capturing user emotions is essential as it affects both satisfaction and task performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze emotions and task performance in terms of dislike [...] Read more.
Given the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting social distancing measures with inevitable telecommuting, capturing user emotions is essential as it affects both satisfaction and task performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze emotions and task performance in terms of dislike and personalized decision-making in indoor spaces. To facilitate experiments with participants, a mixed-reality environment was utilized with the Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance (PAD) test and cognitive tests. The results of the experiment conducted on 30 subjects identified that aroused and discontented emotions dominated in non-preferred spaces, but pleased, important, and autonomous emotions arose in personalized spaces, as determined through sentimental analysis and statistical methods. Although negative emotions were present in the aversion space, attention and execution abilities were high compared to the personalized space, but working memory was low. By conducting stepwise regression analysis, it was found that working in a visually unfavorable space, which caused an increase in controlled or controlling emotions, improved short-term work efficiency. In addition, important emotions did not have a positive effect on any task performance. However, with pleased and contented emotions in a personalized indoor space, long-term work efficiency was increased, as explained by the Yerkes-Dodson law. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation and Maintenance (AECOM) Building Sector)
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27 pages, 4595 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of ANN and LSTM Prediction Accuracy and Cooling Energy Savings through AHU-DAT Control in an Office Building
by Byeongmo Seo, Yeobeom Yoon, Kwang Ho Lee and Soolyeon Cho
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061434 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2031
Abstract
This paper proposes the optimal algorithm for controlling the HVAC system in the target building. Previous studies have analyzed pre-selected algorithms without considering the unique data characteristics of the target building, such as location, climate conditions, and HVAC system type. To address this, [...] Read more.
This paper proposes the optimal algorithm for controlling the HVAC system in the target building. Previous studies have analyzed pre-selected algorithms without considering the unique data characteristics of the target building, such as location, climate conditions, and HVAC system type. To address this, we compare the accuracy of cooling load prediction using ANN and LSTM algorithms, widely used in building energy research, to determine the optimal algorithm for HVAC control in the target building. We develop a simulation model calibrated with actual data to ensure data reliability and compare the energy consumption of the existing HVAC control method and the two algorithms-based methods. Results show that the ANN algorithm, with a CV(RMSE) of 12.7%, has a higher prediction accuracy than the LSTM algorithm, CV(RMSE) of 17.3%, making it a more suitable algorithm for HVAC control. Furthermore, implementing the ANN-based approach results in a 3.2% cooling energy reduction from the optimal control of Air Handling Unit (AHU) Discharge Air Temperature (DAT) compared to the fixed DAT at 12.8 °C in a representative day. This study demonstrates that ML-based HVAC system control can effectively reduce cooling energy consumption in HVAC systems, providing an effective strategy for energy conservation and improved HVAC system efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Building Technologies for Energy Savings and Decarbonization)
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23 pages, 2762 KiB  
Article
Size and Topology Optimization of Truss Structures Using Quantum-Based HS Algorithm
by Donwoo Lee, Sudeok Shon, Seungjae Lee and Junhong Ha
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061436 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1758
Abstract
With the development of various metaheuristic algorithms, research cases that perform weight optimization of truss structures are steadily progressing. In particular, due to the possibility of developing quantum computers, metaheuristic algorithms combined with quantum computation are being developed. In this paper, the QbHS [...] Read more.
With the development of various metaheuristic algorithms, research cases that perform weight optimization of truss structures are steadily progressing. In particular, due to the possibility of developing quantum computers, metaheuristic algorithms combined with quantum computation are being developed. In this paper, the QbHS (Quantum based Harmony Search) algorithm was proposed by combining quantum computation and the conventional HS (Harmony Search) algorithms, and the size and topology optimization of the truss structure was performed. The QbHS algorithm has the same repetitive computational structure as the conventional HS algorithm. However, the QbHS algorithm constructed QHM (Quantum Harmony Memory) using the probability of Q-bit and proposed to perform pitch adjusting using the basic state of Q-bit. To perform weight optimization of truss structures using the proposed QbHS algorithm, 20 bar, 24 bar, and 72-bar truss structures were adopted as examples and compared with the results of the QE (Quantum Evolutionary) algorithm. As a result, it was confirmed that the QbHS algorithm had excellent convergence performance by finding a lower weight than the QE algorithm. In addition, by expressing the weight optimization results of the truss structure with an image coordinate system, the topology of the truss structure could be confirmed only by the picture. The results of this study are expected to play an important role in future computer information systems by combining quantum computation and conventional HS algorithms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Optimization of Building Structures)
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23 pages, 5158 KiB  
Review
Performance Improvement of Recycled Concrete Aggregates and Their Potential Applications in Infrastructure: A Review
by Shuxia Han, Songbo Zhao, Dong Lu and Daiyu Wang
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061411 - 30 May 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5706
Abstract
In the construction industry, natural aggregates (NA) can be replaced by recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), which can address the issue of construction-waste disposal and resolve the dilemma between demand and supply. This paper aims to systematically review the modification of RCA techniques and [...] Read more.
In the construction industry, natural aggregates (NA) can be replaced by recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), which can address the issue of construction-waste disposal and resolve the dilemma between demand and supply. This paper aims to systematically review the modification of RCA techniques and their application in producing recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). First, the pretreatment approaches for enhancing the properties of RCA are introduced. Next, the improved efficiency of these approaches and their influences on the workability, mechanical strengths, and permeability of RAC are analyzed and discussed. Subsequently, the effectiveness of different techniques and their cost/environmental impact are compared. Finally, some case studies of the application of RCA in infrastructure are presented, and the remaining challenges and perspectives are discussed. The results of this review work can extend the knowledge of RCA and RAC, as well as serving as a source of inspiration for further studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue To Improve Urban Resilience: Cleaner Materials and Technologies towards Sustainable and Green Construction of Buildings)
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17 pages, 504 KiB  
Review
Nature-Based Solutions for Carbon Neutral Climate Resilient Buildings and Communities: A Review of Technical Evidence, Design Guidelines, and Policies
by Zhe Xiao, Hua Ge, Michael A. Lacasse, Liangzhu (Leon) Wang and Radu Zmeureanu
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061389 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2897
Abstract
The building sector is responsible for nearly 40% of the total global direct and indirect CO2 emissions. Urban green infrastructure, which includes features such as urban trees, vegetation, green roofs, and green facades, are examples of nature-based solutions often employed as municipal [...] Read more.
The building sector is responsible for nearly 40% of the total global direct and indirect CO2 emissions. Urban green infrastructure, which includes features such as urban trees, vegetation, green roofs, and green facades, are examples of nature-based solutions often employed as municipal climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. This approach offers a range of cost-effective strategies for reducing municipal CO2 emissions and presents compelling public policy co-benefits such as improved urban livability and enhanced environmental conditions. For municipalities to confidently deploy these solutions at a scale necessary to achieve climate benefits, acquiring knowledge of quantifiable and demonstrated outcomes is an essential requirement. The objectives of this paper are to (1) provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of nature-based solutions (NBS) to address the challenge of reducing CO2 emissions; (2) evaluate existing design guidelines and policies as may be available across Canada, and that that support the of implementation of NBS in urban agglomerations; (3) identify knowledge gaps and research needs to address challenges to the implementation of NBS. In this review, suggestions and requirements as presented in these documents are examined while giving due consideration to the scientific evidence available in research papers. It was found that the adoption of NBS can contribute to carbon neutral communities through reduced building energy consumption and carbon sequestration. Supportive guidelines and policies have been developed, or are in development, to promote the implementation of NBS at the city scale, despite challenges in assessing, quantitatively, their impact due to uncertainties in data, methods, and scale. Nonetheless, existing research provides sufficient evidence to qualify the measures and suggestions outlined in the guidelines and policies described in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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21 pages, 3330 KiB  
Article
Development, Calibration, and Validation of a Simulation Model for Indoor Temperature Prediction and HVAC System Fault Detection
by Darko Palaić, Ivan Štajduhar, Sandi Ljubic and Igor Wolf
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061388 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2335
Abstract
An effective approach to increasing energy efficiency in buildings without compromising thermal comfort is to optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems through the use of advanced building-management system features, such as fault detection and diagnosis. Such functions are usually developed based [...] Read more.
An effective approach to increasing energy efficiency in buildings without compromising thermal comfort is to optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems through the use of advanced building-management system features, such as fault detection and diagnosis. Such functions are usually developed based on simulation models that must be calibrated and validated to achieve an appropriate level of accuracy and reliability. The objective of this study was to develop and calibrate a room-level simulation model of a hotel building and its HVAC system using TRNSYS 18 software and real data collected from the smart room system installed in the building. The calibration process was performed with 100 rooms using 5-min samples of room temperatures in selected 1-month periods during the summer and winter seasons by minimizing the root mean squared error (RMSE) in the average of the observed rooms using a genetic algorithm. The calibrated model was able to predict room temperatures with an RMSE of 0.79 ± 0.14 °C and a coefficient of variation in the root mean squared error (cvRMSE) of 3.58 ± 0.7%, which is well below the limits prescribed by international guidelines. The model was then applied to detect faults in the operation of fan coil units in the rooms based on the residual analysis and defined if–then rules. The results obtained show that the model can track the trends of temperature changes in real conditions and successfully detect major anomalies in a system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Building Energy Efficiency Related to Simulation Models)
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19 pages, 1451 KiB  
Article
How Does the Presentation of Energy Performance Affect the Price of Houses? A Case Study of Detached Houses in Stockholm, Sweden
by Mats Wilhelmsson
Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061367 - 23 May 2023
Viewed by 1884
Abstract
Our study aims to analyse whether the capitalisation of a property’s energy performance is affected by how it is presented. In place since 2002, there is an EU directive mandating the introduction of an energy performance certificate (EPC) when selling detached houses. This [...] Read more.
Our study aims to analyse whether the capitalisation of a property’s energy performance is affected by how it is presented. In place since 2002, there is an EU directive mandating the introduction of an energy performance certificate (EPC) when selling detached houses. This directive was implemented in Sweden in 2009. We analyse how EPC capitalised on housing prices during 2012–2018 for detached houses in Stockholm. This was previously carried out, but our contribution is to analyse both the effect of energy rating or labelling (A–G) and energy consumption (kWh/m²). How energy performance is communicated or displayed to potential buyers conveys that the format, style, and content of energy performance information may influence how buyers perceive its value and impact on the property’s market price. We have information on energy rating, consumption, or both for selected properties. This allows us to test the hypothesis that how energy performance is presented affects pricing. We also tested whether information affects different age cohorts differently. The results indicate that how energy performance is presented and visualised is important and that information about rating and consumption might be considered as a substitute for each other. It is also clear that the capitalisation effect differs depending on the age of the building. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Price Premium and Cost Premium of Green Buildings)
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34 pages, 6585 KiB  
Article
Durability Performance and Thermal Resistance of Structural Self-Compacting Concrete Improved with Waste Rubber and Silica Fume
by Robert Bušić, Ivana Miličević, Tihomir Dokšanović and Marin Grubišić
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051331 - 19 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1805
Abstract
Waste rubber takes many years to decompose, and thus the increasing number of tires in the world can be characterised as an important environmental issue, which generated the idea of implementing crumb rubber in structural self-compacting concrete (SCC). According to previous studies, up [...] Read more.
Waste rubber takes many years to decompose, and thus the increasing number of tires in the world can be characterised as an important environmental issue, which generated the idea of implementing crumb rubber in structural self-compacting concrete (SCC). According to previous studies, up to 15% recycled rubber and 5% silica fume can be used to achieve the required properties of SCC in reinforced structural members with congested reinforcement, both in the fresh and hardened state. Most studies have focused on investigating the mechanical properties of self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC), and only a small number of studies investigated the durability and thermal properties, with contradictory findings. This study aims to determine the influence of crumb rubber and silica fume on the durability and thermal properties of SCC, with an emphasis on the selection of environmental exposure classes, the safety of using such a material in reinforced concrete members, and additional serviceability and durability requirements. This was further advanced by investigating the micro-structure of hardened SCC with recycled rubber and silica fume using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Test results indicate that the combining effect of crumb rubber and silica fume has a positive impact on the thermal and durability properties of SCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cement and Concrete Research)
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27 pages, 8910 KiB  
Article
Holistic Approach for Assessing Buildings’ Environmental Impact and User Comfort from Early Design: A Method Combining Life Cycle Assessment, BIM, and Active House Protocol
by Nicole Di Santo, Leidy Guante Henriquez, Giovanni Dotelli and Marco Imperadori
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051315 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2930
Abstract
Due to our increasing dependence on resources and energy, climate change is among the most tangible issues we are facing today. The construction industry has been identified as a key sector to intervene in, but mitigation strategies must focus on more than just [...] Read more.
Due to our increasing dependence on resources and energy, climate change is among the most tangible issues we are facing today. The construction industry has been identified as a key sector to intervene in, but mitigation strategies must focus on more than just operational energy. As current climate policies recommend, designers should consider the broader framework of environmental impacts characterizing the entire building lifecycle. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considers the mentioned aspects. Nevertheless, the complexity of LCA and the criticalities of related tools prevent the application of the approach during decisive early stages. Additionally, LCA allows the estimation of environmental issues, but fails to describe other dimensions of sustainability. The article proposes an evaluation method to support decision-making during the design of sustainable buildings. The method exploits the LCA tool and the assessment framework provided by a Green Sustainable Building Certification (Active House) integrated with BIM. The approach was applied and proven through a case study: a residential single-family building in northern Italy, comparing two technological options. The study confirmed the effectiveness of the multicriteria evaluation framework that, from the early design stage, can be used to measure the environmental impact of buildings alongside implications for the final users’ comfort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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20 pages, 15744 KiB  
Article
Adopting Resilience Thinking through Nature-Based Solutions within Urban Planning: A Case Study in the City of València
by Gemma García-Blanco, Daniel Navarro and Efren Feliu
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051317 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
The paper exposes the experience of València in applying climate-resilient thinking to the current revision of the city’s General Urban Development Plan. A semi-quantitative, indicator-based risk assessment of heat stress was carried out on the 23 functional areas of the city sectorized by [...] Read more.
The paper exposes the experience of València in applying climate-resilient thinking to the current revision of the city’s General Urban Development Plan. A semi-quantitative, indicator-based risk assessment of heat stress was carried out on the 23 functional areas of the city sectorized by the Plan, including modeling and spatial analysis exercises. A data model of 18 indicators was built to characterize vulnerability. A thermal stress map was developed using the URbCLim model and a heat index was then calculated using Copernicus hourly data (air temperature, humidity, and wind speed) for the period of January 2008–December 2017 at a spatial resolution of 100 m × 100 m. General recommendations at the city level as well as guidelines for development planning in the functional areas at risk are provided, with specifications for the deployment of nature-based solutions as adaptation measures. From a planning perspective, the study positively informs the General Urban Development Plan, the City Green and Biodiversity Plan, and contributes to City Urban Strategy 2030 and City Missions 2030 for climate adaptation and neutrality. Applying the same approach to other climate change-related hazards (i.e., water scarcity, pluvial flooding, sea level rise) will allow better informed decisions towards resilient urban planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Trends in Urban Planning for Building Urban Resilience)
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19 pages, 5467 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Urban Epidemic and Disaster Resilience: The Planning and Assessment of a Comprehensive Underground Resilience Core
by Tong Qiu, Xiangsheng Chen, Dong Su and Xingtao Lin
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051292 - 16 May 2023
Viewed by 1881
Abstract
This study utilizes the enclosed and stable environment of underground space for long-term sustainable planning for urban epidemics and disasters. Owing to the COVID-19 epidemic, cities require long-term epidemic–disaster management. Therefore, this study proposed a strategy for integrating multiple functions to plan a [...] Read more.
This study utilizes the enclosed and stable environment of underground space for long-term sustainable planning for urban epidemics and disasters. Owing to the COVID-19 epidemic, cities require long-term epidemic–disaster management. Therefore, this study proposed a strategy for integrating multiple functions to plan a comprehensive Underground Resilience Core (URC). A planning and assessment methods of URC were proposed. With this methodology, epidemic- and disaster- URCs were integrated to construct a comprehensive-URC in underground spaces. The results show: (1) Epidemic-resilient URCs adopting a joint progressive approach with designated hospitals can rapidly suppress an epidemic outbreak. (2) The regularity of the morphology of underground spaces determines the area of the URC. Bar-shaped underground spaces have the potential for planning disaster-URCs. (3) The URC planning efficiency ranking is as follows: Bar shapes lead overall, T shapes are second under seismic resilience, and Cross shapes are second under epidemic resilience. (4) The potential analysis of planning a comprehensive-URC in the underground parking in Chinese cities showed that the recovery time can be advanced from 29% to 39% and the comprehensive resilience can be improved by 37.63%. The results of this study can serve as sustainable urban planning strategies and assessment tools for long-term epidemic–disaster management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience of Urban Underground Space: Planning, Design, Assessment and Enhancement)
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15 pages, 4192 KiB  
Perspective
A Perspective on AI-Based Image Analysis and Utilization Technologies in Building Engineering: Recent Developments and New Directions
by Ivan Paduano, Andrea Mileto and Egidio Lofrano
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051198 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4103
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a trending topic in many research areas. In recent years, even building, civil, and structural engineering have also started to face with several new techniques and technologies belonging to this field, such as smart algorithms, big data analysis, deep [...] Read more.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a trending topic in many research areas. In recent years, even building, civil, and structural engineering have also started to face with several new techniques and technologies belonging to this field, such as smart algorithms, big data analysis, deep learning practices, etc. This perspective paper collects the last developments on the use of AI in building engineering, highlighting what the authors consider the most stimulating scientific advancements of recent years, with a specific interest in the acquisition and processing of photographic surveys. Specifically, the authors want to focus both on the applications of artificial intelligence in the field of building engineering, as well as on the evolution of recently widespread technological equipment and tools, emphasizing their mutual integration. Therefore, seven macro-categories have been identified where these issues are addressed: photomodeling; thermal imaging; object recognition; inspections assisted by UAVs; FEM and BIM implementation; structural monitoring; and damage identification. For each category, the main new innovations and the leading research perspectives are highlighted. The article closes with a brief discussion of the primary results and a viewpoint for future lines of research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Structural Monitoring)
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22 pages, 6298 KiB  
Article
Co-Design and Co-Manufacturing: A Multidisciplinary Approach through Small-Scale Architectural Experiences in Barcelona
by Marta Domènech-Rodríguez, Còssima Cornadó, Sara Vima-Grau, Gonzalo Piasek, Ainhoa Varela-Conde and Pere Joan Ravetllat Mira
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051159 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2162
Abstract
This article aims to explore the potential and limitations of participatory design and co-manufacturing processes, taking the city of Barcelona as a reference. It is characterized by an aging building stock, tourist pressure, and difficulties for citizens in accessing affordable housing. In this [...] Read more.
This article aims to explore the potential and limitations of participatory design and co-manufacturing processes, taking the city of Barcelona as a reference. It is characterized by an aging building stock, tourist pressure, and difficulties for citizens in accessing affordable housing. In this sense, a selection of six cases of co-design and co-manufacturing is presented, as a range of small-scale interventions that were shared and discussed in the “Debate sessions. Co-Design and Co-Fabrication in Architecture” within the Co-Hab-Raval project, which motivated this research. Thanks to these case studies, it has been possible to analyse a wide range of intervention practices. The article exposes the socioeconomic context of Barcelona and its lack of affordable housing, which motivated the practices presented. In addition, the cases are carrying out a comparative analysis based on the parameters of agents involved, the type of users’ participation, and materials resource management. Finally, the results obtained highlight the relationship between the construction systems and the self-construction and reuse strategies used, as well as the importance of the plurality of agents that intervened in the design process to enrich the proposals and empower users, especially in vulnerable environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Sustainable Architectural Design, Building Technologies and Structural Retrofitting)
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34 pages, 14827 KiB  
Article
Influence of Masonry Infill Walls on the Seismic Assessment of Non-Seismically Designed RC Framed Structures
by Rodrigo Falcão Moreira, Humberto Varum and José Miguel Castro
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051148 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1960
Abstract
This paper examines how the decision to include (or exclude) masonry infill walls in the modelling of non-seismically designed RC framed structures can affect the results of the EC8-3 seismic assessment process. A frequently used macro-modelling technique for the simulation of infill panels [...] Read more.
This paper examines how the decision to include (or exclude) masonry infill walls in the modelling of non-seismically designed RC framed structures can affect the results of the EC8-3 seismic assessment process. A frequently used macro-modelling technique for the simulation of infill panels within bounding RC members is first reviewed. A case-study application follows in which the seismic assessment of a sample structure is carried out, with and without considering the effect of its infill walls, using nonlinear static and dynamic analysis models. The obtained results are then discussed according to the applicable limit states’ performance requirements, and conclusions are drawn regarding the overall outcome. The study indicates that, when low and medium seismic input motions constitute the base demand for the assessment of older-type RC framed buildings, the protection provided to the RC members by the confined masonry infill panels should not be neglected. Moreover, it shows that the identification of the most likely collapse mechanism might also be significantly influenced by the modelling decision in question. As such, the default recommendation is to include masonry infill walls in the modelling of such structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Seismic Safety Assessment and Strengthening of Existing Constructions)
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17 pages, 6225 KiB  
Article
The Reinforcing Effect of Nano-Modified Epoxy Resin on the Failure Behavior of FRP-Plated RC Structures
by Umberto De Maio, Daniele Gaetano, Fabrizio Greco, Paolo Lonetti, Paolo Nevone Blasi and Andrea Pranno
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051139 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
The ability to manipulate concrete-based and composite materials at the nanoscale represents an innovative approach to improving their mechanical properties and designing high-performance building structures. In this context, a numerical investigation of the reinforcing effect of nano-modified epoxy resin on the structural response [...] Read more.
The ability to manipulate concrete-based and composite materials at the nanoscale represents an innovative approach to improving their mechanical properties and designing high-performance building structures. In this context, a numerical investigation of the reinforcing effect of nano-modified epoxy resin on the structural response of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-plated reinforced concrete (RC) components has been proposed. In detail, an integrated model, based on a cohesive crack approach, is employed in combination with a bond–slip model to perform a failure analysis of strengthened structures. In particular, the proposed model consists of cohesive elements located on the physical interface between concrete and FRP systems equipped with an appropriate bond–slip law able to describe the reinforcing effect induced by the incorporation of nanomaterials in the bonding epoxy resin. Preliminary analyses, performed on reinforced concrete prisms, highlight an increment of 28% in the bond strength between concrete and the FRP system, offered by the nanomaterials embedded in the adhesive layer with respect to the standard one. Moreover, the numerically predicted structural response of a nano-modified FRP-plated beam shows an increment of around 5.5% in the failure load and a reduction in the slip between concrete and the FRP plate of around 76%, with respect to the reinforced beam without nanomaterial incorporation. Finally, the good agreement with experimental results, taken from the literature, highlights the excellent capability of the proposed model to simulate the mechanical behavior of such types of reinforced structures, emphasizing the beneficial effects of the nano-enhanced epoxy resin on the bond strength between concrete and FRP systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Reinforced Concrete Structures and Composites)
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19 pages, 3440 KiB  
Article
Practices Driving the Adoption of Agile Project Management Methodologies in the Design Stage of Building Construction Projects
by Sanjaya Chathuranga, Shan Jayasinghe, Jurgita Antucheviciene, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Nilan Udayanga and W. A. S. Weerakkody
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041079 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 11448
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify practices that would enable building construction companies to adopt agile project management methodologies during the design stage of projects that use building information modelling (BIM) solutions in the designing process. Due to the benefits of [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to identify practices that would enable building construction companies to adopt agile project management methodologies during the design stage of projects that use building information modelling (BIM) solutions in the designing process. Due to the benefits of agile project management methodologies, a considerable amount of research has been conducted regarding the adoption of this methodology for building construction projects. However, waterfall project management is still more widely used in the building construction industry than agile project management is. Several recent studies claim that firms could focus on adopting agile methodologies during the design stage of a building construction project because due to the advent of BIM software solutions, the design stage can be carried out in a manner such as a software development project. Since software development industry is experiencing a widespread adoption of agile methods, if the design stage of a building construction project can be carried out such as a software development project, then there is a possibility to drive agile adoption in the design stage. Based on this information, researchers found an architectural consultancy firm that has been using a BIM solution to adopt agile project management methodologies in the design stage. The authors carried out a systematic literature review and identified 10 possible practices that might drive the adoption of agile practices. Those practices were presented to the architectural consultancy firm to identify practices that they are using to successfully adopt agile methods. The findings suggest that maintaining a backlog, running sprints, engaging a cross-functional team, continuous integration, and iterative/incremental development of the design are practices that have enabled the firm to adopt agile methods. Practical and theoretical implications were derived from the findings, and suggestions for future research and limitations of the study are discussed in the discussion. Concluding remarks are provided in final section of the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Asset Management Systems and Technologies)
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22 pages, 2220 KiB  
Article
Firm Size and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Technology Adoption: The Role of Corporate Size in South Korean Construction Companies
by Seunguk Na, Seokjae Heo, Wonjun Choi, Sehee Han and Cheekyung Kim
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041066 - 18 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3880
Abstract
This research addresses the factors that impact the acceptance of AI-based technologies or products depending upon firm size in the construction industry, in which various corporates exist. In order to achieve the research goals, a technology acceptance model was applied to investigate the [...] Read more.
This research addresses the factors that impact the acceptance of AI-based technologies or products depending upon firm size in the construction industry, in which various corporates exist. In order to achieve the research goals, a technology acceptance model was applied to investigate the influencing factors in respect to adopting AI-based technologies or products. From the research results, technological and organizational factors were found to positively influence perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Corporate users perceived that technology is useful to their work and is easy to use when enough capital and education were invested prior to the company adopting AI-based technologies or products. It was found that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness indicate satisfaction with new technology, and the higher the intention to use, the higher the satisfaction. In addition, as various information sharing and distribution channels increase, the frequency of use of new technologies or products also increases, not through traditional marketing, but through viral marketing via social media or promotion by influential persons or organizations. Furthermore, there are differences in the adoption of AI-based technologies or products depending on the size of the company. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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19 pages, 12399 KiB  
Article
Urban Microclimate, Outdoor Thermal Comfort, and Socio-Economic Mapping: A Case Study of Philadelphia, PA
by Farzad Hashemi, Ute Poerschke, Lisa D. Iulo and Guangqing Chi
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041040 - 15 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6187
Abstract
Urban areas are often warmer than rural areas due to the phenomenon known as the “urban heat island” (UHI) effect, which can cause discomfort for those engaging in outdoor activities and can have a disproportionate impact on low-income communities, people of color, and [...] Read more.
Urban areas are often warmer than rural areas due to the phenomenon known as the “urban heat island” (UHI) effect, which can cause discomfort for those engaging in outdoor activities and can have a disproportionate impact on low-income communities, people of color, and the elderly. The intensity of the UHI effect is influenced by a variety of factors, including urban morphology, which can vary from one area to another. To investigate the relationship between outdoor thermal comfort and urban morphology in different urban blocks with varying social vulnerability status, this study developed a geographic information system (GIS)-based workflow that combined the “local climate zone” (LCZ) classification system and an urban microclimate assessment tool called ENVI-met. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology, the study selected two different urban blocks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania–with high and low social vulnerability indices (SVI)–to compare their microclimate conditions in association with urban morphological characteristics such as green coverage area, sky view factor (SVF), albedo, and street height to width (H/W) ratio. The results of the study showed that there was a strong correlation between tree and grass coverage and outdoor air and mean radiant temperature during hot seasons and extremely hot days, which in turn affected simulated predicted mean vote (PMV). The effects of greenery were more significant in the block associated with a low SVI, where nearly 50% of the site was covered by trees and grass, compared to only 0.02% of the other block associated with a high SVI. Furthermore, the investigation discovered that reduced SVF, along with increased albedo and H/W ratio, had a beneficial impact on the microclimate at the pedestrian level within the two studied urban blocks. This study provided an effective and easy-to-implement method for tackling the inequity issue of outdoor thermal comfort and urban morphology at fine geographic scales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Performance-Based Urban Design: Integrated Urban Analytics, Simulation and Climate-Responsive Design)
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19 pages, 8006 KiB  
Article
Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Bond Properties of Softwood and Hardwood Interfaces
by Xin Li, Mahmud Ashraf, Bidur Kafle and Mahbube Subhani
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041011 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1569
Abstract
Increasing concerns regarding carbon emissions and climate change are prompting a shift toward the use of sustainable materials in the construction industry. Engineered timber products are gaining attention in the construction industry due to advancements in lamination techniques and adhesives as well as [...] Read more.
Increasing concerns regarding carbon emissions and climate change are prompting a shift toward the use of sustainable materials in the construction industry. Engineered timber products are gaining attention in the construction industry due to advancements in lamination techniques and adhesives as well as the renewable characteristics of wood. Bond properties play a significant role in engineered timber products. In Australia, Radiata Pine (RP, softwood) and Shining Gum (SG, hardwood) share a large proportion of local and native plantation forest resources. The present paper investigates the bond behaviours of Australian softwoods (RP–RP), hardwoods (SG–SG) and hybrid-wood (RP–SG) combinations in both parallel (PAL) and perpendicular (PER) bonding directions using one-component polyurethane adhesives. The results indicate that most of the softwood samples were subjected to wood-side (timber) failure, whereas hardwood samples failed due to delamination but exhibited higher strength and stiffness regardless of bond direction. In contrast, bond direction had a significant effect on the bond characteristics of hybrid configurations. Improved bond properties were observed when bonded in PAL directions; however, negative effects were seen when bonded in PER directions. Obtained characteristic (5th percentile) shear bond strengths for RP–RP–PAL, RP–SG–PAL and SG–SG–PAL samples were 3.88 MPa, 6.19 MPa and 8.34 MPa, whilst those for RP–RP–PER, RP–SG–PER and SG–SG–PER samples were 3.45 MPa, 2.96 MPa and 7.83 MPa, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Timber Engineering)
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17 pages, 3227 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Case Study of Certified and Non-Certified Green Buildings and Their Response to Climate Change
by Laura Almeida, Keivan Bamdad and Mohammad Reza Razavi
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040977 - 6 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4013
Abstract
Green buildings (GBs) employ a wide range of passive and active energy-saving strategies to improve buildings’ energy performance. The suitability and performance of some of these strategies depend on outdoor climate conditions and may change over time due to global warming. Therefore, a [...] Read more.
Green buildings (GBs) employ a wide range of passive and active energy-saving strategies to improve buildings’ energy performance. The suitability and performance of some of these strategies depend on outdoor climate conditions and may change over time due to global warming. Therefore, a GB may not retain its performance in the future. To address this issue and explore how much GB performance may be affected by climate change, this research aims to (1) evaluate the energy performance and thermal comfort of a GB and non-GB under present climate conditions; (2) predict the impact of climate change on these buildings, and (3) evaluate the climate resilience of a GB as opposed to a non-GB. To this end, a university GB and non-GB are simulated using DesignBuilder and calibrated with measured data. Future weather files based on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are used to predict climate conditions in the 2050s and 2090s. A comparison between the GB and non-GB revealed that the GB would save 15.1% and up to 21.9% of site energy under present and future climate conditions, respectively. It was also found that the thermal comfort level in the GB will remain significantly higher than in the non-GB in the future. The overheating issue in non-GBs will deteriorate in the future, with an increase of nearly 70% by the 2090s. The GB produces approximately 15% and up to 22% fewer GHG emissions than the non-GB under present and future climate conditions (RCP 8.5), respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cities and Buildings as Drivers for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: New Models and Computational Tools)
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21 pages, 15776 KiB  
Article
Finite Element Modeling of Interface Behavior between Normal Concrete and Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
by Xuan-Bach Luu and Seong-Kyum Kim
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040950 - 3 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3444
Abstract
The behavior at the interface between normal strength concrete (NSC) and Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) plays a crucial role in accurately predicting the capacity of UHPFRC for strengthening and repairing concrete structures. Until now, there has been a lack of sufficient finite [...] Read more.
The behavior at the interface between normal strength concrete (NSC) and Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) plays a crucial role in accurately predicting the capacity of UHPFRC for strengthening and repairing concrete structures. Until now, there has been a lack of sufficient finite element (FE) models for accurately predicting the behavior at the interface between NSC and UHPFRC. This study aims to investigate the structural behavior of composite members made of NSC and UHPFRC by developing a model that accurately simulates the interface between the two materials using a linear traction-separation law. Novel parameters for the surface-based cohesive model, based on the traction-separation model, were obtained and calibrated from prior experiments using analytical methods. These parameters were then integrated into seven FE models to simulate the behavior at the interface between NSC and UHPFRC in shear, tensile, and flexural tests. The accuracy of the FE models was validated using experimental data. The findings revealed that the proposed FE models could effectively predict the structural behavior of composite NSC-UHPFRC members under various working conditions. Specifically, the maximum deviations between EXP and FEA were 6.8% in ultimate load for the shear test and 15.9% and 2.8% in ultimate displacement for the tensile and flexural tests, respectively. The model can be utilized to design the use of UHPFRC and ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced shotcrete (UHPFRS) for repairing and strengthening damaged concrete structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Numerical and Computer Methods in Civil Engineering)
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13 pages, 2201 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Smart Readiness Indicator for Educational Buildings
by Gvidas Plienaitis, Mindaugas Daukšys, Evi Demetriou, Byron Ioannou, Paris A. Fokaides and Lina Seduikyte
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040888 - 28 Mar 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2653
Abstract
The Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) is an assessment scheme for the intelligence of buildings, which was introduced by the European Commission in the directive for the Energy Performance of Buildings in 2018. Since its introduction, many activities related to the maturation and employment [...] Read more.
The Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) is an assessment scheme for the intelligence of buildings, which was introduced by the European Commission in the directive for the Energy Performance of Buildings in 2018. Since its introduction, many activities related to the maturation and employment of the SRI have been initiated. One of the adaptation needs of the SRI, revealed through public consultation with relevant stakeholders, is the requirement for a tailored SRI for different types of buildings. The aim of this study is to analyze possible scenarios to optimize the smartness performance, as addressed by the SRI score, in educational buildings. The subject of this study concerned campus buildings of the Kaunas University of Technology, in Lithuania. For the definition of the SRI, the calculation sheet developed by the European Commission was used. The effect of the improvements in the smartness performance of buildings on their energy efficiency was examined with the use of a whole-building, BIM-based energy assessment tool (IDA-ICE). The findings of this study revealed that despite the improvement in the automation and control levels of the building heating system, the maximum SRI values achieved deviate significantly by a high-smartness level. This study revealed the importance of services at a city level towards achieving the optimal smartness levels at a building unit level. It also delivered useful findings related to the linkage between energy and smartness performance of a building. The policy implication of the study findings also covers topics relevant to utilities management at a district level, as well as on the need for tailored SRI services catalogs for different types of buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy, Digital and Sustainable Buildings and Cities)
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21 pages, 7651 KiB  
Review
A State-of-the-Art Review of Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Steel Braces
by Magdalini D. Titirla
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040851 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7323
Abstract
An extensive investigation of the international literature is carried out regarding the passive energy dissipation systems and more specifically the dampers that can be positioned in steel braces to increase the absorption of seismic energy and to protect them from buckling, such as [...] Read more.
An extensive investigation of the international literature is carried out regarding the passive energy dissipation systems and more specifically the dampers that can be positioned in steel braces to increase the absorption of seismic energy and to protect them from buckling, such as Friction (FDs), Metallic (MDs), and Viscous dampers (VDs). This review paper systematically reviews/refers to 196 publications from the literature; it presents a brief overview of the steel braces frames and their problems. The efficacy of all of these types of dampers has been proved, as they have been used all around the world, and their comparison in experimental or numerical studies, applications, and optimization shows that there is no unilateral solution, as the appropriate selection of effective retrofit strategies takes into account parameters such as cost, duration, technical aspects, architectural needs, etc. Finally, the aim of this review paper is to systematically present an overview of passive energy dampers that can be installed on steel braces, summarize the advantages and the disadvantages of each one, compare global parameters such as the relation of velocity and damper force, economic details, and type of study, and facilitate future researchers working in the related field, for its better understanding and development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Analysis of Multistoried Buildings)
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16 pages, 335 KiB  
Article
Barriers to Undertaking Green Building Projects in Developing Countries: A Turkish Perspective
by Emre Caner Akcay
Buildings 2023, 13(4), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040841 - 23 Mar 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5405
Abstract
Green buildings (GBs) play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals. However, the implementation of green technologies in building projects has not reached the desired level in developing countries such as Turkey because of barriers stemming from country-related factors as well as [...] Read more.
Green buildings (GBs) play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals. However, the implementation of green technologies in building projects has not reached the desired level in developing countries such as Turkey because of barriers stemming from country-related factors as well as factors related to design and construction. The objective of this study was to explore the barriers to undertaking GB projects in Turkey. A questionnaire survey was administered to 116 construction practitioners to analyze the criticality of barriers to GB design and construction in the Turkish construction industry. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted to evaluate the data obtained from the questionnaire survey. The findings suggest that the major barriers that hinder the adoption of GBs in Turkey are higher construction cost, lack of knowledge about GBs, lack of an authorized GB rating system, unavailability of GB materials, and inadequate market demand, whereas longer design time is the least critical barrier. The results of factor analysis indicate that the barriers to undertaking GB projects can be grouped under five “factors”, i.e., cost- and demand-related barriers, market-related barriers, people-related barriers, government-related barriers, and time-related barriers. In light of the results, policy makers and construction practitioners can devise strategies to promote GBs in Turkey, which can also be valid in other developing countries with similar socio-economic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
18 pages, 8212 KiB  
Article
Sharing Is Saving? Building Costs Simulation of Collaborative and Mainstream Housing Designs
by Sara Brysch, Vincent Gruis and Darinka Czischke
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030821 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2396
Abstract
Building costs play a significant role in determining the affordability of a housing project, and these depend to a large extent on design choices. This paper is based on the premise that collaborative design processes, or co-design, used in collaborative housing (CH) in [...] Read more.
Building costs play a significant role in determining the affordability of a housing project, and these depend to a large extent on design choices. This paper is based on the premise that collaborative design processes, or co-design, used in collaborative housing (CH) in Europe reduce building costs and consequently increase the affordability of these housing projects. However, research remains scarce on the extent to which CH is an affordable solution from a design perspective compared to affordable mainstream housing (MH), in which no co-design is used. Therefore, this paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the impact of design choices on building costs in CH and MH. To this end, we developed a simulation model to compare the building costs of CH with MH based on their design choices. Findings indicate that CH represents a more affordable and space-efficient solution when compared to MH, if we look at the building costs per unit. This is because CH provides less expensive units while it includes larger common spaces and extra quality. These results help to refute existing claims about the unaffordability of CH design solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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20 pages, 7561 KiB  
Article
Usability and Biomechanical Testing of Passive Exoskeletons for Construction Workers: A Field-Based Pilot Study
by Sean T. Bennett, Wei Han, Dilruba Mahmud, Peter G. Adamczyk, Fei Dai, Michael Wehner, Dharmaraj Veeramani and Zhenhua Zhu
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030822 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6086
Abstract
The labor-intensive nature of the construction industry requires workers to frequently perform physically demanding manual work, thereby exposing them to the risk of musculoskeletal injury (approximately 31.2 cases per 10,000 full-time equivalent workers). Exoskeletons and exosuits (collectively called EXOs here) are designed to [...] Read more.
The labor-intensive nature of the construction industry requires workers to frequently perform physically demanding manual work, thereby exposing them to the risk of musculoskeletal injury (approximately 31.2 cases per 10,000 full-time equivalent workers). Exoskeletons and exosuits (collectively called EXOs here) are designed to protect workers from these injuries by reducing exertion and muscle fatigue during work. However, the usability of EXOs in construction is still not clear. This is because extant EXO assessments in construction were mainly conducted in laboratory environments with test participants who are not construction professionals. In this research, we conducted a pilot study to investigate the usability of EXOs in a real construction workplace. Four experienced workers were recruited to push/empty construction gondolas with and without a Back-Support EXO, HeroWear Apex. Three workers were recruited to install/remove wooden blocks between steel studs with and without two Arm-Support EXOs, i.e., Ekso EVO and Hilti EXO-001. Their motions, postures, heart rates, and task completion times were recorded and compared. The workers were also surveyed to gather their attitudes toward the EXO’s usefulness and ease of use. The study results demonstrated that the workers responded to the use of EXOs differently and consequently were not unanimously in favor of EXO adoption in practice. The preliminary results and findings from this pilot study help in building a foundation of understanding to improve EXO products to fit the needs of construction workers and foster EXO-enabled construction tasks in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies, Tools, and Methods for Enabling Safer, Healthier, and More Productive Work Settings in Construction Project Management)
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34 pages, 10758 KiB  
Review
The Phenomenon of Cracking in Cement Concretes and Reinforced Concrete Structures: The Mechanism of Cracks Formation, Causes of Their Initiation, Types and Places of Occurrence, and Methods of Detection—A Review
by Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030765 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 112 | Viewed by 18273
Abstract
Cracks and cavities belong to two basic forms of damage to the concrete structure, which may reduce the load-bearing capacity and tightness of the structure and lead to failures and catastrophes in construction structures. Excessive and uncontrolled cracking of the structural element may [...] Read more.
Cracks and cavities belong to two basic forms of damage to the concrete structure, which may reduce the load-bearing capacity and tightness of the structure and lead to failures and catastrophes in construction structures. Excessive and uncontrolled cracking of the structural element may cause both corrosion and weakening of the adhesion of the reinforcement present in it. Moreover, cracking in the structure negatively affects its aesthetics and in extreme cases may cause discomfort to people staying in such a building. Therefore, the following article provides an in-depth review of issues related to the formation and development of damage and cracking in the structure of concrete composites. It focuses on the causes of crack initiation and characterizes their basic types. An overview of the most commonly used methods for detecting and analyzing the shape of microcracks and diagnosing the trajectory of their propagation is also presented. The types of cracks occurring in concrete composites can be divided according to eight specific criteria. In reinforced concrete elements, macrocracks depend on the type of prevailing loads, whereas microcracks are correlated with their specific case. The analyses conducted show that microcracks are usually rectilinear in shape in tensioned elements; in shear elements there are wing microcracks with straight wings; and torsional stresses cause changes in wing microcrack morphology in that the tips of the wings are twisted. It should be noted that the subject matter of microcracks and cracks in concrete and structures made of this material is important in many respects as it concerns, in a holistic approach, the durability of buildings, the safety of people staying in the buildings, and costs related to possible repairs to damaged structural elements. Therefore, this problem should be further investigated in the field of evaluation of the cracking and fracture processes, both in concrete composites and reinforced concrete structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiment and Analysis of Building Structures)
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27 pages, 1437 KiB  
Review
Assessing Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation to Limit Aerosol Dispersion—Literature Review
by Nadine Hobeika, Clara García-Sánchez and Philomena M. Bluyssen
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030742 - 11 Mar 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4720
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation, which researchers have been warning about for years. During the pandemic, researchers studied several indicators using different approaches to assess IAQ and diverse ventilation systems in indoor spaces. To provide [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation, which researchers have been warning about for years. During the pandemic, researchers studied several indicators using different approaches to assess IAQ and diverse ventilation systems in indoor spaces. To provide an overview of these indicators and approaches in the case of airborne transmission through aerosols, we conducted a literature review, which covered studies both from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched online databases for six concepts: aerosol dispersion, ventilation, air quality, schools or offices, indicators, and assessment approaches. The indicators found in the literature can be divided into three categories: dose-, building-, and occupant-related indicators. These indicators can be measured in real physical spaces, in a controlled laboratory, or modeled and analyzed using numerical approaches. Rather than organizing this paper according to these approaches, the assessment methods used are grouped according to the following themes they cover: aerosol dispersion, ventilation, infection risk, design parameters, and human behavior. The first finding of the review is that dose-related indicators are the predominant indicators used in the selected studies, whereas building- and occupant-related indicators are only used in specific studies. Moreover, for a better understanding of airborne transmission, there is a need for a more holistic definition of IAQ indicators. The second finding is that although different design assessment tools and setups are presented in the literature, an optimization tool for a room’s design parameters seems to be missing. Finally, to efficiently limit aerosol dispersion in indoor spaces, better coordination between different fields is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality, 2nd Edition)
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23 pages, 4654 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Influence of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Storage of Lightweight Concrete Panels on the Energy and Thermal Comfort in Residential Buildings
by Dileep Kumar, Morshed Alam and Abhijeet Jayeshbhai Doshi
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030720 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3404
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCM) are integrated into lightweight concrete (LWC) panels to increase their thermal mass. However, the integration of PCM into LWC also increases the thermal conductivity of the panels, which may have a negative impact. This study investigated the impact of [...] Read more.
Phase change materials (PCM) are integrated into lightweight concrete (LWC) panels to increase their thermal mass. However, the integration of PCM into LWC also increases the thermal conductivity of the panels, which may have a negative impact. This study investigated the impact of thermal resistance and storage of LWC panels on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings. Six different LWC panels with varying levels of thermal conductivity and storage were developed using various combinations lightweight aggregates and PCM. The experimentally measured properties were used in building simulation software EnergyPlus V9.3 to calculate overheating and building energy consumption for each panel. The result showed that thermal mass influences severe discomfort hours more than thermal resistance. However, the level of influence depends on the position of the panels compared to the insulation layer. The presence of an insulation layer reduced the energy savings rate. The cooling energy consumption was more influenced by the thermal mass, whereas the heating was more influenced by the resistance of the wall. Overall, the LWC panel with the highest thermal mass was the best to reduce severe discomfort hours and energy consumption despite having the highest thermal conductivity. The outcome of this study can help to design an external building envelope with PCM panel as per user requirements, which could be to reduce overheating or cooling only, heating only, or both cooling and heating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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51 pages, 7703 KiB  
Review
Climate Zoning for Buildings: From Basic to Advanced Methods—A Review of the Scientific Literature
by Alexey Remizov, Shazim Ali Memon and Jong R. Kim
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030694 - 6 Mar 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3690
Abstract
Understanding the link between the energy-efficiency of buildings and climatic conditions can improve the design of energy-efficient housing. Due to global climate change and growing requirements for building energy-efficiency, the number of publications on climate zoning for buildings has grown over the last [...] Read more.
Understanding the link between the energy-efficiency of buildings and climatic conditions can improve the design of energy-efficient housing. Due to global climate change and growing requirements for building energy-efficiency, the number of publications on climate zoning for buildings has grown over the last 20 years. This review attempted to give the reader an up-to-date assessment of the scientific literature in the field of climate mapping for buildings on a global and national scale, filling in the gaps of previous works and focusing on details that were not presented before. There were 105 scientific sources examined. The most dominant climate zoning variables were thoroughly analyzed. A clear categorization of climate zoning methods with specific criteria was shown. The most used methods were evaluated, emphasizing their similarities and differences, as well as their essential components and advantages. The main literature review was supported with bibliometric and bibliographic analysis. The existence of many climate zoning methods can be an indicator of the lack of agreement on the most effective strategy. A tendency has been established for the popularization among scientists of methods based on machine learning and building energy simulations, which are relatively easy to use and have proven to be the most reliable climate zoning methods. A transformation is emerging by shifting from a climate-based to a building performance-based climate zoning approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Saving, Storage and Carbon Emission Mitigation Application for Buildings)
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21 pages, 2034 KiB  
Review
Moving toward Net Zero Carbon Buildings to Face Global Warming: A Narrative Review
by Davide Tirelli and Daniela Besana
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030684 - 5 Mar 2023
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9107
Abstract
The increase in global surface temperatures will surpass the 2 °C target set by the Paris Agreement unless carbon emissions are lowered to zero by 2050. To date, the building sector is responsible for 38% of all carbon emissions, thus one of the [...] Read more.
The increase in global surface temperatures will surpass the 2 °C target set by the Paris Agreement unless carbon emissions are lowered to zero by 2050. To date, the building sector is responsible for 38% of all carbon emissions, thus one of the main targets is represented by the development of building strategies that can facilitate the transition toward carbon-neutral buildings. The main strategies are today represented by nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs), zero energy buildings (ZEBs)/net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) and net zero carbon buildings (NZCBs). Particularly, NZCBs completely target zero operational and embodied carbon during their life cycles, fulfilling the leadership role in the decarbonization of the construction sector. Moreover, adopting the European Standard EN 15978:2011, carbon emissions can be precisely classified to enhance strategies aimed at reducing them. Commercial viability remains a fundamental economic driver, but the higher initial capital costs hinder the NZCBs. In addition, legislative, socio-cultural, technological, professional and geographical barriers hold back its diffusion. NZCBs can be met by a four-steps program: embodied carbon reduction, operational carbon reduction, increase in renewable energy supply and offset and carbon storage. Circular economy principles are strictly connected to design for disassembly and for adaptability to reduce embodied carbon, while passive design and solar and geothermal energy production can satisfy the renewable energy demand of the building. The aim of this narrative review is to determine and describe which is the current state of the art for NZCB definition, the drivers and barriers toward its application in a broader context and which strategies are eligible to meet the ambitious goal of zero operational and zero embodied carbon emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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22 pages, 6411 KiB  
Article
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making of Countermeasure Combination for Mitigating the Stack Effect in High-Rise Office Building
by Yiran Li, Neng Zhu and Yingzhen Hou
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030653 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1861
Abstract
Energy loss and performance deterioration caused by the stack effect are emerging issues in high-rise office buildings (HROB). However, a single countermeasure may not completely remove the stack effect problems, so combinations of countermeasures are often considered in building commissioning or retrofit projects [...] Read more.
Energy loss and performance deterioration caused by the stack effect are emerging issues in high-rise office buildings (HROB). However, a single countermeasure may not completely remove the stack effect problems, so combinations of countermeasures are often considered in building commissioning or retrofit projects to achieve the desired results. Therefore, a comprehensive study on combinations is necessary for the final decision-making. In this study, a multi-criteria decision-making model is proposed, which is utilized to calculate the ranking of countermeasure combinations for the final decision-making index by assigning weights and conducting comprehensive analysis on four criteria: infiltration energy loss, maximum pressure difference, investment cost, and implementation resistance. Based on a two-level Fractional-Factorial design (FFD), the interaction effects between countermeasures were verified, and the regression models of infiltration energy loss and maximum pressure difference were obtained as well. The investment cost and implementation resistance were defined according to the investigation and survey. An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to establish the weights of each criterion. A weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was applied to establish the decision-making index. Through the case study of a HROB located in northern China, it was concluded that the ideal combination can reduce infiltration and pressure difference by 26.88% and 87.58%, respectively, with low-level investment costs and implementation resistance. The results indicate that the multi-criteria model provides a comprehensive ranking of countermeasure combinations, which can serve as a quantitative basis for the final decision-making. Furthermore, this multi-criteria decision-making approach can be extended to other buildings in other regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 1936 KiB  
Review
Lean-BIM Approach for Improving the Performance of a Construction Project in the Design Phase
by Karim EL Mounla, Djaoued Beladjine, Karim Beddiar and Bélahcène Mazari
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030654 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11157
Abstract
Over the last decade, the construction industry has suffered from various issues affecting the planning processes, team management, and decision-making during the design phase. Today, the concepts of Lean construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM) overlap and bring solutions to all phases of [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, the construction industry has suffered from various issues affecting the planning processes, team management, and decision-making during the design phase. Today, the concepts of Lean construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM) overlap and bring solutions to all phases of a construction project. Numerous studies have shown that leveraging BIM data through Lean principles can significantly improve the overall management of a project. However, the literature is still limited to optimizing the design phase to anticipate any deviation before the start of the work. This article aims to provide an updated review of the interaction between BIM and Lean in the design phase. The study is based on a systematic review of 61 articles selected using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The obtained results allowed for the analysis of different Lean methods and tools that interact with BIM. Digitizing these methods and using them together is necessary to facilitate their application in a construction project. Finally, our study provides recommendations for researchers and professionals by identifying future scientific challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Practice of Building Information Modeling (BIM))
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20 pages, 1622 KiB  
Review
Socio-Spatial Experience in Space Syntax Research: A PRISMA-Compliant Review
by Ju Hyun Lee, Michael J. Ostwald and Ling Zhou
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030644 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5462
Abstract
Characterising and predicting socio-spatial experience has long been a key research question in space syntax research. Due to the lack of synthesised knowledge about it, this review conducts the first systematic scoping review of space syntax research on the relationships between spatial properties [...] Read more.
Characterising and predicting socio-spatial experience has long been a key research question in space syntax research. Due to the lack of synthesised knowledge about it, this review conducts the first systematic scoping review of space syntax research on the relationships between spatial properties and experiential values. Adopting the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) framework, this review of space syntax research identifies 38 studies that examine socio-spatial experiences in architectural, medical, and urban spaces. The data arising from this systematic review are used to identify trends in this sub-field of research, including the growth of socio-spatial methods and applications in urban analytics since 2016 and key methodological approaches, characteristics, and factors in space syntax research about socio-spatial experience. The research identified using the systematic framework employs a mixture of descriptive, correlation, and regression methods to examine the dynamic effects of spatial configurations on human experiences. Arising from the results of the review, the article further identifies a collective, predictive model consisting of five syntactic predictors and three categories of experiential values. This article, finally, examines research gaps and limitations in the body of knowledge and suggests future research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Analytical Methods for Buildings and Cities: Space Syntax and Shape Grammar)
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21 pages, 5472 KiB  
Article
Modelling Strategies for the Updating of Infilled RC Building FEMs Considering the Construction Phases
by Vanni Nicoletti and Fabrizio Gara
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030598 - 24 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
This paper deals with modelling strategies for the updating of Finite Element Models (FEMs) of infilled Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings. As is known, this building typology is the most adopted worldwide for residential houses and strategic buildings, such as hospitals, schools, police [...] Read more.
This paper deals with modelling strategies for the updating of Finite Element Models (FEMs) of infilled Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings. As is known, this building typology is the most adopted worldwide for residential houses and strategic buildings, such as hospitals, schools, police stations, etc. The importance of achieving trustworthy numerical models for these kinds of structures, especially the latter ones, is clear. The updating procedure mainly consists in changing the geometrical and mechanical material properties of models until pre-determined convergence criteria are verified, the latter based on the comparison between numerical and experimental outcomes. In this work, the modelling strategies that can be adopted to refine FEMs of infilled RC buildings are treated in-depth, starting from the simple model usually developed for design purposes. Modelling techniques relevant to the geometry, the mechanical properties, the mass, and the restraint conditions of the model are discussed. Moreover, the approaches that can be adopted to calibrate numerical models during the construction process are addressed as well. Then, an application of the proposed strategies is provided with reference to a real building that was investigated during its construction. The proposed modelling strategies proved to be effective in the model updating of the considered building and provide useful support for the calibration of FEMs of this building typology in general. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Process Monitoring and Structural Damage Identification for Buildings and Bridges)
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35 pages, 5929 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model for Selecting the Best Project Delivery Systems for Offsite Construction Projects
by Mohamed Assaf, Mohamed Hussein, Sherif Abdelkhalek and Tarek Zayed
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020571 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5424
Abstract
Off-site construction (OSC) is an innovative construction method that transfers most of the site-based work to a more controlled environment. Construction waste minimization, speedy schedules, higher sustainability, and better quality are some of the perceived benefits of OSC. Therefore, significant research attention has [...] Read more.
Off-site construction (OSC) is an innovative construction method that transfers most of the site-based work to a more controlled environment. Construction waste minimization, speedy schedules, higher sustainability, and better quality are some of the perceived benefits of OSC. Therefore, significant research attention has been given to OSC. However, minimal research attention has been given to procurement management in OSC, which could impact its pace of adoption. Existing studies on the procurement methods of OSC projects have overlooked several criteria related to OSC that impact the selection of the appropriate procurement methods (i.e., design-build, construction management, etc.). In addition, the literature lacks decision-making tools to assist OSC practitioners in selecting the appropriate procurement method. In this regard, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by (1) identifying the criteria that impact the selection of OSC procurement methods; (2) developing a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to select the appropriate OSC procurement methods. The developed MCDM model uses a hybrid approach of analytic network process (ANP) and evidential reasoning (ER). The ANP, which considers the interdependencies among the collected OSC procurement criteria, is used to calculate the relative importance weights through questionnaire surveys. The ER method evaluates various OSC procurement methods in accordance with the criteria importance weights. The results indicate that project quality, cost control, and funding arrangement are the prominent selection factors. On the other hand, the model reveals that the integrated project delivery (IPD) and construction management (CM) methods have the highest utility scores. The MCDM model has been validated by comparing the results with similar studies. The present study could assist OSC practitioners in selecting the appropriate procurement method for OSC projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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14 pages, 4456 KiB  
Article
Predicting the Influence of Soil–Structure Interaction on Seismic Responses of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings Using Convolutional Neural Network
by Jishuai Wang, Yazhou Xie, Tong Guo and Zhenyu Du
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020564 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3241
Abstract
Most regional seismic damage assessment (RSDA) methods are based on the rigid-base assumption to ensure evaluating efficiency, while these practices introduce factual errors due to neglecting the soil–structure interaction (SSI). Predicting the influence of the SSI on seismic responses of regionwide structure portfolios [...] Read more.
Most regional seismic damage assessment (RSDA) methods are based on the rigid-base assumption to ensure evaluating efficiency, while these practices introduce factual errors due to neglecting the soil–structure interaction (SSI). Predicting the influence of the SSI on seismic responses of regionwide structure portfolios remains a challenging undertaking, as it requires developing numerous high-fidelity, integrated models to capture the dynamic interplay and uncertainties in structures, foundations, and supporting soils. This study develops a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model to efficiently predict to what degree considering the SSI would change the inter-story drifts and base shear forces of RC frame buildings. An experimentally validated finite element model is developed to simulate the nonlinear seismic behavior of the building-foundation–soil system. Subsequently, a database comprising input data (i.e., structural and soil parameters, ground motions) and output predictors (i.e., changes in story drift and base shear) is constructed by simulating 1380 pairs of fixed-base versus soil-supported structures under earthquake loading. This large-scale dataset is used to train, test, and identify the optimal hyperparameters for the 1D-CNN model to quantify the demand differences in inter-story drifts and base shears due to the SSI. Results indicate the 1D-CNN model has a superior performance, and the absolute prediction errors of the SSI influence coefficients for the maximum base shear and inter-story drift are within 9.3% and 11.7% for 80% of cases in the testing set. The deep learning model can be conveniently applied to enhance the accuracy of the RSDA of RC buildings by updating their seismic responses where no SSI is considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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19 pages, 1913 KiB  
Article
Implementing Lean Construction: A Literature Study of Barriers, Enablers, and Implications
by Sina Moradi and Piia Sormunen
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020556 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 10439
Abstract
The challenges of adopting and implementing lean construction (LC) have led to substantial but isolated research studies concerning the relevant barriers, enablers, and implications, which lack a comprehensive approach and analytical as well as conceptual perspectives. Hence, this study aims to fill the [...] Read more.
The challenges of adopting and implementing lean construction (LC) have led to substantial but isolated research studies concerning the relevant barriers, enablers, and implications, which lack a comprehensive approach and analytical as well as conceptual perspectives. Hence, this study aims to fill the mentioned knowledge gap by identifying the barriers, enablers, and implications of implementing lean construction and exploring their relatedness. A systematic literature review was carried out through which 230 located studies were analyzed using thematic and content analysis methods to realize the objectives of this study. The findings suggest that the lack of awareness and understanding of LC, resistance to change, and a lack of support and commitment from top management are the top three barriers toward LC adoption and implementation, which can be overcome using the identified enablers, among which the top three ones were developing lean culture, application of lean principles tools and techniques, and top management support and commitment. Moreover, the results present a model which portrays the relatedness between the discovered barriers, enablers, and implications of applying lean construction. The findings can be insightful for the research community and project practitioners in their efforts for facilitating the adoption and implementation of lean construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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20 pages, 1370 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Soft Skills Possessed and Required in the Construction Sector
by Andries (Hennie) van Heerden, Mostafa Babaeian Jelodar, Gregory Chawynski and Sean Ellison
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020522 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8085
Abstract
Soft skills are essential to employability and retention; therefore, if obtained and observed, they can significantly reduce sector-wide turnover. This study aims to investigate and compare soft skills that industry professionals currently possess and soft skills the industry requires and needs to attain. [...] Read more.
Soft skills are essential to employability and retention; therefore, if obtained and observed, they can significantly reduce sector-wide turnover. This study aims to investigate and compare soft skills that industry professionals currently possess and soft skills the industry requires and needs to attain. A questionnaire was administered using the RICS database, and 741 respondents participated in this study. Initially, the soft skills possessed and the soft skills required were analysed and compared via descriptive statistics. Furthermore, principal component factor analysis was used to identify the underlying factors and classify the identified soft skills. It was found that there are alignments and evident discrepancies between the actual skills currently possessed and the skills required by these professionals. The soft skills currently possessed by the industry were classified into three groups: (a) Ethics and Professionalism Cluster; (b) Self-Effort Management Cluster; and (c) Management—Leadership and Power Cluster. This was different to the two clusters identified for the soft skills requirements, which were: (a) trait-based cluster—less controllable; (b) training-based cluster—more controllable. The study concludes that there are controllable and less-controllable skills, which need to be possessed and managed in building professionals. Controllable soft skills are easier to train, whereas trait-based soft skills are more difficult to train and possess. The findings of this research are significant as their understanding can be used to help mitigate turnover and guide construction sector professionals to plan for the appropriate skills they require. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workforce Development and Education in the Construction Industry: Challenges and Strategies)
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17 pages, 7460 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Inner Interface Mechanical Properties of the ESDCM Pile with Steel Core
by Hua Bao, Jie Peng, Zhangjianing Cheng, Junqing Hong and Yuan Gao
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020486 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
The mechanical property of the pile-core–cement-soil interface is a crucial factor affecting the shaft capacity of the expanded stiffened deep-cement-mixing (ESDCM) pile. The research on the characteristics of the steel-pipe–cement-soil interface is very limited, and the conventional concrete–cement-soil interface research results cannot provide [...] Read more.
The mechanical property of the pile-core–cement-soil interface is a crucial factor affecting the shaft capacity of the expanded stiffened deep-cement-mixing (ESDCM) pile. The research on the characteristics of the steel-pipe–cement-soil interface is very limited, and the conventional concrete–cement-soil interface research results cannot provide direct guidance for the engineering application of the steel-pipe–cement-soil combination pile. Hence, in this study, we employed a model pile with a steel-pipe–cement-soil combination. By using a confining pressure transfer test and an inner interface shear test, the influence of confining pressure on the inner interface and shear deformation of the inner interface were investigated. The results demonstrated that the lateral confining pressure has almost no effect on the inner interface due to the encapsulation of the soil-cement column. The interface shear experienced four stages: the steel pipe small deformation, which is the extra stage compared to the common concrete–cement-soil combination form; the whole pipe compression; the brittle failure; and the shear-slip stage. The peak shear stress at the interface is 194 kPa, and the corresponding pile core top displacement and core bottom displacement are 5.9 mm and 5.4 mm, respectively. The inner interface bond coefficient is only 0.052, indicating that even the smooth steel pipe can work closely with the cement-soil at a low bonding coefficient. Further optimization of the steel-pipe–cement-soil interface structure can be an essential means to improve the mechanical properties of the pile. When the upper load is transferred downward, it spreads around through the cement-soil, and as the load increases, the load that can finally be transferred to the deep part accounts for a relatively small amount, only about 7%. This work promotes the understanding of the interface mechanical properties of ESDCM piles and guides the application of an ESDCM pile with a steel core in practical engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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24 pages, 6534 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Model-Based Control Strategies to Improve the Cooling Performance of Commercial and Institutional Buildings
by Etienne Saloux and Kun Zhang
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020474 - 9 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2318
Abstract
The increasing amount of operational data in buildings opens up new methods for improving building performance through advanced controls. Although predictive control has been widely investigated in the literature, field demonstrations still remain rare. Alternatively, model-based controls can provide similar improvement while being [...] Read more.
The increasing amount of operational data in buildings opens up new methods for improving building performance through advanced controls. Although predictive control has been widely investigated in the literature, field demonstrations still remain rare. Alternatively, model-based controls can provide similar improvement while being easier to implement in real buildings. This paper investigates three data-driven model-based control strategies to improve the cooling performance of commercial and institutional buildings: (a) chiller sequencing, (b) free cooling, and (c) supply air temperature reset. These energy efficiency measures are applied to an existing commercial building in Canada with data from summer 2020 and 2021. The impact of each measure is individually assessed, as well as their combined effects. The results show that all three of the measures together reduce building cooling energy by 12% and cooling system electric energy by 33%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practical Applications of Model Predictive Control and Other Advanced Control Methods in the Built Environment)
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22 pages, 7145 KiB  
Article
Research on the Preferred Illuminance in Office Environments Based on EEG
by Li Tong, Nian Liu, Songtao Hu, Mingli Lu, Yuxi Zheng and Xiaohui Ma
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020467 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3352
Abstract
The quality of the indoor light environment in buildings directly influences the emotional state, health condition, and work efficiency of people. The application of EEG to indoor light environments is beneficial to further reveal the neural mechanisms of light comfort. In this study, [...] Read more.
The quality of the indoor light environment in buildings directly influences the emotional state, health condition, and work efficiency of people. The application of EEG to indoor light environments is beneficial to further reveal the neural mechanisms of light comfort. In this study, the absolute power of spontaneous EEG was calculated as an objective physiological index, and its trend with the illuminance level of the task area was analyzed. Then, the absolute power of the band, which has the strongest correlation with subjective evaluation and task performance, was selected as the characteristic value. The subjective and objective parameters were validated to explore the preferred illuminance choices for subjects’ comfort and efficiency during the rest stage and the task stage, respectively. The results showed that the power of the δ band and β band at partial channels in the parietal region had statistically significant differences under five illuminance levels in the resting state. The total logarithmic power of EEG and the logarithmic power of the δ band at the Cz channel were negatively correlated with the subjective evaluation. The total logarithmic power of EEG was relatively low when the subjective evaluation was comfortable. There was no statistical difference in the total EEG logarithmic power among the five illuminance levels in the task state, but the subjects had the highest performance indicator and the best cognitive task performance at 500 lux and 750 lux conditions. This research may provide a design reference for the selection of task area illuminance levels for staff during high-intensity mental work and rest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Physical Environments on Occupant Comfort)
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