Animals

18 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Feeding Methionine Hydroxyl Analogue Chelated Zinc, Copper, and Manganese on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Mineral Excretion and Welfare Conditions of Broiler Chickens: Part 1: Performance Aspects

by Hoang Duy Nguyen, Amy Fay Moss, Frances Yan, Hugo Romero-Sanchez and Thi Hiep Dao

Animals 2025, 15(3), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030421 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

This floor pen study explored the effects of feeding mineral methionine hydroxyl analogue chelates (MMHACs) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) on growth performance, carcass processing weight and quality, nutrient digestibility, gizzard erosion score, and bone parameters of broilers. One-day-old Ross 308 [...] Read more.

This floor pen study explored the effects of feeding mineral methionine hydroxyl analogue chelates (MMHACs) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) on growth performance, carcass processing weight and quality, nutrient digestibility, gizzard erosion score, and bone parameters of broilers. One-day-old Ross 308 male chicks (n = 384) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment and 12 birds per pen. The treatments were as follows: (1) inorganic trace mineral ZnSO₄ 110 ppm, CuSO₄ 16 ppm, MnO 120 ppm (ITM); (2) MMHAC Zn 40 ppm, Cu 10 ppm, Mn 40 ppm (M10); (3) Inorganic trace mineral ZnSO₄ 110 ppm, tribasic copper chloride 125 ppm, MnO 120 ppm (T125); (4) MMHAC Zn 40 ppm, Cu 30 ppm, Mn 40 ppm (M30). The birds were fed nutritionally complete wheat sorghum soybean meal-based diets from days 0 to 42 with three feeding phases including starter (days 0–10), grower (days 10–21), and finisher (days 21–42). The findings revealed that birds on the T125, M10, and M30 groups possibly had higher feed intake (p = 0.052) and higher weight gain (p < 0.063) than birds on the ITM group from days 0 to 42. Furthermore, birds fed the M30 diet had higher thigh and drumstick weights compared to those fed the ITM diet at day 42 (p = 0.05). Additionally, birds offered the M30 diet had increased ileal Cu digestibility compared to birds offered the M10 and ITM diets at day 21 (p = 0.006). Gizzard erosion scores and bone parameters were similar between the dietary treatments. Hence, the supplementation of MMHACs to broiler diets at 30 ppm may be a more suitable strategy to increase weight gain and the thigh and drumstick processing weight while maintaining the bone health of broiler chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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20 pages, 485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Job Demands, Job Resources, and Organisational Justice on Global Health and Turnover Intentions in Animal Care Workers

by Remi Lezon, Vanessa Rohlf, Diana Rayment and Tiffani J. Howell

Animals 2025, 15(3), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030420 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Animal care workers in sheltering, rescue, and management are exposed to occupational stressors which negatively impact health. While the negative mental health impacts have been previously documented in this population, physical health, and its contributing factors, have not. This study investigated how job [...] Read more.

Animal care workers in sheltering, rescue, and management are exposed to occupational stressors which negatively impact health. While the negative mental health impacts have been previously documented in this population, physical health, and its contributing factors, have not. This study investigated how job demands, job resources, and organisational justice relate to mental and physical health, and how they subsequently affect turnover intentions. Of the 285 participants, aged 19 to 94 years, who completed the online anonymous questionnaire, below average mental and physical health was reported. Mental health, but not physical health, was inversely related to intentions to leave. After controlling for age, hierarchical multiple regressions showed high emotional demands and direct euthanasia exposure significantly predicted poorer mental and physical health, while high levels of social support predicted better mental and physical health. No additional variance in either health domain was accounted for by organisational justice. It was concluded that both physical and mental health may be negatively impacted in those who work in shelter, rescue, and management environments which could lead to high turnover and poor outcomes for individuals and organisations. Monitoring through ongoing health records to enable early intervention and accommodations should be considered to promote the health of these workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

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19 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Feeding Methionine Hydroxyl Analogue Chelated Zinc, Copper, and Manganese on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Mineral Excretion, and Welfare Conditions of Broiler Chickens: Part 2: Sustainability and Welfare Aspects

by Hoang Duy Nguyen, Amy Fay Moss, Frances Yan, Hugo Romero-Sanchez and Thi Hiep Dao

Animals 2025, 15(3), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030419 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of the dietary supplementation of mineral methionine hydroxyl analogue chelates (MMHACs) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) on excreta nitrogen and mineral levels, housing conditions, and the welfare status of broilers. Three-hundred eighty-four day-old Ross 308 male [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of the dietary supplementation of mineral methionine hydroxyl analogue chelates (MMHACs) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) on excreta nitrogen and mineral levels, housing conditions, and the welfare status of broilers. Three-hundred eighty-four day-old Ross 308 male chicks were randomly distributed to four dietary treatments, each consisting of eight replicate pens of twelve birds per pen. The treatments were (1) inorganic trace mineral ZnSO₄ (110 ppm), CuSO₄ (16 ppm), and MnO (120 ppm) (ITM); (2) MMHAC Zn (40 ppm), Cu (10 ppm), and Mn (40 ppm) (M10); (3) inorganic trace mineral ZnSO₄ (110 ppm), tribasic copper chloride (125 ppm), and MnO (120 ppm) (T125); and (4) MMHAC Zn (40 ppm), Cu (30 ppm), and Mn (40 ppm) (M30). Three feeding phases including the starter (days 0–10), grower (days 10–21), and finisher (days 21–42) were used. The findings showed that birds offered MMHACs at both levels had significantly lower Zn and Mn levels, and birds offered the T125 diet had higher Cu levels in the excreta compared to those fed the other diets on days 10, 16, 21, 28, and 42 (p < 0.001). The life cycle assessment showed that MMHAC supplementation at 30 ppm can be expected to improve the sustainability of the poultry industry in terms of reduced emissions into the environment, whereas excreta nitrogen and moisture content, litter conditions, levels of air gases (ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane), and welfare indicators were similar between the dietary treatments. Hence, the supplementation of MMHACs to broiler diets at 30 ppm could maintain litter quality and welfare status while reducing emissions into the environment and the Zn, Mn, and/or Cu excretion of broilers, therefore reducing the environmental impacts of broiler production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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13 pages, 2663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reproductive Traits and Hatchling Characteristics of the Endemic Sardinian Grass Snake (Natrix helvetica cetti): First Field Data, with Screening for Ophidiomyces ophidiicola

by Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola, Luca Colla, Sergio Mezzadri, Anna Cerullo, Giuseppe Esposito, Paolo Pastorino, Giovanni Paolino, Pierluigi Acutis, Daniele Marini and Francesco Paolo Faraone

Animals 2025, 15(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030418 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Sardinian grass snake, Natrix helvetica cetti, is an island-endemic subspecies with a restricted and highly fragmented distribution confined to Sardinia, Italy. Information on its reproductive biology and wild offspring remain scarce in the scientific literature. This present study reports the first [...] Read more.

The Sardinian grass snake, Natrix helvetica cetti, is an island-endemic subspecies with a restricted and highly fragmented distribution confined to Sardinia, Italy. Information on its reproductive biology and wild offspring remain scarce in the scientific literature. This present study reports the first recorded data on a clutch of eggs laid by a wild melanistic female N. h. cetti that exhibited lethargy when observed basking, prompting a brief period of health monitoring and screening for the presence of the pathogenic fungus Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo). The clutch yielded nine hatchlings, for which phenotypic data are provided and compared with existing information on the Natrix natrix complex. Both the adult female and its offspring tested negative in the Oo screening. The body size of the adult grass snake, specifically its snout-to-vent length of 48.3 cm, is the smallest ever recorded for a gravid female N. helvetica. This may indicate that maturity is reached at particularly small sizes, a distinctive trait of this intriguing island subspecies, suggesting the need for further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)

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21 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unlocking Gut Health: The Potent Role of Stilbenoids in Intestinal Homeostasis

by Tiantian Meng, Ziwei Wen, Xiaofang Cheng, Cencen Li, Pengpeng Zhang, Dingfu Xiao and Yongjie Xu

Animals 2025, 15(3), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030417 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Stilbenoids are a class of naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in various plant species, characterized by a stilbene backbone with diverse substituents that confer a range of biological activities. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making them promising candidates for improving [...] Read more.

Stilbenoids are a class of naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in various plant species, characterized by a stilbene backbone with diverse substituents that confer a range of biological activities. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making them promising candidates for improving intestinal health. The intestinal tract plays a critical role in nutrient digestion, absorption, and immune defense, and maintaining its integrity is vital for animal growth. Stilbenoids contribute to gut health by enhancing intestinal morphology, supporting mucosal immune responses, regulating gut microbiota composition, modulating metabolic pathways, and maintaining mitochondrial health. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of key stilbenoids, including resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceatannol, and oxyresveratrol, focusing on their biological effects and regulatory mechanisms. By highlighting their roles in mitigating intestinal inflammation and promoting gut function, this review provides a basis for the practical application of stilbenoids in animal health and husbandry. Full article

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15 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vaginal Seeding: Is There Any Positive Effect in Canine C-Sections?

by Samara Beretta, Renatha Almeida de Araújo, Melissa Oliveira Bianchini, Jaqueline Tamara Bonavina, João Domingos Rocha-Júnior, Nayara Camatta Campos, Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro, Fernanda Andreza Rodrigues-Silva, Gilson Hélio Toniollo, Marita Vedovelli Cardozo and Maricy Apparício

Animals 2025, 15(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030416 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to scrutinize variations in the intestinal microbiota of neonatal dogs born through natural birth versus elective cesarean section, focusing on evaluating the influence of vaginal seeding on the microbiota of cesarean-born neonates. Samples were collected from cesarean-sectioned females before anesthesia [...] Read more.

This study aimed to scrutinize variations in the intestinal microbiota of neonatal dogs born through natural birth versus elective cesarean section, focusing on evaluating the influence of vaginal seeding on the microbiota of cesarean-born neonates. Samples were collected from cesarean-sectioned females before anesthesia and from naturally birthing females during prodrome signs, along with neonates at eight time points from birth to 15 days of age. In the cesarean section group, seeding was performed in half of the neonates (cesarean section seeding group; seeding consisted of gently rubbing the gauze, obtained from the mother’s vagina, onto the mouths, faces, and bodies of the newborns), while the other half underwent microbiological sample collection without seeding (cesarean section group). Another group (normal birth group) consisted of naturally born neonates. Microbiota analysis included counting for enterobacteria, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. The results suggested that vertical transmission played a crucial role, but the method of birth did not emerge as the primary determinant of observed differences. Under study conditions, vaginal seeding failed to effectively modulate the microbiota of neonates born through elective cesarean section. Further investigations into the gut–brain axis are suggested for understanding factors influencing the initial development of the canine intestinal microbiota in neonates born through different delivery routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine Reproductive Health: From Fertility Management to Neonatal Care)

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18 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trilostane: Beyond Cushing’s Syndrome

by Ali R. Olaimat, Parastoo Jafarzadehbalagafsheh, Mohammad Gol, Anna-Maria Costa, Giuseppe Biagini and Chiara Lucchi

Animals 2025, 15(3), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030415 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Trilostane is a drug able to block the synthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone, dependent on the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ⁵⁻⁴ isomerase. As a consequence of this effect, it is used to treat endocrinological diseases such as Cushing’s syndrome, especially in dogs. Because of [...] Read more.

Trilostane is a drug able to block the synthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone, dependent on the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ⁵⁻⁴ isomerase. As a consequence of this effect, it is used to treat endocrinological diseases such as Cushing’s syndrome, especially in dogs. Because of the modulatory effects of trilostane on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, trilostane administration causes an increase in brain levels of neurosteroids with anticonvulsant properties, as in the case of allopregnanolone. Allopregnanolone is also of interest in curing depression, suggesting that trilostane might represent a tool to address neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we investigated the historical development of this drug and its current use, mechanisms, and possible developments. By searching the literature from 1978 to 2025, we identified 101 papers describing studies with trilostane. Precisely, 55 were about dogs and trilostane, 3 were on cats, and 23 were with other animals. Some studies (15) were also designed with human patients. The main disease treatment with trilostane was hyperadrenocorticism. However, we also found two preclinical papers on trilostane’s potential use in psychiatric diseases and three on trilostane’s potential use in neurological disorders. Moreover, few clinical and preclinical studies suggested the involvement of neurosteroids modulated by trilostane in different neurological disorders, thus opening a possible new perspective for the use of this drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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16 pages, 525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Exercise Speed and Circle Diameter on Markers of Bone and Joint Health in Juvenile Sheep as an Equine Model

by Renee M. Harbowy, Brian D. Nielsen, Aimee C. Colbath, Cara I. Robison, Daniel D. Buskirk and Alyssa A. Logan

Animals 2025, 15(3), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030414 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Though circular exercise is commonly used in equestrian disciplines, it may be at the detriment of horses’ musculoskeletal system. To investigate the effects of circular exercise on bone and joint health, 42 lambs were randomly assigned to a non-exercised control, straight-line, small circle, [...] Read more.

Though circular exercise is commonly used in equestrian disciplines, it may be at the detriment of horses’ musculoskeletal system. To investigate the effects of circular exercise on bone and joint health, 42 lambs were randomly assigned to a non-exercised control, straight-line, small circle, or large circle exercise regime at a slow (1.3 m/s) or fast (2.0 m/s) speed for 12 wk. Blood samples were taken biweekly. Animals were humanely euthanized upon study completion, and the fused third and fourth metacarpals were collected for biomechanical testing and bone density analysis. Fast groups were found to have more bone formation and less resorption activity than slow groups as evidenced by serum biomarker concentrations (p < 0.05). Sheep in the large fast group tended to have greater flexural rigidity and fracture force for the outside leg compared to the inside leg (p < 0.1). Sheep in the small slow group tended to have increased bone mineral density of the outside leg compared to the inside leg, whereas the opposite occurred in the large slow group (p < 0.1). These results provide further evidence for potential asymmetric musculoskeletal adaptations to circular exercise while emphasizing the importance of speed as a positive influence on bone metabolism and strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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22 pages, 4126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healing of Comminuted Fractures of Long Bones in Dogs

by Mario Candela Andrade, Franziska Petereit, Pavel Slunsky, Ignacio de Rus Aznar and Leo Brunnberg

Animals 2025, 15(3), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030413 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Fracture healing in dogs is a complex process influenced by factors such as age, weight, fracture type, and underlying conditions. Among fractures, complex diaphyseal comminuted fractures stand out due to their susceptibility to complications like delayed union or nonunion. Despite the recognized complexities, [...] Read more.

Fracture healing in dogs is a complex process influenced by factors such as age, weight, fracture type, and underlying conditions. Among fractures, complex diaphyseal comminuted fractures stand out due to their susceptibility to complications like delayed union or nonunion. Despite the recognized complexities, veterinary-specific data on their incidence, complications, and effective treatment strategies remain surprisingly scarce. This retrospective study analyzed 99 comminuted fractures among 542 long bone fractures treated at the Small Animal Clinic of the Freie Universität Berlin (2007–2014). The femur (n = 42) was most affected, followed by the tibia/fibula (n = 29), radius/ulna (n = 24), and humerus (n = 4). Plates (n = 81) and intramedullary pins or external fixators (n = 16) were used for osteosynthesis. Healing occurred without complications in 72%, while 28% experienced issues such as implant failure or delayed union. Open fractures, high-energy trauma, and >3 fragments were associated with higher complication rates (p < 0.05). Fractures treated with plates healed slower (p = 0.016), and implants were removed later compared to other methods (p = 0.049). This study highlights the challenges of managing complex fractures and emphasizes the need for tailored surgical approaches. It provides new insights into their treatment and outcomes, paving the way for future research to establish standardized veterinary protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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17 pages, 1169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Significant SNPs Identified by GWAS for Genomic Prediction of the Number of Ribs and Carcass Length in Suhuai Pigs

by Kaiyue Liu, Yanzhen Yin, Binbin Wang, Chenxi Liu, Wuduo Zhou, Peipei Niu, Ruihua Huang, Pinghua Li and Qingbo Zhao

Animals 2025, 15(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030412 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

The number of ribs (NRs) and the carcass length (CL) are important economic traits. The traits are usually measured after slaughter. To improve the prediction performance of genomic selection (GS) for NRs and CL, one strategy is to integrate the significant loci identified [...] Read more.

The number of ribs (NRs) and the carcass length (CL) are important economic traits. The traits are usually measured after slaughter. To improve the prediction performance of genomic selection (GS) for NRs and CL, one strategy is to integrate the significant loci identified from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data by genome-wide association study (GWAS) into the genomic prediction (GP) model. This study investigated the GP of different genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and Bayesian models using chip genotype data, imputed WGS (iWGS) data and modeling significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different ways for the GP of NRs and CL in the Suhuai pig population. The prediction accuracy, bias and running time of 15 different GP models were evaluated by 10-fold cross-validation. The prediction accuracy of GBLUP using chip data for NRs and CL was 0.314 ± 0.022 and 0.194 ± 0.040, respectively. For NRs, based on the iWGS data, treating the most significant SNP as fixed effects in the GBLUP model had the highest predictive performance, with a prediction accuracy of 0.528 ± 0.023. For CL, based on the chip data, the model that added all the significant SNPs identified by imputed data by GWAS into the multi-trait GBLUP as the second random additive effect was the highest predictive performance, with a prediction accuracy of 0.305 ± 0.027. This study provides insights into optimizing GP models for small populations with phenotypes that are difficult to measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Markers and Genomic Selection in Farm Animal Improvement)

14 pages, 3708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxazolone-Induced Immune Response in Atopic Dermatitis Using a Goat Model and Exploration of the Therapeutic Potential of Pomegranate Peel Extract

by Ahmed Elfadadny, Haney Samir, Ahmed S. Mandour, Rokaia F. Ragab, Besheer G. Elshafey, Fawaz E. Alanazi, Helal F. Hetta, Ahmad A. Alharbi, Abdullah S. Albalawi, Suhailah S. Aljameel, Maha Abdullah Alwaili, Wedad M. Nageeb and Mahmoud H. Emam

Animals 2025, 15(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030411 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) remains a challenging condition, necessitating effective models for investigation and therapeutic exploration. In this study, we employed a goat skin model to assess the immune response triggered by topical oxazolone (OX) application. The OX simulates a Th2-driven immune reaction typified [...] Read more.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) remains a challenging condition, necessitating effective models for investigation and therapeutic exploration. In this study, we employed a goat skin model to assess the immune response triggered by topical oxazolone (OX) application. The OX simulates a Th2-driven immune reaction typified by elevated Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13) expression and the infiltration of mononuclear cells magnified by the presence of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T-cells in the epidermal and dermal layers. Additionally, the application of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) demonstrated a mitigating effect on OX-induced skin alterations, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. This study underscores the value of goats as a reliable and accessible model for studying AD in humans and/or large animals. While the therapeutic potential of PPE dosage requires further exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Ruminant Pathology: A Focus on Prevention and Diagnosis)

14 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Lung Microbiome in Subclinical Pneumonic Thai Pigs Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

by Phacharaporn Tadee, Pakasinee Khaodang, Prapas Patchanee, Songphon Buddhasiri, Thanaporn Eiamsam-ang, Nattinee Kittiwan and Pakpoom Tadee

Animals 2025, 15(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030410 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Bacterial respiratory disease is one of the major concerns in the modern pig industry. To address the limitations of culture-based methods, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to characterize the pig lung microbiome to gain a better understanding of microbial physiology and their population [...] Read more.

Bacterial respiratory disease is one of the major concerns in the modern pig industry. To address the limitations of culture-based methods, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to characterize the pig lung microbiome to gain a better understanding of microbial physiology and their population genetics. A batch of 510 slaughtered pigs from a farm located in Lampang province, Thailand, was selected. Individual pig weight was recorded. A total of 24 lungs (10 normal and 14 pneumonic lungs) were sampled for gross lesion examination and lung microbial communities were investigated. Poor growth performance and weight uniformity were denoted in this batch. Several pathogenic bacteria were detected in both normal and pneumonic lungs. Microbial diversity was decreased in the pneumonic group. PCoA and NMDS analysis showed a clear separation between the groups. Stenotrophomonas spp. (42.12%) was the dominant genus identified in normal lungs, while Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (71.97%) was the most abundant in pneumonic lungs, correlating with the commonly observed consolidation lesions. The slaughterhouse serves as a key checkpoint for gathering comprehensive information on pig respiratory health, and lung is representative of the lower respiratory tract for microbiomics. Monitoring of lung lesions should be implemented routinely to gain a better understanding of regional pig respiratory health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Innovative Utilization and Microbiome Profile of Local Pig Breeds)

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8 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pathologic Findings of Cranial Abscesses Involving the Pituitary Gland in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania

by Jack Timmons, Matthew Shaub, Luke Scherer, Ian Gereg, Lauren Maxwell, Lane Potts, Madison Stevens, Madeline Vile, Erica A. Miller and Kevin D. Niedringhaus

Animals 2025, 15(3), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030409 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Intracranial abscesses are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in neurologic free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). These infections are typically attributed to Trueperella pyogenes and occur most often in adult males with concurrent antler and skull infections. A subset of [...] Read more.

Intracranial abscesses are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in neurologic free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). These infections are typically attributed to Trueperella pyogenes and occur most often in adult males with concurrent antler and skull infections. A subset of intracranial abscesses in white-tailed deer are localized to the pituitary gland, with previously described reports in five white-tailed deer. In this case series, five additional free-ranging white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania were diagnosed with pituitary abscesses at necropsy. Two cases were female deer, and four cases were yearling or juvenile deer. Two cases presented with conjunctivitis and keratitis due to extension of pituitary abscesses into the retrobulbar and peri-orbital spaces. One case had a concurrent liver abscess. This case series demonstrates a unique clinical presentation of keratitis and conjunctivitis and emphasizes the potentially unique pathogenesis for pituitary abscesses compared to other intracranial abscesses described in white-tailed deer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology of Wildlife in the Americas)

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18 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Performance Comparison of Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction and Four Machine Learning Models for Estimating Genomic Breeding Values in Working Dogs

by Joseph A. Thorsrud, Katy M. Evans, Kyle C. Quigley, Krishnamoorthy Srikanth and Heather J. Huson

Animals 2025, 15(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030408 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the efficacy of various genomic prediction models—Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)—in predicting genomic breeding values (gEBVs). The phenotypic data include three binary health traits [...] Read more.

This study investigates the efficacy of various genomic prediction models—Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)—in predicting genomic breeding values (gEBVs). The phenotypic data include three binary health traits (anodontia, distichiasis, oral papillomatosis) and one behavioral trait (distraction) in a population of guide dogs. These traits impact the potential for success in guide dogs and are therefore routinely characterized but were chosen based on differences in heritability and case counts specifically to assess gEBV model performance. Utilizing a dataset from The Seeing Eye organization, which includes German Shepherds (n = 482), Golden Retrievers (n = 239), Labrador Retrievers (n = 1188), and Labrador and Golden Retriever crosses (n = 111), we assessed model performance within and across different breeds, trait heritability, case counts, and SNP marker densities. Our results indicate that no significant differences were found in model performance across varying heritabilities, case counts, or SNP densities, with all models performing similarly. Given its lack of need for parameter optimization, GBLUP was the most efficient model. Distichiasis showed the highest overall predictive performance, likely due to its higher heritability, while anodontia and distraction exhibited moderate accuracy, and oral papillomatosis had the lowest accuracy, correlating with its low heritability. These findings underscore that lower density SNP datasets can effectively construct gEBVs, suggesting that high-cost, high-density genotyping may not always be necessary. Additionally, the similar performance of all models indicates that simpler models like GBLUP, which requires less fine tuning, may be sufficient for genomic prediction in canine breeding programs. The research highlights the importance of standardized phenotypic assessments and carefully constructed reference populations to optimize the utility of genomic selection in canine breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal–Computer Interaction: Advances and Opportunities)

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16 pages, 980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blood Sampling in Göttingen Minipigs—A Case Study of Two Standard Methods and Clicker Training as a Restraint-Free Alternative

by Kathrine Schiøler, Mikkel Lykke Jensen and Dorte Bratbo Sørensen

Animals 2025, 15(3), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030407 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Blood sampling often requires restraint that negatively affects animal welfare. This case study evaluated three methods for jugular vein blood sampling (V-bench, sling, and clicker training) with the overall aim of assessing the negative impact on animal welfare and providing a general recommendation [...] Read more.

Blood sampling often requires restraint that negatively affects animal welfare. This case study evaluated three methods for jugular vein blood sampling (V-bench, sling, and clicker training) with the overall aim of assessing the negative impact on animal welfare and providing a general recommendation on the use of methods. First, the effects of simulated blood sampling in V-bench and sling on behaviour, heart rate, and saliva cortisol concentrations 15 min after sampling were assessed. The sling (which had the least negative effects) was re-evaluated after one week of habituation to assess a possible positive effect. Clicker training was evaluated using behavioural observations only. The heart rate was significantly higher in animals placed in the V-bench compared to the sling (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were found in the saliva cortisol concentrations. Habituation to the sling resulted in a further reduction in heart rate compared to the V-bench (p < 0.01). When trained to voluntarily cooperate, three out of six minipigs allowed blood sampling from the jugular vein without restraint. We are convinced that all six minipigs would have succeeded if the training environment had been optimised. In conclusion, clicker training results in blood sampling with no negative behaviours displayed such as struggling or squealing/screaming. When restraint is unavoidable, the sling is preferable compared to the V-bench. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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12 pages, 4996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Assessment of the Collateral Ligament of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint of the Horse Following Alterations to the Palmar Angle—A Cadaveric Study

by Sandro Colla, James W. Johnson, Kirk C. McGilvray, Gustavo M. Zanotto and Kathryn A. Seabaugh

Animals 2025, 15(3), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030406 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Therapeutic shoeing for horses is used to affect the palmar angle (PA) of the distal phalanx. These changes may influence the strain on the distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligaments (DIJCLs). This cadaveric study aimed to assess DIJCL strain under varying loads and PA [...] Read more.

Therapeutic shoeing for horses is used to affect the palmar angle (PA) of the distal phalanx. These changes may influence the strain on the distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligaments (DIJCLs). This cadaveric study aimed to assess DIJCL strain under varying loads and PA adjustments. Using 26 cadaver forelimbs, eight optical markers were placed on one DIJCL for strain measurement under five different loads (1000–5000 newtons) at a neutral PA, followed by PA increases of 2°, 4°, and 6° and decreases of −2° and −4°. The results indicate that increases in PA corresponded to significantly higher strain in the distal and mid distal portions, while 2° and 4° decreases in PA significantly reduced the strain in the proximal regions of the DIJCLs. Limitations include potential discrepancies between a cadaver and live biomechanics. This study concludes that increased PA increases distal DIJCL strain, while decreased PA decreases proximal strain. Further research is recommended to evaluate the practical implications of these findings in DIJCL injuries in horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Equine Surgery and Sports Medicine)

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11 pages, 2774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro- and Mesoplastic Consumption Tendency of Exaiptasia diaphana Sea Anemones

by Anita Kaliszewicz, Agata Czyżewska, Kamil Karaban, Izabella Olejniczak and Paweł Boniecki

Animals 2025, 15(3), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030405 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Microplastics are an increasingly common threat to the aquatic environment, and, due to their small size, it is easy for them to spread and enter the seas and oceans. Micro- and mesoplastic particles are often ingested by marine organisms, especially those that have [...] Read more.

Microplastics are an increasingly common threat to the aquatic environment, and, due to their small size, it is easy for them to spread and enter the seas and oceans. Micro- and mesoplastic particles are often ingested by marine organisms, especially those that have the potential for successful settlement on artificial substrata, including plastic. In laboratory experiments, we tested the tendency of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana to consume plastic fragments and fibers of various sizes and shapes; these organisms are widely distributed in coastal waters, tide pools, and coral reefs. The plastic fragments and fibers were placed either in natural food or covered with a special food in gel form, which allowed them to retain their original shape. Our studies have shown that plastic in the shape of fibers is less readily consumed than in the form of fragments. The E. diaphana anemones with oral discs of diameter 10–12 mm had difficulty consuming long fibers. A total of 67% of the studied animals were unable to consume fibers of 13 mm length, while those of 3 and 7 mm length were consumed by 100% of the sea anemones. We have also established that microplastics taken with food are harmful to these cnidarians: mechanical injury to the body column was caused by the ingested polypropylene microfragments, and we also observed significantly increased mortality. Injuries, combined with the possible toxicological effects of the polymers, may have been the cause of increased mortality of the Exaiptasia diaphana. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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17 pages, 2814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Safety and Efficacy Study of a Synthetic Biolubricant in an Equine Model of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis

by Lauren K. Luedke, Kathryn A. Seabaugh, Benjamin G. Cooper, Brian D. Snyder, Markus A. Wimmer, C. Wayne McIlwraith, Myra F. Barrett, Christopher E. Kawcak, Mark W. Grinstaff and Laurie R. Goodrich

Animals 2025, 15(3), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030404 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a common cause of lameness in the horse. There is no cure, therefore treatments are aimed at reducing pain and improving the joint environment by modifying inflammatory pathways or by viscosupplementation. Here, we report the safety and efficacy of [...] Read more.

Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a common cause of lameness in the horse. There is no cure, therefore treatments are aimed at reducing pain and improving the joint environment by modifying inflammatory pathways or by viscosupplementation. Here, we report the safety and efficacy of the biolubricant (poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine; pMPC) to mitigate the physical, gross, histological, and biochemical effects of arthritis. We created an osteochondral fragment in the middle carpal joint of one limb in 16 horses to induce PTOA; the contralateral limb served as a sham-operated joint. Two weeks postoperative, half (n = 8) of the horses received a single injection of pMPC in the PTOA joint, while the other half received saline. All sham-operated joints (n = 16) received saline. We conducted clinical evaluations weekly while synovial fluid biomarkers were measured biweekly during the 70-day study period. Subsequently, we performed postmortem gross and histologic analyses. Horses in which PTOA joints were treated with pMPC exhibited mild increases in clinical data, including lameness, effusion, and flexion scores. Similarly, synovial cell count, total protein, and prostaglandin E₂ values were higher for pMPC-treated joints. Radiographic changes included significantly higher osteophyte scores in pMPC-treated joints at the terminal timepoint. The biolubricant may demonstrate some chondroprotective effects with lower total erosion scores and higher cartilage glycosaminoglycan content. In summary, when pMPC is administered to PTOA joints, the biolubricant induces a mild inflammatory response but may offer some chondroprotective effects in horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Equine Surgery and Sports Medicine)

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13 pages, 1093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Insights into Energy Utilization Strategies of Asiatic Toads (Bufo gargarizans) During Hibernation

by Hui Ma, Chengzhi Yan and Zhiping Mi

Animals 2025, 15(3), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030403 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Hibernation is a crucial adaptive strategy for amphibians, facilitating survival in harsh environmental conditions by lowering metabolic rates and reducing energy use. This study employed GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomics to systematically analyze the serum metabolome of Bufo gargarizans during hibernation, aiming to uncover [...] Read more.

Hibernation is a crucial adaptive strategy for amphibians, facilitating survival in harsh environmental conditions by lowering metabolic rates and reducing energy use. This study employed GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomics to systematically analyze the serum metabolome of Bufo gargarizans during hibernation, aiming to uncover its metabolic adaptation mechanisms. A total of 136 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified, of which 115 were downregulated and 21 upregulated, mainly involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis showed that most metabolic pathways were inhibited in the hibernating group, underscoring a significant reduction in overall metabolic activity. Notably, while amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly reduced, lipid metabolism exhibited a distinctive adaptive response. Enhanced β-oxidation of fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and sodium caprylate, suggests a metabolic shift toward lipid-based energy utilization. The reduction in key metabolites like fumaric acid and succinic acid in the TCA cycle further supports the hypothesis of reduced energy requirements. These results enhance our current understanding of amphibian hibernation metabolisms and provide a targeted approach for future mechanistic investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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