Land | February 2025 - Browse Articles

23 pages, 11196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intrinsic Mechanisms of Differences in Wetting-Induced Deformation of Soils on Chinese Loess Plateau: Insights into Land Stability and Sustainable Management

by Qiqi Liu, Wanli Xie, Hui Yang, Kangze Yuan, Siyu Zhang, Xinyu Li, Pengxin Qu, Zhiyi Wu, Jiahao Zhou and Xuanyu Gao

Land 2025, 14(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020312 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Wetting-induced soil deformation significantly impacts land stability and management on the Chinese Loess Plateau. This study analyzed silt soils from the Late Pleistocene (1 m depth) and Middle Pleistocene (25 m depth) to investigate compression and collapsible deformation during wetting. The compression in [...] Read more.

Wetting-induced soil deformation significantly impacts land stability and management on the Chinese Loess Plateau. This study analyzed silt soils from the Late Pleistocene (1 m depth) and Middle Pleistocene (25 m depth) to investigate compression and collapsible deformation during wetting. The compression in both soils progressed through three stages: slow deformation under low pressure, accelerated deformation under moderate pressure, and decelerated deformation under high pressure. Wetting intensified the compression in the 1 m sample but reduced it in the 25 m sample, with the deformation becoming more sensitive to the initial water content under higher pressures. Collapse tests showed contrasting behaviors: the 1 m sample exhibited collapsibility, while the 25 m sample displayed expansiveness (a negative collapsibility coefficient). Microstructural analysis revealed that the 1 m sample with abundant macropores and overhead structures had a lower structural stability than the 25 sample with more stable, rounded micropores. The wetting-induced deformation was governed by the balance between clay mineral expansion and structural collapse, with collapsibility prevailing when collapse dominated and expansiveness prevailing when expansion was predominant. These findings provide valuable insights into soil–water interactions and support improved land use and management strategies in the loess region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)

23 pages, 10910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining and Quantifying Urban Sprawl Drivers: A Delphi-DANP Approach

by Ali Soltani, Parviz Azizi, Masoud Javadpoor, Andrew Allan and Bagher Bagheri

Land 2025, 14(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020311 - 2 Feb 2025

Viewed by 362

Abstract

Urban sprawl poses a significant and escalating challenge in developing countries, including Iran, leading to substantial transformations in urban areas. Despite efforts to manage urban spatial development, uncontrolled urban sprawl exerts considerable pressure on resources, infrastructure, and the environment. This study aims to [...] Read more.

Urban sprawl poses a significant and escalating challenge in developing countries, including Iran, leading to substantial transformations in urban areas. Despite efforts to manage urban spatial development, uncontrolled urban sprawl exerts considerable pressure on resources, infrastructure, and the environment. This study aims to identify and quantify the drivers of urban sprawl and investigate their interrelationships within Iranian metropolises. To achieve this objective, the study employs a mixed-method approach, commencing with a review of the existing literature and expert surveys based on PESTEL analysis and the Delphi method. This stage identified and categorized 40 key drivers (sub-factors) into six main categories (factors): political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal. Subsequently, the DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process (DANP) method is utilized to explore the internal interrelationships among factors and sub-factors and to determine their relative weights, offering deeper insights into their relationships and relative importance. The findings reveal a complex interplay of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors driving urban sprawl in Iran. Key drivers include political fragmentation, economic competition, social preferences for suburban living, rural-to-urban migration, increasing housing demand, weak legal regulations, natural constraints, inadequate transportation infrastructure, and the impact of technological advancements. Based on these findings, the study recommends a holistic approach to sustainable urban development in Iran, emphasizing the need for stakeholder engagement, participatory decision making, legal reforms, and significant investments in public transportation infrastructure. Full article

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27 pages, 37733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends, Atmospheric Patterns, and Spatial Variability of Heatwaves in an Oceanic Climate Area of NW Iberia

by Luis Pérez-García, Cristina García-Hernández and Jesús Ruiz-Fernández

Land 2025, 14(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020310 - 2 Feb 2025

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Abstract

In the Atlantic region of northern Spain, heat extremes were historically rare, but in recent decades, they have become more intense and persistent. This article characterizes heat events in Asturias (NW Spain) between 2001 and 2023, focusing on their frequency, intensity, and duration, [...] Read more.

In the Atlantic region of northern Spain, heat extremes were historically rare, but in recent decades, they have become more intense and persistent. This article characterizes heat events in Asturias (NW Spain) between 2001 and 2023, focusing on their frequency, intensity, and duration, as well as their temporal trends. Additionally, it explores the synoptic patterns linked to these episodes to enhance understanding of their occurrence and evolution over the study period. The research is based on official meteorological records, and it distinguishes between officially declared heatwaves (DHs) and significant heat events (SHEs) identified through regional press reports. This methodology enables the study to capture a broader spectrum of heat-related impacts. During the study period, 17 episodes were documented (11 DHs and 6 SHEs). The frequency, intensity, and duration of heat events have significantly increased, particularly since 2016, standing the last two years (2022 and 2023). Both DHs and SHEs have progressively shifted toward the early and late periods of the astronomical summer, with some events occurring during spring and autumn in the second half of the study period (years 2017, 2022, and 2023). Three atmospheric patterns have been identified as responsible for extreme heat episodes; Type 1 (warm tropical continental air masses, combined with atmospheric stability) is responsible for 10 of the episodes. Furthermore, urban areas and main river valleys were the most affected areas, while coastal regions remained largely unaffected. This research aims to contribute to a broader understanding of how heatwaves are evolving in a temperate climate area under the influence of global warming, providing insights to inform and improve adaptation strategies for mitigating their impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 4th Edition)

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22 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Urban Flooding on the Spatial Equity of Access to Emergency Medical Services Among Nursing Homes in Shanghai

by Xueqing Zhou, Shanshan Wang, Shenjun Yao and Lei Fang

Land 2025, 14(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020309 - 2 Feb 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

With the rapid aging of the population and increasing demand for elderly care services, ensuring equitable access to emergency medical service (EMS) for nursing homes has become a critical public health challenge. As the first Chinese city to experience an aging society, Shanghai [...] Read more.

With the rapid aging of the population and increasing demand for elderly care services, ensuring equitable access to emergency medical service (EMS) for nursing homes has become a critical public health challenge. As the first Chinese city to experience an aging society, Shanghai faces compounding pressures from rapid urbanization and recurrent urban flooding, both of which exacerbate disparities in healthcare accessibility. This study investigates the spatial equity of EMS access among nursing homes in Shanghai, with a particular focus on the impacts of urban flooding. Using ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression models, the study reveals that EMS accessibility is relatively equitable under normal conditions but deteriorates significantly during flood events, particularly in suburban and low-lying areas. The findings show that flood-induced disruptions to road networks disproportionately impact nursing homes in peripheral districts, widening accessibility gaps. Additionally, the study identifies that factors such as road density, emergency center distribution, and flood inundation depth play critical roles in shaping spatial equity. The results underscore the need for strategic interventions to enhance healthcare resilience, including optimized facility allocation and flood-resistant infrastructure. Policymakers should adopt integrated planning approaches to ensure equitable EMS access for vulnerable elderly populations during emergencies. Full article

19 pages, 5325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remotely Sensed Spectral Indices as Proxies of the Structure of Urban Bird Communities

by Vasileios J. Kontsiotis, Stavros Chatzigiovanakis, Evangelos Valsamidis, Eleftherios Nalmpantis, Panteleimon Xofis and Vasilios Liordos

Land 2025, 14(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020308 - 2 Feb 2025

Viewed by 271

Abstract

Abundant and diverse urban bird communities promote ecosystem and human health in cities. However, the estimation of bird community structure requires large amounts of resources. On the other hand, calculating remotely sensed spectral indices is cheap and easy. Such indices are directly related [...] Read more.

Abundant and diverse urban bird communities promote ecosystem and human health in cities. However, the estimation of bird community structure requires large amounts of resources. On the other hand, calculating remotely sensed spectral indices is cheap and easy. Such indices are directly related to vegetation cover, built-up cover, and temperature, factors that also affect the presence and abundance of bird species in urban areas. Therefore, spectral indices can be used as proxies of the structure of urban bird communities. We estimated the abundance, taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of the bird community at each of 18 50 m radius survey stations in the urban core area of Kavala, Greece. We also calculated eight spectral indices (means and standard deviations, SDs) around survey stations at 50 m, 200 m, and 500 m spatial scales. The land surface temperature SD (LST) was the most important proxy, positively related to bird abundance at the 50 m and 200 m spatial scales. At the same time, the mean green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) was the most important proxy, negatively related to abundance at the 500 m spatial scale. Means and SDs of vegetation indices, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI2), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI), were the most important proxies, positively related to taxonomic and functional diversity at all the spatial scales. The mean and SDs of LST, normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) variously affected taxonomic and functional diversity. The mean and SDs of LST were the best proxies of phylogenetic diversity at the 50 m and 500 m spatial scales, while the SDs of NDBI and NDMI were the best proxies at the 200 m spatial scale. The results suggest that several spectral indices can be used as reliable proxies of various facets of urban bird diversity. Using such proxies is an easy and efficient way of informing successful urban planning and management. Full article

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55 pages, 18631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Earthquake-Triggered Landslides in Greece from Antiquity to the Present: Temporal, Spatial and Statistical GIS-Based Analysis

by Spyridon Mavroulis, Andromachi Sarantopoulou and Efthymios Lekkas

Land 2025, 14(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020307 - 2 Feb 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

This research provides a detailed analysis of earthquake-triggered landslides (ETLs) in Greece, spanning from antiquity to the present, with an emphasis on their temporal, spatial, and statistical characteristics. Supported by published scientific sources and geographic information systems (GIS) tools, we detected 673 landslides [...] Read more.

This research provides a detailed analysis of earthquake-triggered landslides (ETLs) in Greece, spanning from antiquity to the present, with an emphasis on their temporal, spatial, and statistical characteristics. Supported by published scientific sources and geographic information systems (GIS) tools, we detected 673 landslides triggered from 144 earthquakes in Greece. With 166 ETLs associated with historical earthquakes and 507 with recent ones, the analysis reveals that regions in western Greece, including the Ionian Islands and the Peloponnese, exhibit the highest ETL frequencies, a trend strongly related to their seismotectonic regime. Most ETLs have occurred in geotectonic units belonging to the External Hellenides. Limestone-dominated lithologies and post-alpine deposits were identified as particularly susceptible to ETLs. These are strongly associated with earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to 7.0. Rockfalls constitute the most frequent type of ETLs in Greece, accounting for nearly half of all documented events. Coastal and offshore landslides, though less frequent, still pose unique risks for Greece. ETLs have mainly been observed in the very high and high susceptibility areas. The impacts of ETLs on both natural and built environments are profound, with destruction of buildings and infrastructure exacerbating the public health impact and socio-economic toll of such events. Full article

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23 pages, 3670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetation Succession Patterns at Sperry Glacier’s Foreland, Glacier National Park, MT, USA

by Ami Bryant, Lynn M. Resler, Dianna Gielstra and Thomas Pingel

Land 2025, 14(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020306 - 2 Feb 2025

Viewed by 340

Abstract

Plant colonization patterns on deglaciated terrain give insight into the factors influencing alpine ecosystem development. Our objectives were to use a chronosequence, extending from the Little Ice Age (~1850) terminal moraine to the present glacier terminus, and biophysical predictors to characterize vegetation across [...] Read more.

Plant colonization patterns on deglaciated terrain give insight into the factors influencing alpine ecosystem development. Our objectives were to use a chronosequence, extending from the Little Ice Age (~1850) terminal moraine to the present glacier terminus, and biophysical predictors to characterize vegetation across Sperry Glacier’s foreland—a mid-latitude cirque glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. We measured diversity metrics (i.e., richness, evenness, and Shannon’s diversity index), percent cover, and community composition in 61 plots. Field observations characterized drainage, concavity, landform features, rock fragments, and geomorphic process domains in each plot. GIS-derived variables contextualized the plots’ aspect, terrain roughness, topographic position, solar radiation, and curvature. Overall, vegetation cover and species richness increased with terrain age, but with colonization gaps compared to other forelands, likely due to extensive bedrock and slow soil development, potentially putting this community at risk of being outpaced by climate change. Generalized linear models revealed the importance of local site factors (e.g., drainage, concavity, and process domain) in explaining species richness and Shannon’s diversity patterns. The relevance of field-measured variables over GIS-derived variables demonstrated the importance of fieldwork in understanding alpine successional patterns and the need for higher-resolution remote sensing analyses to expand these landscape-scale studies. Full article

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16 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Nature Conservation-Relevant Public Participation Processes Through Digitalization: The Case of Germany

by Stefan Heiland, Markus Günther, Brigitte Holzhauer, Florian Kern and Josephin Wagner

Land 2025, 14(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020305 - 2 Feb 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

The literature shows that limited research has been conducted on the changes induced by digital means in public participation processes on plans whose implementation could have an impact on nature conservation and landscape development. To contribute to closing this research gap, 15 expert [...] Read more.

The literature shows that limited research has been conducted on the changes induced by digital means in public participation processes on plans whose implementation could have an impact on nature conservation and landscape development. To contribute to closing this research gap, 15 expert interviews were conducted to shed light on the use of digital tools in public participation processes in Germany. The analysis examined potential changes in the quantity and diversity of participants, timing and duration of involvement, tone and content, and the influence of participation on decision-making. The experts’ experiences vary widely, and knowledge must still be consolidated. The findings suggest that using digital instruments can increase the number of participants and the variety of social groups they represent. Other factors, such as personal interest and implications or potential for conflict, are more crucial to participating. However, digital tools allow for easier participation at various stages of participation if all necessary information is provided online. The tone of the discussion appears to be significantly influenced by the specific digital tool used for participation; for example, a plenary video session may unfold in an orderly manner, but the concurrent chat discussion can become chaotic or even insulting without strict facilitation. Digital tools might increase public interest in planning processes and lead to a higher relevance of citizens’ opinions in decision-making. However, this does not necessarily impact its outcome, as various opinions can neutralize each other. Observing this development more intensively seems necessary to take advantage of opportunities and counteract digitalization risks. Nonetheless, it can be concluded that digital formats cannot and should not replace analog forms of participation; rather, both should be combined in hybrid forms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Governance in the Age of Social Media (Second Edition))

19 pages, 3660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Soil Erosion Changes Based on Structural Equation Model

by Ziwei Wang, Xiaohuan Yang and Hongyan Cai

Land 2025, 14(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020304 - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

Soil erosion is a complex process influenced by both natural and human factors. Accurately assessing the temporal and spatial variations in soil erosion, along with thoroughly investigating the factors influencing these changes, is crucial for developing effective regional soil and water conservation strategies. [...] Read more.

Soil erosion is a complex process influenced by both natural and human factors. Accurately assessing the temporal and spatial variations in soil erosion, along with thoroughly investigating the factors influencing these changes, is crucial for developing effective regional soil and water conservation strategies. Taking Jiangxi Province as the study area, this research employed the Chinese Soil Loss Equation model and structural equation modeling to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation in soil erosion and its influencing factors under the main land cover types from 2000 to 2020 (five-year intervals). It revealed the interaction paths among these factors and their direct and indirect effects on soil erosion. The findings indicate that soil erosion in Jiangxi Province initially decreased and then increased over the study period, with the rate of increase gradually slowing. Spatially, the region experienced overall improvement but with some local deterioration. The primary factors influencing soil erosion changes varied with land cover type and specific areas of change. For Jiangxi Province, changes in human activities were the predominant factor, followed by slope. These results provide a theoretical basis for formulating scientific soil and water conservation measures and optimizing land management strategies, thereby supporting regional environmental management and sustainable land use development. Full article

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22 pages, 11614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Characteristics of Vegetation Cover Changes in the Loess Plateau from 1995 to 2020

by Zhihong Yao, Yichao Huang, Yiwen Zhang, Qinke Yang, Peng Jiao and Menghao Yang

Land 2025, 14(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020303 - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 260

Abstract

The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely affected regions by soil erosion in the world, with a fragile ecological environment. Vegetation plays a key role in the region’s ecological restoration and protection. This study employs the Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model to [...] Read more.

The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely affected regions by soil erosion in the world, with a fragile ecological environment. Vegetation plays a key role in the region’s ecological restoration and protection. This study employs the Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model to quantitatively assess the impact of natural and human factors, such as temperature, precipitation, soil type, and land use, on vegetation growth. It aims to reveal the characteristics and driving mechanisms of vegetation cover changes on the Loess Plateau over the past 26 years. The results indicate that from 1995 to 2020, the vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau shows an increasing trend, with a fitted slope of 0.01021 and an R² of 0.96466. The Geodetector indicates that the factors with the greatest impact on vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau are temperature, precipitation, soil type, and land use. The highest average vegetation coverage is achieved when the temperature is between −4.8 and 2 °C or 12 and 16 °C, precipitation is between 630.64 and 935.51 mm, the soil type is leaching soil, and the land use type is forest. And the interaction between all factors has a greater effect on the vegetation cover than any single factor alone. This study reveals the factors influencing vegetation growth on the Loess Plateau, as well as their types and ranges, providing a scientific basis and guidance for improving vegetation coverage in this region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use/Cover Change and Its Impacts on Regional Sustainable Development)

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16 pages, 5435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping and Assessing the Supply and Demand of Rural Recreation Services in National Parks: A Case Study of Qianjiangyuan, Zhejiang, China

by Xiaodong Chen and Chengzhao Wu

Land 2025, 14(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020302 - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 203

Abstract

National parks not only protect natural resources but also provide a variety of cultural ecosystem services, with their rural areas serving as important locations for providing rural recreation services (RRS). Spatial quantification of RRS supply and demand will contribute to ensuring the protection [...] Read more.

National parks not only protect natural resources but also provide a variety of cultural ecosystem services, with their rural areas serving as important locations for providing rural recreation services (RRS). Spatial quantification of RRS supply and demand will contribute to ensuring the protection and promotion of human well-being in national parks. In this study, we proposed an integrated framework to map and assess the spatial distribution of RRS supply and demand in Changhong Township, located within Qianjiangyuan National Park. We used a combination of spatial analysis and the MaxEnt model as tools, which played a positive role in saving time when modeling areas providing cultural ecosystem services. Based on the findings, the study area was divided into different zones to propose spatial planning measures. The results showed that (1) the MaxEnt model was robust in mapping RRS supply. RRS supply and demand distribution had high spatial heterogeneity. (2) The proportion of areas where RRS supply exceeded demand was 72.58%, primarily distributed in areas with a high level of naturalness at the periphery of the study area. (3) This study divided Changhong Township into four types of zones: developed recreation service area, potential recreation service area, recreation service demand area, and marginal recreation service area. We proposed suggestions for the scientific utilization and management of RRS in each zone. Overall, our findings provide a scientific basis for planning rural recreation spaces within national parks, promoting the comprehensive utilization of rural cultural ecosystem services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human–Environmental Relations: Ecotourism and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development Strategies for the Mediterranean Coastal Landscape: Adaptive Decision-Making Processes for Implementing the Circular Economy in the Redevelopment of the Reggio Calabria Waterfront

by Lucia Della Spina and Vanessa Assumma

Land 2025, 14(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020301 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 348

Abstract

This document explores a circular approach to the redevelopment of the city–port system of Reggio Calabria, an area characterized by complex challenges involving economic, social, and environmental needs. By developing a multidimensional decision-making process, three development scenarios were identified to support a sustainable [...] Read more.

This document explores a circular approach to the redevelopment of the city–port system of Reggio Calabria, an area characterized by complex challenges involving economic, social, and environmental needs. By developing a multidimensional decision-making process, three development scenarios were identified to support a sustainable transition. The methodology integrates both quantitative and qualitative assessments, actively involving the local community and stakeholders. The proposed methodology operationalizes the principles of the circular economy by aligning sustainable regeneration scenarios with local needs and environmental constraints. The integrated assessment ensures the applicability of circular models for the resilient redevelopment of the waterfront. The results demonstrate how this model can be applied to other Mediterranean port cities to promote sustainable and resilient regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Planning and Sustainable Mobility)

17 pages, 2697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conversion from Forest to Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon from 1985 to 2021

by Hugo Tameirão Seixas, Hilton Luís Ferraz da Silveira, Alan Pereira da Silva Falcão Mendes, Fabiana Da Silva Soares and Ramon Felipe Bicudo da Silva

Land 2025, 14(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020300 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 367

Abstract

Land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes in the Amazon biome are key processes that influence the environment and societies at local, national, and global scales. Numerous studies have already relied on land-cover and land-use maps to analyze change processes. This study presents a new [...] Read more.

Land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes in the Amazon biome are key processes that influence the environment and societies at local, national, and global scales. Numerous studies have already relied on land-cover and land-use maps to analyze change processes. This study presents a new dataset created by calculating the time required for deforested areas to transition to agriculture (annual and permanent crops) in the Brazilian Amazon biome. The calculations were performed over MapBiomas land-cover data (version 7), which range from 1985 to 2021, at a spatial resolution of 30 m. The method consists of basic algebraic operation and recursion to identify every conversion from forest to agriculture between 1985 and 2021. The results show a correlation between environmental policies and the time required for the conversion to be completed, such as the adoption of the soy moratorium and the New Forest Code, that were followed by a search for old cleared areas for the establishment of new agricultural sites. The new data can be useful in interdisciplinary studies focused on land-use and land-cover change analysis in Brazil, such as planning of forest restoration initiatives, and the evaluation of carbon stocks according to conversion length. Our accuracy assessment shows an opportunity to improve conversion length calculations by reducing errors in the classification of agriculture establishment. The major innovation of this study is the establishment of explicit links between the deforestation year of a given pixel and its respective year of agriculture establishment, which can provide new insights into understanding long-term land-use conversion processes in tropical ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetation Cover Changes Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Data)

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21 pages, 16401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Mapping of Maize in Mountainous Terrain Using Machine Learning and Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data

by Luying Liu, Jingyi Yang, Fang Yin and Linsen He

Land 2025, 14(2), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020299 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 309

Abstract

In recent years, machine learning methods have garnered significant attention in the field of crop recognition, playing a crucial role in obtaining spatial distribution information and understanding dynamic changes in planting areas. However, research in smaller plots within mountainous regions remains relatively limited. [...] Read more.

In recent years, machine learning methods have garnered significant attention in the field of crop recognition, playing a crucial role in obtaining spatial distribution information and understanding dynamic changes in planting areas. However, research in smaller plots within mountainous regions remains relatively limited. This study focuses on Shangzhou District in Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province, utilizing a dataset of high-resolution remote sensing images (GF-1, ZY1-02D, ZY-3) collected over seven months in 2021 to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and construct a time series. By integrating field survey results with time series images and Google Earth for visual interpretation, the NDVI time series curve for maize was analyzed. The Random Forest (RF) classification algorithm was employed for maize recognition, and comparative analyses of classification accuracy were conducted using Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results demonstrate that the random forest algorithm achieved the highest accuracy, with an overall accuracy of 94.88% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.94, both surpassing those of the other classification methods and yielding satisfactory overall results. This study confirms the feasibility of using time series high-resolution remote sensing images for precise crop extraction in the southern mountainous regions of China, providing valuable scientific support for optimizing land resource use and enhancing agricultural productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)

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25 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Rural Revitalization via Natural Resource Value Realization in National Parks: A Case Study of Baishanzu National Park

by Hongyu Luo, Guangning Sun, Weilong Zhou, Jihe Lian, Yanfei Sun and Yingen Hu

Land 2025, 14(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020298 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 237

Abstract

The realization of natural resource value serves as a critical entry point for advancing rural revitalization within the framework of ecological civilization construction, representing an essential approach to balancing ecological conservation and economic development in national parks. Based on clarifying the logical relationship [...] Read more.

The realization of natural resource value serves as a critical entry point for advancing rural revitalization within the framework of ecological civilization construction, representing an essential approach to balancing ecological conservation and economic development in national parks. Based on clarifying the logical relationship and the driving mechanisms between the realization of natural resource value and rural revitalization, this paper employs field observation and in-depth interviews using Baishanzu National Park as a case study to analyze how general control zones in national parks can promote rural revitalization under ecological constraints through the realization of natural resource value. The results indicate the following: (1) By constructing a framework of “realistic background—pathway selection—model condensation—effectiveness analysis”, the mechanism of how natural resource value realization promotes rural revitalization can be analyzed, with a focus on its pathways and models. (2) The pathways for realizing natural resource value to promote rural revitalization include resource integration, investment development, capital production and operation, and the circulation and exchange of ecological products and services. These pathways contribute to various dimensions of rural revitalization at different stages: assetization, capitalization, productization, and monetization. (3) Within different functional zones of the general control area in national parks, including ecological restoration zones, traditional utilization zones, and recreation and exhibition zones, the value of natural resources can promote rural revitalization through three realization modes: preservation, transformation, and value-added enhancement, reflecting diverse approaches and differentiated outcomes of value realization. To comprehensively promote rural revitalization in national parks through the realization of natural resource value, it is first necessary to fully identify regional resource endowments, conservation objectives, and developmental constraints. Second, regional resources should be integrated to pursue synergistic innovation. Finally, attention must be paid to achieving comprehensive benefits for sustainable development. The research findings provide valuable references for the high-quality development of national parks and rural revitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating the Balance: The Role of National Parks in Ecological Conservation and Socioeconomic Development)

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22 pages, 8998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution Characteristics and Relationship Between Soil Salinity and Soil Particle Size in Ebinur Lake Wetland, Xinjiang

by Duo Wen, Jinjie Wang, Jianli Ding and Zhe Zhang

Land 2025, 14(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020297 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 335

Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of soil salinity characteristics and the vertical and spatial distribution of particle sizes in lakes and wetlands within arid zones, as well as elucidating their interrelationship, is crucial for effective wetland soil salinization management. In this study, the typical salinized [...] Read more.

A comprehensive understanding of soil salinity characteristics and the vertical and spatial distribution of particle sizes in lakes and wetlands within arid zones, as well as elucidating their interrelationship, is crucial for effective wetland soil salinization management. In this study, the typical salinized wetland, the Ebinur Lake wetland, was selected as the research object. A total of 50 sampling points were established along the edge of Ebinur Lake, resulting in the collection of 200 soil samples from depths of 0–60 cm. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the soil samples was obtained by laser particle sizer, and the fractal dimension of the soil structure was deduced by applying fractal theory. The soluble salt content (TSS) and salt ions content were measured by laboratory physicochemical experiments. Finally, Pearson correlation and other methods were used to explore the relationship between soil salinity and soil particle size. The results showed the following: (1) Soil salinization in the study area was severe, and the accumulation of surface salts was obvious, with a mean value of 46,410 mg/kg. The spatial distribution of TSS was predominantly influenced by Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺ + K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺. (2) Across various soil depths, silt and sand were the primary constituents, with soil fractal dimensions (D_soil) ranging from 1.91 to 2.76, averaging 2.54, and a poor soil textural structure. The spatial distribution of D_soil closely mirrored that of TSS. (3) According to the correlation analysis results, as TSS increased, D_soil continued to rise, with an increasing content of clay, while the sand content decreased. Simultaneously, as the soil particles became finer, TSS and D_soil also increased, suggesting that sandy loam to silty soils in the study area were more prone to salt accumulation. Full article

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20 pages, 4674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Zonal Response of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Australian Grasslands to Ongoing Climate Change

by Jingai Bai and Tingbao Xu

Land 2025, 14(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020296 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Grasslands are key components of land ecosystems, providing valuable ecosystem services and contributing to local carbon sequestration. Australian grasslands, covering approximately 70% of the continent, are vital for agriculture, pasture, and ecosystem services. Ongoing climate change introduces considerable uncertainties about the dynamic responses [...] Read more.

Grasslands are key components of land ecosystems, providing valuable ecosystem services and contributing to local carbon sequestration. Australian grasslands, covering approximately 70% of the continent, are vital for agriculture, pasture, and ecosystem services. Ongoing climate change introduces considerable uncertainties about the dynamic responses of different types of grasslands to changes in regional climate and its variation. This study, bringing together high-resolution meteorological data, calibrated long-term satellite NDVI data, and NPP and statistical models, investigated the spatiotemporal variability of NDVI and NPP and their predominant drivers (temperature and soil water content) across Australia’s grassland zones from 1992 to 2021. Results showed a slight, non-significant NDVI increase, primarily driven by improved vegetation in northern savannah grasslands (SGs). Areal average annual NPP values fluctuated annually but with a levelled trend over time, illustrating grassland resilience. NDVI and NPP measures aligned spatially, with values decreasing from the coastal to the inland regions and north to south. Most of the SGs experienced an increase in NDVI and NPP, boosted by abundant soil moisture and warm weather, which promoted vegetation growth and sustained a stable growing biomass in this zone. The increased NDVI and NPP in northern open grasslands (OGs) were linked to wetter conditions, while their decreases in western desert grasslands (DGs) were ascribed to warming and drier weather. Soil water availability was the dominant driver of grassland growth, with NDVI being positively correlated with soil water content but being negatively correlated with temperature across most grasslands. Projections under the SSP126 and SSP370 scenarios using ACCESS-ESM1.5 showed slight NPP increases by 2050 under warmer and wetter conditions, though western and southern grasslands may see declines in vegetation coverage and carbon storage. This study provides insights into the responses of Australian grasslands to climate variability. The results will help to underpin the design of sustainable grassland management strategies and practices under a changing climate for Australia. Full article

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16 pages, 3000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Water–Soil Resource Matching Pattern of Grain Crops in the North China Plain from the Perspective of the Physical Water–Water Footprint

by Wenxue Xia, Bing Zhang, Guangwen Meng and Jiankang Dong

Land 2025, 14(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020295 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

The agricultural water–soil matching coefficient is a key factor for reflecting regional grain production status, which can be used to evaluate the reasonableness of water–soil allocation in certain areas. Taking the North China Plain (NCP) as the study area, in this study, we [...] Read more.

The agricultural water–soil matching coefficient is a key factor for reflecting regional grain production status, which can be used to evaluate the reasonableness of water–soil allocation in certain areas. Taking the North China Plain (NCP) as the study area, in this study, we constructed a framework from a “physical water–water footprint” standpoint. The binary matching characteristics of “water–soil–grain” were then analyzed, and the water–soil matching coefficient method was employed to evaluate the pattern of water–soil matching for the years 1984, 1998, 2003, and 2022. Through the perspective of physical water–water footprint coupling, field trials of grain were utilized to calculate the range of water–soil matching coefficients under high yields. The results showed the following: ① From 1949 to 2022, the grain yield and planting areas increased. Wheat, the dominant crop, required substantial irrigation. Precipitation, cultivated land, and irrigation water exhibited spatial mismatches over the last ten years. ② The total water footprint showed an increasing trend, and the blue water footprint accounted for 19.47%. The spatial distribution of the water and land footprints of grain crops largely overlapped, and their values were higher in the central and southern regions, and lower in the north. ③ The current water–soil matching coefficient was in the range of [0.28, 1.75], which fell outside the optimal range of [0.534, 0.724]. The soil–water matching coefficients of wheat and rice were overall higher than those of other crops. We found higher values in the southwestern region and lower values in the northern areas, which aligns with the boundary of the groundwater funnel area. To address the identified challenges, we recommend implementing a tiered regulatory zone system based on the matching coefficient. The government should encourage a reduction in water-intensive crops like wheat and rice in high-value regions by providing subsidies. Additionally, a monitoring mechanism for water and soil compatibility should be established, considering the specific growth requirements of various crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)

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21 pages, 2228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Rural Land Transfer on Rural Households’ Income: A Case Study in Anhui Province, China

by Yuting Xu, Yitian Lin, Hong Yang, Guoliang Xu and Chao Cheng

Land 2025, 14(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020294 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 295

Abstract

This paper looks into the impact of China’s new rural land reform, the three rights separation policy (TRSP), on Chinese farmers’ income. Based on data collected from 360 rural households in Anhui Province, China, 2021, this paper constructed the influence pathways of the [...] Read more.

This paper looks into the impact of China’s new rural land reform, the three rights separation policy (TRSP), on Chinese farmers’ income. Based on data collected from 360 rural households in Anhui Province, China, 2021, this paper constructed the influence pathways of the TRSP on household income and estimated the effects along different pathways using the structural equation model (SEM) model. It showed that through expanding the planting scale and promoting resource-use efficiency, the new land tenure system can indirectly increase transfer-in household income. However, the TRSP has a significant negative direct effect on transfer-out households’ income, and only a slight impact on transferring rural labor to other industries or relaxing the liquidity constraint. In short, the TRSP’s effect on income gains is more prominent in transfer-in households than transfer-out ones, which in the long run would lead to an increased income gap, more so if transfer-out households lack easy access to non-farm employment. Our findings suggest that public authorities should respect farmers’ autonomy in land transfer decisions and pay special attention to labor transfer in poverty alleviation. Meanwhile, widening income disparities among different groups should be heeded while implementing local governments’ service roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Connections Between Land Use, Land Policies, and Food Systems)

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31 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Public Perception of Sports Spaces Under Urban Overpasses from the Perspective of Age Differences

by Ziyi Wen, Xiangming Luo, Xin Wang and Haoran Liu

Land 2025, 14(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020293 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

As China’s urban development enters the era of stock optimization, the practice of transforming and utilizing spaces under urban overpasses is rapidly gaining momentum. Converting these underpass spaces into sports areas has emerged as a new form of creating public space. Understanding the [...] Read more.

As China’s urban development enters the era of stock optimization, the practice of transforming and utilizing spaces under urban overpasses is rapidly gaining momentum. Converting these underpass spaces into sports areas has emerged as a new form of creating public space. Understanding the perceptions of users from different age groups towards these underpass spaces holds significant guiding value for optimizing the design of such areas and improving the quality of service. Taking the Yanshan Interchange Lowline Park in Jinan as an example, this research applied methods of observation, interviews, questionnaires, and importance–satisfaction analysis (ISA) to investigate the activity preferences and the similarities and differences in the perceptions of spatial environment elements in underpass spaces among four age groups: children, youth, middle-aged adults, and the elderly. The findings indicate that different age groups exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to spatial information, demand levels, and perceptual perspectives in underline parks, which result in distinct spatiotemporal distributions and spatial perception disparities when using the park. All the groups agree that the underpass sports space requires significant improvements in terms of comfort and safety. Based on this, this study proposes age-friendly urban space renewal strategies for spaces under elevated highways, focusing on addressing areas with lower satisfaction across all age groups. These strategies include optimizing the allocation of time, area, and activity types within activity spaces, enhancing the safety and comfort of activity areas, and enriching the cultural connotation and inclusivity of the space. This research provides a theoretical basis for optimizing and creating age-friendly or age-specific urban sports public spaces under elevated highways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Regeneration: Challenges and Opportunities for the Landscape)

30 pages, 29894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interpretation of Heritage in Mountain Areas (Leitariegos and Cueto Arbás (Asturias, Spain)) Through Experience Based on Virtual Reality

by Daniel Herrera, Carmen Rodríguez and Juan Sevilla

Land 2025, 14(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020292 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 376

Abstract

Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as an effective technology for the dissemination of geographical knowledge due to its visual, interactive, and dynamic nature. This technology allows for adequate valorization of the territorial attributes of marginal mountain areas undergoing tertiarization processes, as it provides [...] Read more.

Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as an effective technology for the dissemination of geographical knowledge due to its visual, interactive, and dynamic nature. This technology allows for adequate valorization of the territorial attributes of marginal mountain areas undergoing tertiarization processes, as it provides suggestive experiences of approach, discovery, and interpretation. All of this should result in the fortification of the conservation process against the expansion of new uses that impact the inherited landscape. In this work, the aim was to design a VR experience for the interpretation of mountains that can be used by public and private entities as a strategy for differentiation in the context of positioning for territorial development. The study area covers the mountain pass of Leitariegos and the Cueto Arbás massif (a mountain in the west of Asturias and León, Northwestern Spain), which make up a geographical unit with ecological, aesthetic, ethnographic, and historical importance. Using a VR tool, we sought to enhance the identification and interpretation of the keys that lead to the initiation and consolidation of the patrimonialization process, uncovering the processes and agents through their practices, the vectors around which the process pivots, and the conflicts in the competition for land use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Globalization on Rural Areas: Changes in Land Use and Functions, Deagrarianization, Tertiarization, Urbanization, and Mobility)

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29 pages, 17819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Emission Status and Regional Differences of China: High-Resolution Estimation of Spatially Explicit Carbon Emissions at the Prefecture Level

by Jinwei Guo, Yanbing Qi, Jiaqi Luo, Guohong Du, Jingyan Sun, Xin Wei and Mukesh Kumar Soothar

Land 2025, 14(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020291 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 292

Abstract

There are disagreements regarding the accuracy of estimation and spatial distribution of carbon emissions in China. It is of great significance to estimate a more detailed carbon emission inventory for China and analyze the carbon emission characteristics of different regions. This study comprehensively [...] Read more.

There are disagreements regarding the accuracy of estimation and spatial distribution of carbon emissions in China. It is of great significance to estimate a more detailed carbon emission inventory for China and analyze the carbon emission characteristics of different regions. This study comprehensively estimated carbon dioxide and methane emissions (and their spatial distributions) across eight carbon-emitting sectors in 360 prefecture-level cities in China in 2020. The results indicated that total carbon emissions in China amounted to 146.00 × 10⁸ t, with carbon dioxide and methane accounting for 95.87% and 4.13%, respectively. The industrial sector was the main source of carbon emissions, accounting for 75.42% of the total. The North China Plain, the Northeast Plain, and the Sichuan Basin were identified as the carbon emission hotspot areas with the most intensive carbon emission densities. Among the clustered four carbon emission zones based on carbon emission density and economic carbon intensity, the High Carbon Emission Density and High Economic Carbon Intensity zones accounted for 41.73% of total carbon emissions. To achieve carbon neutrality, it is essential to devise emission reduction strategies for specific areas by thoroughly considering spatially explicit variation at the prefecture level, with a focus on primary carbon-emitting cities and sectors. Full article

26 pages, 12995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geohazard Plugin: A QGIS Plugin for the Preliminary Analysis of Landslides at Medium–Small Scale

by Marta Castelli, Andrea Filipello, Claudio Fasciano, Giulia Torsello, Stefano Campus and Rocco Pispico

Land 2025, 14(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020290 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 626

Abstract

Landslides are a major global threat, endangering lives, infrastructure, and economies. This paper introduces the Geohazard plugin, an open-source tool for QGIS, designed to support medium–small-scale landslide analysis and management. The plugin integrates several algorithms, including the Groundmotion–C index for evaluating SAR data [...] Read more.

Landslides are a major global threat, endangering lives, infrastructure, and economies. This paper introduces the Geohazard plugin, an open-source tool for QGIS, designed to support medium–small-scale landslide analysis and management. The plugin integrates several algorithms, including the Groundmotion–C index for evaluating SAR data reliability, Landslide–Shalstab for assessing shallow landslide susceptibility, and Rockfall–Droka for estimating rockfall invasion areas and the rockfall relative (spatial) hazard. An application example is provided for each module to facilitate validation and discussion. A case study from the Western Italian Alps highlights the practical application of the Rockfall–Droka modules, showcasing their potential to identify critical zones by integrating the results on affected areas, process intensity, and preferential paths. Emphasis is given to the calibration of model parameters, a critical aspect of the analysis, achieved through a back-analysis of a rockfall event that occurred in June 2024. The Geohazard plugin streamlines geohazard assessments, providing land managers with actionable insights for decision-making and risk mitigation strategies. This user-friendly GIS tool contributes to enhancing resilience in landslide-prone regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)

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30 pages, 6461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Comparative Analysis and Innovative Exploration of Green View Index Calculation Methods

by Dongmin Yin and Terumitsu Hirata

Land 2025, 14(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020289 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 373

Abstract

Despite the widespread use of street view imagery for Green View Index (GVI) analyses, variations in sampling methodologies across studies and the potential impact of these differences on the results, including associated errors, remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness [...] Read more.

Despite the widespread use of street view imagery for Green View Index (GVI) analyses, variations in sampling methodologies across studies and the potential impact of these differences on the results, including associated errors, remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of various GVI calculation methods, with a focus on analyzing the impact of sampling point selection and coverage angles on GVI results. Through a systematic review of the extensive relevant literature, we synthesized six predominant sampling methods: the four-quadrant view method, six-quadrant view method, eighteen-quadrant view method, panoramic view method, fisheye view method and pedestrian view method. We further evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, along with their applicability across different research domains. In addition, to address the limitations of existing methods in specific contexts, we developed a novel sampling technique based on three 120° street view images and experimentally validated its feasibility and accuracy. The results demonstrate the method’s high reliability, making it a valuable tool for acquiring and analyzing street view images. Our findings demonstrate that the choice of sampling method significantly influences GVI calculations, underscoring the necessity for researchers to select the optimal approach based on a specific research context. To mitigate errors arising from initial sampling angles, this study introduces a novel concept, the “Green View Circle”, which enhances the precision and applicability of calculations through the meticulous segmentation of observational angles, particularly in complex urban environments. Full article

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8 pages, 163 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Urban Ecosystem Services: Agroecology, Green Spaces, and Environmental Quality for Sustainable Futures

by Alessio Russo and Giuseppe T. Cirella

Land 2025, 14(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020288 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 412

Abstract

The cycle of population growth, rural-to-urban migration, and subsequent urban overbuilding poses a significant threat to both human health and the health of urban ecosystems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services: 5th Edition)

23 pages, 17211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Optimization of Ecological Restoration Areas Coupled with Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand in the Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau

by Yongxiu Sun, Yue Ren, Shiliang Liu, Wenxin Chen, Yingjie Xu, Jingzhi Xu, Panpan Dang, Zhirui Niu, Xiaoling Xu and Fangyan Cheng

Land 2025, 14(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020287 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 419

Abstract

Ecological restoration is crucial for maintaining national ecological security. Scientific and reasonable identification of key ecological restoration areas is a difficult problem facing the current national spatial planning. This study evaluated ecosystem service (ES) supply, demand, and their spatio-temporal characteristics in the Northern [...] Read more.

Ecological restoration is crucial for maintaining national ecological security. Scientific and reasonable identification of key ecological restoration areas is a difficult problem facing the current national spatial planning. This study evaluated ecosystem service (ES) supply, demand, and their spatio-temporal characteristics in the Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau (NSLP). A coupling coordination degree (CCD) model was applied to study the interactive relationship between ES supply and demand. The improved ant colony optimization (ACO) model was applied to explore the priority areas of ecological restoration. The results showed that ES supply, demand, and balance had significant spatial differences. Higher ES supply areas were distributed in the south, and higher demand areas were located in the central and northern parts. The balance of ecosystem service exhibited a similar increasing trend to the supply of ES from north to south. Temporally, the supply, demand and balance of ES showed distinct time-varying characteristics across different types of services. Total ES supply decreased from 2000 to 2020, while total ES demand and balance first declined and then rose. Moreover, total ES balance showed a significant decreasing trend in 21.22% of regions in the NSLP. Furthermore, the CCD results showed that about 82% of the regions had a disorder status in 2000, while about 90% of the regions had a coordination status from 2010 to 2020. This also implied that the coupling coordination degree in most regions gradually improved from 2000 to 2020. Finally, four ES enhancement priorities were further identified from the perspectives of enhancing ES supply capacity. Ecological restoration prioritization of different ES enhancements showed significant spatial variations, with the top 15% of the ecological restoration area located in the east–central and west–central regions. The top 5% of total ecosystem services can bring 2,470,400 yuan in ecological benefits. This research can offer scientific and theoretical guidance as well as a reference for decision-makers to undertake ecological restoration efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Restoration and Reusing Brownfield Sites)

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25 pages, 14810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Coupling of New-Type Urbanization and Ecosystem Services in the Huaihe River Basin, China: Heterogeneity and Regulatory Strategy

by Muyi Huang, Qin Guo, Guozhao Zhang, Yuru Tang and Xue Wu

Land 2025, 14(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020286 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 278

Abstract

Strengthening the exploration of synergistic promotion mechanisms between ecosystem services (ESs) and new urbanization is of great significance for watershed development. In this work, we revealed the evolution mechanism of coupling coordination development degree (CCD) between ESs and new urbanization and its driving [...] Read more.

Strengthening the exploration of synergistic promotion mechanisms between ecosystem services (ESs) and new urbanization is of great significance for watershed development. In this work, we revealed the evolution mechanism of coupling coordination development degree (CCD) between ESs and new urbanization and its driving factors in the Huaihe River Basin (HRB) from 1980 to 2020 using a combination of the CCD model, Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) method, and GeoDetector model. Additionally, we employed the PLUS model to investigate multi-scenario simulations. The results demonstrate that ESs showed a decline initially, followed by an increase, while the urbanization index showed consistent annual growth over the four decades. Furthermore, the CCD between the ESs and urbanization showed a yearly optimization trend. The CCD demonstrated notable spatial clustering characteristics, with factors such as precipitation, distance from water body, elevation, and per area GDP emerged as the primary drivers. Under scenarios of ecological protection, comprehensive development, and natural protection, the value of ESs from 2020 to 2050 maintained an upward trend; however, it fell with the decrease under the scenario of cropland protection. These research findings offer valuable decision-making support for the differentiated regulation of ecosystem functions and promotion of high-quality urbanization development in the HRB. Full article

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18 pages, 11448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Historical Roots of Heritage Horticulture in the Southern Coastal Plain of Israel

by Motti Zohar, Yuval Ben-Bassat and Guy Bar-Oz

Land 2025, 14(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020285 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 396

Abstract

This study reconstructs the agricultural landscape of the southern coastal plain of late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine (today southwestern Israel) utilizing late 19th and early 20th century cartographic materials and aerial photographs. Immense human effort and ingenuity were required to maintain sustainable [...] Read more.

This study reconstructs the agricultural landscape of the southern coastal plain of late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine (today southwestern Israel) utilizing late 19th and early 20th century cartographic materials and aerial photographs. Immense human effort and ingenuity were required to maintain sustainable agricultural on the fringes of the desert. Given today’s increasingly severe climate crisis, the lessons drawn from these historical agricultural practices have particular resonance. The agricultural land use described in this work extended into the coastal dunes of the region where the shallow water table was exploited to create complex agricultural systems that enabled the growth of citrus trees, grapes, and other crops for export and trade. Aerial photos and maps reveal the critical aspects of this region’s neglected agricultural history. The stability and resilience of these systems, some of which are still in existence 76 years or more after they were abandoned, as seen in the survey conducted for this study, point to the importance of understanding and preserving this chapter of the region’s agricultural heritage. The unique varieties of fruit trees adapted to the local climate of the western Negev still have significant economic value and are threatened with extinction from rapid urban encroachment. The remnants of this tradition serve as historical testimony of a bygone agricultural era which was replaced by mechanized monoculture. The discussion centers on the ways n which the study of heritage agriculture in rapidly changing areas can contribute to the broader field of historical geography by reconstructing landscapes that preserve the knowledge and societal patterns of behavior of past communities for future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Landscape Archaeology)

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33 pages, 9955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Performance Investigation in Historical Urban Neighborhoods Using ENVI-Met Simulation Software

by Stergios Koutsanitis, Maria Sinou, Zoe Kanetaki, Evgenia Tousi and George Varelidis

Land 2025, 14(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020284 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

Urban heritage areas are characterized by unique architectural and cultural elements, often coupled with specific challenges such as vulnerability to climate change and urban heat islands (UHIs). Investigating thermal performance at the neighborhood scale is crucial for preserving these areas while enhancing thermal [...] Read more.

Urban heritage areas are characterized by unique architectural and cultural elements, often coupled with specific challenges such as vulnerability to climate change and urban heat islands (UHIs). Investigating thermal performance at the neighborhood scale is crucial for preserving these areas while enhancing thermal comfort and sustainability. The aim of this research is to prove that the application of passive cooling techniques and urban green spaces can reduce the urban temperature and upgrade the conditions of thermal comfort, even in densely populated areas with small urban void spaces. ENVI-Met, a microclimate modeling software for evaluating the thermal performance of heritage urban neighborhoods, is applied in order to assess current thermal conditions, identify hotspots, perform simulations, and propose mitigation strategies to improve thermal comfort while preserving the architectural and cultural integrity of these areas. The test bed of this study is a historical urban area in central Athens, “Academia Platonos”. The methodology is mainly based on the design of different parametric scenarios for the study area, by integrating specific parameters that characterize the area of Academia Platonos (elevation distribution, materials, vegetation, etc.) and the microclimatic simulations of the area, designed in the digital environment of ENVI-Met. Five scenarios are implemented and studied in the study area, four of which are based on the existing situation of the study area, either by changing the construction materials of the built environment (passive cooling through cool material techniques) or by enhancing the area with vegetation. One of the most important findings of this study is that the use of plants with a high foliage density is more effective in reducing air temperature than the selection of species with sparse foliage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions)

28 pages, 8072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Evapotranspiration and Environmental Factors in the Abandoned Saline Farmland Using Landsat Archives

by Liya Zhao, Jingwei Wu, Qi Yang, Hang Zhao, Jun Mao, Ziyang Yu, Yanqi Liu and Anne Gobin

Land 2025, 14(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020283 - 30 Jan 2025

Viewed by 352

Abstract

This study investigates the complex interaction of biophysical and meteorological factors that drive evapotranspiration (ET) in saline environments. Leveraging a total of 182 cloud-free Landsat 5/8 time-series data from 1988 to 2019, we employed the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model to quantify [...] Read more.

This study investigates the complex interaction of biophysical and meteorological factors that drive evapotranspiration (ET) in saline environments. Leveraging a total of 182 cloud-free Landsat 5/8 time-series data from 1988 to 2019, we employed the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model to quantify ET and investigate its relationships with soil salinity, vegetation cover, groundwater depth, and landscape metrics. We validated the predicted ET at two experimental sites using ET observation calculated by a water balance model. The result shows an R² of 0.78 and RMSE of 0.91 mm for the SEBS predicted ET, indicating high accuracy of the ET estimation. We detected abandoned saline farmland patches across Hetao and extracted the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), salinization index (SI), and the predicted ET for analysis. The results indicate that ET is negatively correlated with SI with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) up to −0.7, while ET is positively correlated with NDVI (r = 0.4). In addition, we designed a control-variable experiment in the Yichang subdistrict to investigate the effects of groundwater depth, land aggregation index, soil salinity index, and the area of abandoned saline farmland patches on ET. The results indicate that increased NDVI could significantly enhance ET, while smaller saline farmland patches exhibited greater sensitivity to groundwater recharge, with higher averaged ET than larger patches. Moreover, we analyzed factor importance using Lasso regression and Random Forest (RF) regression. The result shows that the ranking of the importance of the features is consistent for both methods and for all the features, with NDVI being the most important (with an RF importance score of 0.4), followed by groundwater table depth (GWTD), and the influence of the surface area of abandoned saline farmland being the weakest. We found that smaller patches of abandoned saline farmland were more sensitive to changes in groundwater levels induced by nearby irrigation, affecting their averaged ET more dynamically than larger patches. Decreasing patch size over time indicates ongoing changes in land management and ecological conditions. This study, through a multifactor analysis of ET in abandoned saline farmland and its intrinsic factors, provides a reference for evaluating the dry drainage efficiency of abandoned saline farmland in a dry drainage system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Monitoring and Modelling at Different Scales: 2nd Edition)

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