Land

23 pages, 10910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining and Quantifying Urban Sprawl Drivers: A Delphi-DANP Approach

by Ali Soltani, Parviz Azizi, Masoud Javadpoor, Andrew Allan and Bagher Bagheri

Land 2025, 14(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020311 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Urban sprawl poses a significant and escalating challenge in developing countries, including Iran, leading to substantial transformations in urban areas. Despite efforts to manage urban spatial development, uncontrolled urban sprawl exerts considerable pressure on resources, infrastructure, and the environment. This study aims to [...] Read more.

Urban sprawl poses a significant and escalating challenge in developing countries, including Iran, leading to substantial transformations in urban areas. Despite efforts to manage urban spatial development, uncontrolled urban sprawl exerts considerable pressure on resources, infrastructure, and the environment. This study aims to identify and quantify the drivers of urban sprawl and investigate their interrelationships within Iranian metropolises. To achieve this objective, the study employs a mixed-method approach, commencing with a review of the existing literature and expert surveys based on PESTEL analysis and the Delphi method. This stage identified and categorized 40 key drivers (sub-factors) into six main categories (factors): political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal. Subsequently, the DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process (DANP) method is utilized to explore the internal interrelationships among factors and sub-factors and to determine their relative weights, offering deeper insights into their relationships and relative importance. The findings reveal a complex interplay of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors driving urban sprawl in Iran. Key drivers include political fragmentation, economic competition, social preferences for suburban living, rural-to-urban migration, increasing housing demand, weak legal regulations, natural constraints, inadequate transportation infrastructure, and the impact of technological advancements. Based on these findings, the study recommends a holistic approach to sustainable urban development in Iran, emphasizing the need for stakeholder engagement, participatory decision making, legal reforms, and significant investments in public transportation infrastructure. Full article

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27 pages, 37733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends, Atmospheric Patterns, and Spatial Variability of Heatwaves in an Oceanic Climate Area of NW Iberia

by Luis Pérez-García, Cristina García-Hernández and Jesús Ruiz-Fernández

Land 2025, 14(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020310 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

In the Atlantic region of northern Spain, heat extremes were historically rare, but in recent decades, they have become more intense and persistent. This article characterizes heat events in Asturias (NW Spain) between 2001 and 2023, focusing on their frequency, intensity, and duration, [...] Read more.

In the Atlantic region of northern Spain, heat extremes were historically rare, but in recent decades, they have become more intense and persistent. This article characterizes heat events in Asturias (NW Spain) between 2001 and 2023, focusing on their frequency, intensity, and duration, as well as their temporal trends. Additionally, it explores the synoptic patterns linked to these episodes to enhance understanding of their occurrence and evolution over the study period. The research is based on official meteorological records, and it distinguishes between officially declared heatwaves (DHs) and significant heat events (SHEs) identified through regional press reports. This methodology enables the study to capture a broader spectrum of heat-related impacts. During the study period, 17 episodes were documented (11 DHs and 6 SHEs). The frequency, intensity, and duration of heat events have significantly increased, particularly since 2016, standing the last two years (2022 and 2023). Both DHs and SHEs have progressively shifted toward the early and late periods of the astronomical summer, with some events occurring during spring and autumn in the second half of the study period (years 2017, 2022, and 2023). Three atmospheric patterns have been identified as responsible for extreme heat episodes; Type 1 (warm tropical continental air masses, combined with atmospheric stability) is responsible for 10 of the episodes. Furthermore, urban areas and main river valleys were the most affected areas, while coastal regions remained largely unaffected. This research aims to contribute to a broader understanding of how heatwaves are evolving in a temperate climate area under the influence of global warming, providing insights to inform and improve adaptation strategies for mitigating their impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 4th Edition)

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22 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Urban Flooding on the Spatial Equity of Access to Emergency Medical Services Among Nursing Homes in Shanghai

by Xueqing Zhou, Shanshan Wang, Shenjun Yao and Lei Fang

Land 2025, 14(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020309 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

With the rapid aging of the population and increasing demand for elderly care services, ensuring equitable access to emergency medical service (EMS) for nursing homes has become a critical public health challenge. As the first Chinese city to experience an aging society, Shanghai [...] Read more.

With the rapid aging of the population and increasing demand for elderly care services, ensuring equitable access to emergency medical service (EMS) for nursing homes has become a critical public health challenge. As the first Chinese city to experience an aging society, Shanghai faces compounding pressures from rapid urbanization and recurrent urban flooding, both of which exacerbate disparities in healthcare accessibility. This study investigates the spatial equity of EMS access among nursing homes in Shanghai, with a particular focus on the impacts of urban flooding. Using ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression models, the study reveals that EMS accessibility is relatively equitable under normal conditions but deteriorates significantly during flood events, particularly in suburban and low-lying areas. The findings show that flood-induced disruptions to road networks disproportionately impact nursing homes in peripheral districts, widening accessibility gaps. Additionally, the study identifies that factors such as road density, emergency center distribution, and flood inundation depth play critical roles in shaping spatial equity. The results underscore the need for strategic interventions to enhance healthcare resilience, including optimized facility allocation and flood-resistant infrastructure. Policymakers should adopt integrated planning approaches to ensure equitable EMS access for vulnerable elderly populations during emergencies. Full article

19 pages, 5325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remotely Sensed Spectral Indices as Proxies of the Structure of Urban Bird Communities

by Vasileios J. Kontsiotis, Stavros Chatzigiovanakis, Evangelos Valsamidis, Eleftherios Nalmpantis, Panteleimon Xofis and Vasilios Liordos

Land 2025, 14(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020308 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Abundant and diverse urban bird communities promote ecosystem and human health in cities. However, the estimation of bird community structure requires large amounts of resources. On the other hand, calculating remotely sensed spectral indices is cheap and easy. Such indices are directly related [...] Read more.

Abundant and diverse urban bird communities promote ecosystem and human health in cities. However, the estimation of bird community structure requires large amounts of resources. On the other hand, calculating remotely sensed spectral indices is cheap and easy. Such indices are directly related to vegetation cover, built-up cover, and temperature, factors that also affect the presence and abundance of bird species in urban areas. Therefore, spectral indices can be used as proxies of the structure of urban bird communities. We estimated the abundance, taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of the bird community at each of 18 50 m radius survey stations in the urban core area of Kavala, Greece. We also calculated eight spectral indices (means and standard deviations, SDs) around survey stations at 50 m, 200 m, and 500 m spatial scales. The land surface temperature SD (LST) was the most important proxy, positively related to bird abundance at the 50 m and 200 m spatial scales. At the same time, the mean green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) was the most important proxy, negatively related to abundance at the 500 m spatial scale. Means and SDs of vegetation indices, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI2), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI), were the most important proxies, positively related to taxonomic and functional diversity at all the spatial scales. The mean and SDs of LST, normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) variously affected taxonomic and functional diversity. The mean and SDs of LST were the best proxies of phylogenetic diversity at the 50 m and 500 m spatial scales, while the SDs of NDBI and NDMI were the best proxies at the 200 m spatial scale. The results suggest that several spectral indices can be used as reliable proxies of various facets of urban bird diversity. Using such proxies is an easy and efficient way of informing successful urban planning and management. Full article

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55 pages, 18631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Earthquake-Triggered Landslides in Greece from Antiquity to the Present: Temporal, Spatial and Statistical GIS-Based Analysis

by Spyridon Mavroulis, Andromachi Sarantopoulou and Efthymios Lekkas

Land 2025, 14(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020307 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

This research provides a detailed analysis of earthquake-triggered landslides (ETLs) in Greece, spanning from antiquity to the present, with an emphasis on their temporal, spatial, and statistical characteristics. Supported by published scientific sources and geographic information systems (GIS) tools, we detected 673 landslides [...] Read more.

This research provides a detailed analysis of earthquake-triggered landslides (ETLs) in Greece, spanning from antiquity to the present, with an emphasis on their temporal, spatial, and statistical characteristics. Supported by published scientific sources and geographic information systems (GIS) tools, we detected 673 landslides triggered from 144 earthquakes in Greece. With 166 ETLs associated with historical earthquakes and 507 with recent ones, the analysis reveals that regions in western Greece, including the Ionian Islands and the Peloponnese, exhibit the highest ETL frequencies, a trend strongly related to their seismotectonic regime. Most ETLs have occurred in geotectonic units belonging to the External Hellenides. Limestone-dominated lithologies and post-alpine deposits were identified as particularly susceptible to ETLs. These are strongly associated with earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to 7.0. Rockfalls constitute the most frequent type of ETLs in Greece, accounting for nearly half of all documented events. Coastal and offshore landslides, though less frequent, still pose unique risks for Greece. ETLs have mainly been observed in the very high and high susceptibility areas. The impacts of ETLs on both natural and built environments are profound, with destruction of buildings and infrastructure exacerbating the public health impact and socio-economic toll of such events. Full article

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23 pages, 3670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetation Succession Patterns at Sperry Glacier’s Foreland, Glacier National Park, MT, USA

by Ami Bryant, Lynn M. Resler, Dianna Gielstra and Thomas Pingel

Land 2025, 14(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020306 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Plant colonization patterns on deglaciated terrain give insight into the factors influencing alpine ecosystem development. Our objectives were to use a chronosequence, extending from the Little Ice Age (~1850) terminal moraine to the present glacier terminus, and biophysical predictors to characterize vegetation across [...] Read more.

Plant colonization patterns on deglaciated terrain give insight into the factors influencing alpine ecosystem development. Our objectives were to use a chronosequence, extending from the Little Ice Age (~1850) terminal moraine to the present glacier terminus, and biophysical predictors to characterize vegetation across Sperry Glacier’s foreland—a mid-latitude cirque glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. We measured diversity metrics (i.e., richness, evenness, and Shannon’s diversity index), percent cover, and community composition in 61 plots. Field observations characterized drainage, concavity, landform features, rock fragments, and geomorphic process domains in each plot. GIS-derived variables contextualized the plots’ aspect, terrain roughness, topographic position, solar radiation, and curvature. Overall, vegetation cover and species richness increased with terrain age, but with colonization gaps compared to other forelands, likely due to extensive bedrock and slow soil development, potentially putting this community at risk of being outpaced by climate change. Generalized linear models revealed the importance of local site factors (e.g., drainage, concavity, and process domain) in explaining species richness and Shannon’s diversity patterns. The relevance of field-measured variables over GIS-derived variables demonstrated the importance of fieldwork in understanding alpine successional patterns and the need for higher-resolution remote sensing analyses to expand these landscape-scale studies. Full article

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16 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Nature Conservation-Relevant Public Participation Processes Through Digitalization: The Case of Germany

by Stefan Heiland, Markus Günther, Brigitte Holzhauer, Florian Kern and Josephin Wagner

Land 2025, 14(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020305 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

The literature shows that limited research has been conducted on the changes induced by digital means in public participation processes on plans whose implementation could have an impact on nature conservation and landscape development. To contribute to closing this research gap, 15 expert [...] Read more.

The literature shows that limited research has been conducted on the changes induced by digital means in public participation processes on plans whose implementation could have an impact on nature conservation and landscape development. To contribute to closing this research gap, 15 expert interviews were conducted to shed light on the use of digital tools in public participation processes in Germany. The analysis examined potential changes in the quantity and diversity of participants, timing and duration of involvement, tone and content, and the influence of participation on decision-making. The experts’ experiences vary widely, and knowledge must still be consolidated. The findings suggest that using digital instruments can increase the number of participants and the variety of social groups they represent. Other factors, such as personal interest and implications or potential for conflict, are more crucial to participating. However, digital tools allow for easier participation at various stages of participation if all necessary information is provided online. The tone of the discussion appears to be significantly influenced by the specific digital tool used for participation; for example, a plenary video session may unfold in an orderly manner, but the concurrent chat discussion can become chaotic or even insulting without strict facilitation. Digital tools might increase public interest in planning processes and lead to a higher relevance of citizens’ opinions in decision-making. However, this does not necessarily impact its outcome, as various opinions can neutralize each other. Observing this development more intensively seems necessary to take advantage of opportunities and counteract digitalization risks. Nonetheless, it can be concluded that digital formats cannot and should not replace analog forms of participation; rather, both should be combined in hybrid forms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Governance in the Age of Social Media (Second Edition))

19 pages, 3660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Soil Erosion Changes Based on Structural Equation Model

by Ziwei Wang, Xiaohuan Yang and Hongyan Cai

Land 2025, 14(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020304 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Soil erosion is a complex process influenced by both natural and human factors. Accurately assessing the temporal and spatial variations in soil erosion, along with thoroughly investigating the factors influencing these changes, is crucial for developing effective regional soil and water conservation strategies. [...] Read more.

Soil erosion is a complex process influenced by both natural and human factors. Accurately assessing the temporal and spatial variations in soil erosion, along with thoroughly investigating the factors influencing these changes, is crucial for developing effective regional soil and water conservation strategies. Taking Jiangxi Province as the study area, this research employed the Chinese Soil Loss Equation model and structural equation modeling to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation in soil erosion and its influencing factors under the main land cover types from 2000 to 2020 (five-year intervals). It revealed the interaction paths among these factors and their direct and indirect effects on soil erosion. The findings indicate that soil erosion in Jiangxi Province initially decreased and then increased over the study period, with the rate of increase gradually slowing. Spatially, the region experienced overall improvement but with some local deterioration. The primary factors influencing soil erosion changes varied with land cover type and specific areas of change. For Jiangxi Province, changes in human activities were the predominant factor, followed by slope. These results provide a theoretical basis for formulating scientific soil and water conservation measures and optimizing land management strategies, thereby supporting regional environmental management and sustainable land use development. Full article

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22 pages, 11614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Characteristics of Vegetation Cover Changes in the Loess Plateau from 1995 to 2020

by Zhihong Yao, Yichao Huang, Yiwen Zhang, Qinke Yang, Peng Jiao and Menghao Yang

Land 2025, 14(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020303 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely affected regions by soil erosion in the world, with a fragile ecological environment. Vegetation plays a key role in the region’s ecological restoration and protection. This study employs the Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model to [...] Read more.

The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely affected regions by soil erosion in the world, with a fragile ecological environment. Vegetation plays a key role in the region’s ecological restoration and protection. This study employs the Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model to quantitatively assess the impact of natural and human factors, such as temperature, precipitation, soil type, and land use, on vegetation growth. It aims to reveal the characteristics and driving mechanisms of vegetation cover changes on the Loess Plateau over the past 26 years. The results indicate that from 1995 to 2020, the vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau shows an increasing trend, with a fitted slope of 0.01021 and an R² of 0.96466. The Geodetector indicates that the factors with the greatest impact on vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau are temperature, precipitation, soil type, and land use. The highest average vegetation coverage is achieved when the temperature is between −4.8 and 2 °C or 12 and 16 °C, precipitation is between 630.64 and 935.51 mm, the soil type is leaching soil, and the land use type is forest. And the interaction between all factors has a greater effect on the vegetation cover than any single factor alone. This study reveals the factors influencing vegetation growth on the Loess Plateau, as well as their types and ranges, providing a scientific basis and guidance for improving vegetation coverage in this region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use/Cover Change and Its Impacts on Regional Sustainable Development)

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16 pages, 5435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping and Assessing the Supply and Demand of Rural Recreation Services in National Parks: A Case Study of Qianjiangyuan, Zhejiang, China

by Xiaodong Chen and Chengzhao Wu

Land 2025, 14(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020302 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

National parks not only protect natural resources but also provide a variety of cultural ecosystem services, with their rural areas serving as important locations for providing rural recreation services (RRS). Spatial quantification of RRS supply and demand will contribute to ensuring the protection [...] Read more.

National parks not only protect natural resources but also provide a variety of cultural ecosystem services, with their rural areas serving as important locations for providing rural recreation services (RRS). Spatial quantification of RRS supply and demand will contribute to ensuring the protection and promotion of human well-being in national parks. In this study, we proposed an integrated framework to map and assess the spatial distribution of RRS supply and demand in Changhong Township, located within Qianjiangyuan National Park. We used a combination of spatial analysis and the MaxEnt model as tools, which played a positive role in saving time when modeling areas providing cultural ecosystem services. Based on the findings, the study area was divided into different zones to propose spatial planning measures. The results showed that (1) the MaxEnt model was robust in mapping RRS supply. RRS supply and demand distribution had high spatial heterogeneity. (2) The proportion of areas where RRS supply exceeded demand was 72.58%, primarily distributed in areas with a high level of naturalness at the periphery of the study area. (3) This study divided Changhong Township into four types of zones: developed recreation service area, potential recreation service area, recreation service demand area, and marginal recreation service area. We proposed suggestions for the scientific utilization and management of RRS in each zone. Overall, our findings provide a scientific basis for planning rural recreation spaces within national parks, promoting the comprehensive utilization of rural cultural ecosystem services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human–Environmental Relations: Ecotourism and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development Strategies for the Mediterranean Coastal Landscape: Adaptive Decision-Making Processes for Implementing the Circular Economy in the Redevelopment of the Reggio Calabria Waterfront

by Lucia Della Spina and Vanessa Assumma

Land 2025, 14(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020301 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

This document explores a circular approach to the redevelopment of the city–port system of Reggio Calabria, an area characterized by complex challenges involving economic, social, and environmental needs. By developing a multidimensional decision-making process, three development scenarios were identified to support a sustainable [...] Read more.

This document explores a circular approach to the redevelopment of the city–port system of Reggio Calabria, an area characterized by complex challenges involving economic, social, and environmental needs. By developing a multidimensional decision-making process, three development scenarios were identified to support a sustainable transition. The methodology integrates both quantitative and qualitative assessments, actively involving the local community and stakeholders. The proposed methodology operationalizes the principles of the circular economy by aligning sustainable regeneration scenarios with local needs and environmental constraints. The integrated assessment ensures the applicability of circular models for the resilient redevelopment of the waterfront. The results demonstrate how this model can be applied to other Mediterranean port cities to promote sustainable and resilient regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Planning and Sustainable Mobility)

17 pages, 2697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conversion from Forest to Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon from 1985 to 2021

by Hugo Tameirão Seixas, Hilton Luís Ferraz da Silveira, Alan Pereira da Silva Falcão Mendes, Fabiana Da Silva Soares and Ramon Felipe Bicudo da Silva

Land 2025, 14(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020300 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes in the Amazon biome are key processes that influence the environment and societies at local, national, and global scales. Numerous studies have already relied on land-cover and land-use maps to analyze change processes. This study presents a new [...] Read more.

Land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes in the Amazon biome are key processes that influence the environment and societies at local, national, and global scales. Numerous studies have already relied on land-cover and land-use maps to analyze change processes. This study presents a new dataset created by calculating the time required for deforested areas to transition to agriculture (annual and permanent crops) in the Brazilian Amazon biome. The calculations were performed over MapBiomas land-cover data (version 7), which range from 1985 to 2021, at a spatial resolution of 30 m. The method consists of basic algebraic operation and recursion to identify every conversion from forest to agriculture between 1985 and 2021. The results show a correlation between environmental policies and the time required for the conversion to be completed, such as the adoption of the soy moratorium and the New Forest Code, that were followed by a search for old cleared areas for the establishment of new agricultural sites. The new data can be useful in interdisciplinary studies focused on land-use and land-cover change analysis in Brazil, such as planning of forest restoration initiatives, and the evaluation of carbon stocks according to conversion length. Our accuracy assessment shows an opportunity to improve conversion length calculations by reducing errors in the classification of agriculture establishment. The major innovation of this study is the establishment of explicit links between the deforestation year of a given pixel and its respective year of agriculture establishment, which can provide new insights into understanding long-term land-use conversion processes in tropical ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetation Cover Changes Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Data)

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21 pages, 16401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Mapping of Maize in Mountainous Terrain Using Machine Learning and Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data

by Luying Liu, Jingyi Yang, Fang Yin and Linsen He

Land 2025, 14(2), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020299 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

In recent years, machine learning methods have garnered significant attention in the field of crop recognition, playing a crucial role in obtaining spatial distribution information and understanding dynamic changes in planting areas. However, research in smaller plots within mountainous regions remains relatively limited. [...] Read more.

In recent years, machine learning methods have garnered significant attention in the field of crop recognition, playing a crucial role in obtaining spatial distribution information and understanding dynamic changes in planting areas. However, research in smaller plots within mountainous regions remains relatively limited. This study focuses on Shangzhou District in Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province, utilizing a dataset of high-resolution remote sensing images (GF-1, ZY1-02D, ZY-3) collected over seven months in 2021 to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and construct a time series. By integrating field survey results with time series images and Google Earth for visual interpretation, the NDVI time series curve for maize was analyzed. The Random Forest (RF) classification algorithm was employed for maize recognition, and comparative analyses of classification accuracy were conducted using Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results demonstrate that the random forest algorithm achieved the highest accuracy, with an overall accuracy of 94.88% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.94, both surpassing those of the other classification methods and yielding satisfactory overall results. This study confirms the feasibility of using time series high-resolution remote sensing images for precise crop extraction in the southern mountainous regions of China, providing valuable scientific support for optimizing land resource use and enhancing agricultural productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)

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25 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Rural Revitalization via Natural Resource Value Realization in National Parks: A Case Study of Baishanzu National Park

by Hongyu Luo, Guangning Sun, Weilong Zhou, Jihe Lian, Yanfei Sun and Yingen Hu

Land 2025, 14(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020298 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

The realization of natural resource value serves as a critical entry point for advancing rural revitalization within the framework of ecological civilization construction, representing an essential approach to balancing ecological conservation and economic development in national parks. Based on clarifying the logical relationship [...] Read more.

The realization of natural resource value serves as a critical entry point for advancing rural revitalization within the framework of ecological civilization construction, representing an essential approach to balancing ecological conservation and economic development in national parks. Based on clarifying the logical relationship and the driving mechanisms between the realization of natural resource value and rural revitalization, this paper employs field observation and in-depth interviews using Baishanzu National Park as a case study to analyze how general control zones in national parks can promote rural revitalization under ecological constraints through the realization of natural resource value. The results indicate the following: (1) By constructing a framework of “realistic background—pathway selection—model condensation—effectiveness analysis”, the mechanism of how natural resource value realization promotes rural revitalization can be analyzed, with a focus on its pathways and models. (2) The pathways for realizing natural resource value to promote rural revitalization include resource integration, investment development, capital production and operation, and the circulation and exchange of ecological products and services. These pathways contribute to various dimensions of rural revitalization at different stages: assetization, capitalization, productization, and monetization. (3) Within different functional zones of the general control area in national parks, including ecological restoration zones, traditional utilization zones, and recreation and exhibition zones, the value of natural resources can promote rural revitalization through three realization modes: preservation, transformation, and value-added enhancement, reflecting diverse approaches and differentiated outcomes of value realization. To comprehensively promote rural revitalization in national parks through the realization of natural resource value, it is first necessary to fully identify regional resource endowments, conservation objectives, and developmental constraints. Second, regional resources should be integrated to pursue synergistic innovation. Finally, attention must be paid to achieving comprehensive benefits for sustainable development. The research findings provide valuable references for the high-quality development of national parks and rural revitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating the Balance: The Role of National Parks in Ecological Conservation and Socioeconomic Development)

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22 pages, 8998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution Characteristics and Relationship Between Soil Salinity and Soil Particle Size in Ebinur Lake Wetland, Xinjiang

by Duo Wen, Jinjie Wang, Jianli Ding and Zhe Zhang

Land 2025, 14(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020297 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of soil salinity characteristics and the vertical and spatial distribution of particle sizes in lakes and wetlands within arid zones, as well as elucidating their interrelationship, is crucial for effective wetland soil salinization management. In this study, the typical salinized [...] Read more.

A comprehensive understanding of soil salinity characteristics and the vertical and spatial distribution of particle sizes in lakes and wetlands within arid zones, as well as elucidating their interrelationship, is crucial for effective wetland soil salinization management. In this study, the typical salinized wetland, the Ebinur Lake wetland, was selected as the research object. A total of 50 sampling points were established along the edge of Ebinur Lake, resulting in the collection of 200 soil samples from depths of 0–60 cm. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the soil samples was obtained by laser particle sizer, and the fractal dimension of the soil structure was deduced by applying fractal theory. The soluble salt content (TSS) and salt ions content were measured by laboratory physicochemical experiments. Finally, Pearson correlation and other methods were used to explore the relationship between soil salinity and soil particle size. The results showed the following: (1) Soil salinization in the study area was severe, and the accumulation of surface salts was obvious, with a mean value of 46,410 mg/kg. The spatial distribution of TSS was predominantly influenced by Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺ + K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺. (2) Across various soil depths, silt and sand were the primary constituents, with soil fractal dimensions (D_soil) ranging from 1.91 to 2.76, averaging 2.54, and a poor soil textural structure. The spatial distribution of D_soil closely mirrored that of TSS. (3) According to the correlation analysis results, as TSS increased, D_soil continued to rise, with an increasing content of clay, while the sand content decreased. Simultaneously, as the soil particles became finer, TSS and D_soil also increased, suggesting that sandy loam to silty soils in the study area were more prone to salt accumulation. Full article

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20 pages, 4674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Zonal Response of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Australian Grasslands to Ongoing Climate Change

by Jingai Bai and Tingbao Xu

Land 2025, 14(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020296 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Grasslands are key components of land ecosystems, providing valuable ecosystem services and contributing to local carbon sequestration. Australian grasslands, covering approximately 70% of the continent, are vital for agriculture, pasture, and ecosystem services. Ongoing climate change introduces considerable uncertainties about the dynamic responses [...] Read more.

Grasslands are key components of land ecosystems, providing valuable ecosystem services and contributing to local carbon sequestration. Australian grasslands, covering approximately 70% of the continent, are vital for agriculture, pasture, and ecosystem services. Ongoing climate change introduces considerable uncertainties about the dynamic responses of different types of grasslands to changes in regional climate and its variation. This study, bringing together high-resolution meteorological data, calibrated long-term satellite NDVI data, and NPP and statistical models, investigated the spatiotemporal variability of NDVI and NPP and their predominant drivers (temperature and soil water content) across Australia’s grassland zones from 1992 to 2021. Results showed a slight, non-significant NDVI increase, primarily driven by improved vegetation in northern savannah grasslands (SGs). Areal average annual NPP values fluctuated annually but with a levelled trend over time, illustrating grassland resilience. NDVI and NPP measures aligned spatially, with values decreasing from the coastal to the inland regions and north to south. Most of the SGs experienced an increase in NDVI and NPP, boosted by abundant soil moisture and warm weather, which promoted vegetation growth and sustained a stable growing biomass in this zone. The increased NDVI and NPP in northern open grasslands (OGs) were linked to wetter conditions, while their decreases in western desert grasslands (DGs) were ascribed to warming and drier weather. Soil water availability was the dominant driver of grassland growth, with NDVI being positively correlated with soil water content but being negatively correlated with temperature across most grasslands. Projections under the SSP126 and SSP370 scenarios using ACCESS-ESM1.5 showed slight NPP increases by 2050 under warmer and wetter conditions, though western and southern grasslands may see declines in vegetation coverage and carbon storage. This study provides insights into the responses of Australian grasslands to climate variability. The results will help to underpin the design of sustainable grassland management strategies and practices under a changing climate for Australia. Full article

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16 pages, 3000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Water–Soil Resource Matching Pattern of Grain Crops in the North China Plain from the Perspective of the Physical Water–Water Footprint

by Wenxue Xia, Bing Zhang, Guangwen Meng and Jiankang Dong

Land 2025, 14(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020295 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

The agricultural water–soil matching coefficient is a key factor for reflecting regional grain production status, which can be used to evaluate the reasonableness of water–soil allocation in certain areas. Taking the North China Plain (NCP) as the study area, in this study, we [...] Read more.

The agricultural water–soil matching coefficient is a key factor for reflecting regional grain production status, which can be used to evaluate the reasonableness of water–soil allocation in certain areas. Taking the North China Plain (NCP) as the study area, in this study, we constructed a framework from a “physical water–water footprint” standpoint. The binary matching characteristics of “water–soil–grain” were then analyzed, and the water–soil matching coefficient method was employed to evaluate the pattern of water–soil matching for the years 1984, 1998, 2003, and 2022. Through the perspective of physical water–water footprint coupling, field trials of grain were utilized to calculate the range of water–soil matching coefficients under high yields. The results showed the following: ① From 1949 to 2022, the grain yield and planting areas increased. Wheat, the dominant crop, required substantial irrigation. Precipitation, cultivated land, and irrigation water exhibited spatial mismatches over the last ten years. ② The total water footprint showed an increasing trend, and the blue water footprint accounted for 19.47%. The spatial distribution of the water and land footprints of grain crops largely overlapped, and their values were higher in the central and southern regions, and lower in the north. ③ The current water–soil matching coefficient was in the range of [0.28, 1.75], which fell outside the optimal range of [0.534, 0.724]. The soil–water matching coefficients of wheat and rice were overall higher than those of other crops. We found higher values in the southwestern region and lower values in the northern areas, which aligns with the boundary of the groundwater funnel area. To address the identified challenges, we recommend implementing a tiered regulatory zone system based on the matching coefficient. The government should encourage a reduction in water-intensive crops like wheat and rice in high-value regions by providing subsidies. Additionally, a monitoring mechanism for water and soil compatibility should be established, considering the specific growth requirements of various crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)

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21 pages, 2228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Rural Land Transfer on Rural Households’ Income: A Case Study in Anhui Province, China

by Yuting Xu, Yitian Lin, Hong Yang, Guoliang Xu and Chao Cheng

Land 2025, 14(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020294 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

This paper looks into the impact of China’s new rural land reform, the three rights separation policy (TRSP), on Chinese farmers’ income. Based on data collected from 360 rural households in Anhui Province, China, 2021, this paper constructed the influence pathways of the [...] Read more.

This paper looks into the impact of China’s new rural land reform, the three rights separation policy (TRSP), on Chinese farmers’ income. Based on data collected from 360 rural households in Anhui Province, China, 2021, this paper constructed the influence pathways of the TRSP on household income and estimated the effects along different pathways using the structural equation model (SEM) model. It showed that through expanding the planting scale and promoting resource-use efficiency, the new land tenure system can indirectly increase transfer-in household income. However, the TRSP has a significant negative direct effect on transfer-out households’ income, and only a slight impact on transferring rural labor to other industries or relaxing the liquidity constraint. In short, the TRSP’s effect on income gains is more prominent in transfer-in households than transfer-out ones, which in the long run would lead to an increased income gap, more so if transfer-out households lack easy access to non-farm employment. Our findings suggest that public authorities should respect farmers’ autonomy in land transfer decisions and pay special attention to labor transfer in poverty alleviation. Meanwhile, widening income disparities among different groups should be heeded while implementing local governments’ service roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Connections Between Land Use, Land Policies, and Food Systems)

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31 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Public Perception of Sports Spaces Under Urban Overpasses from the Perspective of Age Differences

by Ziyi Wen, Xiangming Luo, Xin Wang and Haoran Liu

Land 2025, 14(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020293 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

As China’s urban development enters the era of stock optimization, the practice of transforming and utilizing spaces under urban overpasses is rapidly gaining momentum. Converting these underpass spaces into sports areas has emerged as a new form of creating public space. Understanding the [...] Read more.

As China’s urban development enters the era of stock optimization, the practice of transforming and utilizing spaces under urban overpasses is rapidly gaining momentum. Converting these underpass spaces into sports areas has emerged as a new form of creating public space. Understanding the perceptions of users from different age groups towards these underpass spaces holds significant guiding value for optimizing the design of such areas and improving the quality of service. Taking the Yanshan Interchange Lowline Park in Jinan as an example, this research applied methods of observation, interviews, questionnaires, and importance–satisfaction analysis (ISA) to investigate the activity preferences and the similarities and differences in the perceptions of spatial environment elements in underpass spaces among four age groups: children, youth, middle-aged adults, and the elderly. The findings indicate that different age groups exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to spatial information, demand levels, and perceptual perspectives in underline parks, which result in distinct spatiotemporal distributions and spatial perception disparities when using the park. All the groups agree that the underpass sports space requires significant improvements in terms of comfort and safety. Based on this, this study proposes age-friendly urban space renewal strategies for spaces under elevated highways, focusing on addressing areas with lower satisfaction across all age groups. These strategies include optimizing the allocation of time, area, and activity types within activity spaces, enhancing the safety and comfort of activity areas, and enriching the cultural connotation and inclusivity of the space. This research provides a theoretical basis for optimizing and creating age-friendly or age-specific urban sports public spaces under elevated highways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Regeneration: Challenges and Opportunities for the Landscape)

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