Animals

19 pages, 3206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Neutrophils and Their Location in Canine Mammary Neoplasms with a Solid Arrangement: A Prognostic Factor?

by Mayra C. Flecher, Marina P. Reys, Débora Balabram, Karen Y. R. Nakagaki and Geovanni D. Cassali

Animals 2025, 15(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020287 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 689

Abstract

In canine mammary neoplasms, greater inflammation is associated with higher histological grade, lymphatic invasion, and metastases. This retrospective study assessed the density of peri- and intratumoral tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and CD3⁺ and CD79⁺ lymphocytes in canine mammary neoplasms [...] Read more.

In canine mammary neoplasms, greater inflammation is associated with higher histological grade, lymphatic invasion, and metastases. This retrospective study assessed the density of peri- and intratumoral tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and CD3⁺ and CD79⁺ lymphocytes in canine mammary neoplasms with a solid arrangement, and associated such data with histological types, immunophenotype, prognostic factors, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression and overall and cancer-specific survival. Sixty-one neoplasms with a solid arrangement were classified as malignant myoepitheliomas (6/9.8%), solid papillary carcinomas (8/13.1%), carcinomas with a solid pattern (9/14.8%), basaloid carcinomas (BC) (19/31.1%), and malignant adenomyoepitheliomas (19/31.1%). Intra- and peritumoral TILs, TANs, and TCD3⁺ and BCD79⁺ lymphocytes were counted, and based on the resulting median, the neoplasms were divided into low or high cell infiltration. BCs had the lowest density of intratumoral TILs (p = 0.02), and luminal B neoplasms showed a significantly higher density of intratumoral TCD3⁺ than luminal A cases. Neoplasms with a higher density of peritumoral CD3⁺ and CD79⁺ had significantly greater proliferative activity. High infiltration of intratumoral BCD79⁺ lymphocytes was related to nodal metastasis (p = 0.03). Intratumoral TILs and TCD3⁺ were associated with shorter survival time. Therefore, intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration is possibly an important feature in the progression of cancer and influences the survival in bitches with solid arrangement neoplasms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Canine Mammary Tumors—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 444 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Microbiological Analysis Conducted on Raw Milk Collected During Official Sampling in Liguria (North-West Italy) over a Ten-Year Period (2014–2023)

by Sara Antonia Chiarlone, Andrea Gori, Serena Ravetta, Andrea Armani, Lisa Guardone, Francesca Pedonese, Salvatore Bavetta, Caterina Fiannacca, Nicola Pussini, Cristiana Maurella and Elisabetta Razzuoli

Animals 2025, 15(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020286 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 748

Abstract

Milk has been consumed by humans for thousands of years for its nutritional properties. In recent years, raw milk demand has increased, valued for its authenticity and connection to local traditions. In Italy, the sale of raw milk is allowed exclusively through direct [...] Read more.

Milk has been consumed by humans for thousands of years for its nutritional properties. In recent years, raw milk demand has increased, valued for its authenticity and connection to local traditions. In Italy, the sale of raw milk is allowed exclusively through direct sale from the producing farm to the final consumer, either at the producing farm itself or through vending machines. However, the consumption of raw milk is not without risks. Among these, microbiological ones are relevant. These can lead to severe symptoms, particularly in vulnerable populations. For this reason, although consumers are advised to boil raw milk before consumption, producing farms in Italy are required to meet the microbiological criteria outlined in the Provision of 25 January 2007. In this retrospective study, the results of the analyses performed on 355 raw milk samples collected in Liguria between 2014 and 2023 for the detection of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli O157 were analysed to better characterise the associated risk for consumers. The samples were collected during official controls by the local veterinary health services at vending machines of seven producing farms. Overall, six samples tested positive for C. jejuni, while only one sample tested positive for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Serovar Veneziana. Listeria monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. coli O157 were never responsible for non-compliances. Interestingly, three of the six samples positive for C. jejuni derived from the same producer. In farms where positive samples were detected, certain structural and/or operational non-compliances were identified. It can be concluded that, although the scenario in question does not present any cause for concern, it is nevertheless essential to implement a series of preventive measures in order to guarantee the safety of raw milk. These measures include the implementation of biosecurity practices, the maintenance of strict hygiene protocols during milking, and the adherence to the cold chain distribution protocol until the final stage of distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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19 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental DNA and Hydroacoustic Surveys for Monitoring the Spread of the Invasive European Catfish (Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758) in the Guadalquivir River Basin, Spain

by Ruth Coya, Amadora Rodríguez-Ruiz, Álvaro Fueyo, Carlos Orduna, Laura Miralles, Ilaria de Meo, Trinidad Pérez, Juan Ramón Cid, Carlos Fernández-Delgado, Lourdes Encina, Yaisel J. Borrell and Carlos Granado-Lorencio

Animals 2025, 15(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020285 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 612

Abstract

The European catfish (Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758) was introduced into the Ebro Basin in Spain in 1974 for recreational fishing. Since then, the species has spread throughout the country’s river basins, reaching the Iznájar Reservoir (Guadalquivir River Basin) in 2011. This area [...] Read more.

The European catfish (Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758) was introduced into the Ebro Basin in Spain in 1974 for recreational fishing. Since then, the species has spread throughout the country’s river basins, reaching the Iznájar Reservoir (Guadalquivir River Basin) in 2011. This area is of great ecological and economic relevance, especially as it includes the Doñana National Park, one of the most important nature reserves in Europe. Recently, the presence of catfish has been reported in the lower reaches of the river. In this work, we used non-invasive vertical and horizontal hydroacoustic surveys and environmental DNA river sampling to unravel the actual distribution and dispersal pattern of the species in the lower Guadalquivir River. The hydroacoustic profiles and the species-specific detections by real-time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) showed that these non-invasive methods allow the detection and quantification of catfish and provide valuable information on the species’ presence. We have confirmed the presence of catfish in most of the study area, including downstream areas of the Guadalquivir Basin. The results suggest the possibility of other isolated introductions and/or human-mediated movements of specimens, and imply that a coordinated catfish prevention and mitigation strategy is therefore urgently needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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21 pages, 11831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of PLIN1 in Goose Hierarchical and Pre-Hierarchical Follicle Granulosa Cells

by Hua He, Yueyue Lin, Xi Zhang, Hengli Xie, Zhujun Wang, Shenqiang Hu, Liang Li, Hehe Liu, Chunchun Han, Lu Xia, Jiwei Hu, Jiwen Wang, Lin Liao and Xin Yuan

Animals 2025, 15(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020284 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 416

Abstract

PLIN1, a member of the PAT family, is expressed in both adipocytes and steroidogenic cells. In this study, we used cell transfection technology combined with transcriptome sequencing to investigate the regulatory mechanism of PLIN1 in goose follicular GCs. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis [...] Read more.

PLIN1, a member of the PAT family, is expressed in both adipocytes and steroidogenic cells. In this study, we used cell transfection technology combined with transcriptome sequencing to investigate the regulatory mechanism of PLIN1 in goose follicular GCs. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that in the four groups (phGC: over_vs_over-NC; hGC: over_vs_over-NC; phGC: si_vs_si-NC; hGC: si_vs_si-NC), most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched (p < 0.05) in pathways related to biological processes (BPs), particularly those associated with the regulation of cellular lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. KEGG analysis further identified significant enrichment (p < 0.05) in pathways related to cell apoptosis and the cell cycle. A joint analysis of KEGG and PPI on the upregulated and downregulated DEGs revealed that the TGF-β signaling pathway was the only pathway significantly enriched among both upregulated and downregulated DEGs after PLIN1 overexpression in hGCs and phGCs. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that PLIN1 overexpression may promote granulosa cell proliferation and apoptosis by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway in goose follicular GCs. Additionally, nine potential candidate genes were identified: PPARγ, MGLL, PTEN, BAMBI, BMPR2, JUN, FST, ACSF3, and ACSL4. These results address a significant research gap concerning the role of this gene in granulosa cells and contribute to the understanding of its molecular regulatory mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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13 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunohistochemical Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Primary Canine Mast Cell Tumors and Related Regional Lymph Node Metastasis

by Alice Corrêa Rassele, Isabella Oliveira Almeida, Maylla Garschagen Gava, Pedro Antônio Bronhara Pimentel, Antonio Giuliano, Felipe Augusto Ruiz Sueiro, Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira, Andrigo Barboza de Nardi and Rodrigo dos Santos Horta

Animals 2025, 15(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020283 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and has been identified as an autocrine growth factor for neoplastic cells of several tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate VEGF expression in canine mast cell tumors and their [...] Read more.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and has been identified as an autocrine growth factor for neoplastic cells of several tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate VEGF expression in canine mast cell tumors and their respective lymph node metastases. For this purpose, 28 patients with mast cell tumors and confirmed regional lymph node metastasis were selected. The samples were submitted for analysis with immunohistochemistry. VEGF was expressed in 14/28 patients (50%) and 35.7% of primary MCTs (10/28), and only 14.3% expressed VEGF in both the primary tumor and its respective metastasis (4/28), with fair agreement (Κ = 0.250). There was a weak correlation between VEGF and tumor size (p = 0.016, rs = 0.045). In this cohort, survival time was correlated with Kiupel grade, mitotic index, tumor necrosis, tumor location, and systemic treatment. VEGF immunolabeling had no influence on survival; however, patients with positive expression may benefit from specific therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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13 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluation of the Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Cecropin A Natural Peptide on Gram-Negative Bacteria

by Filippo Fratini, Chiara Pecorini, Ilaria Resci, Emma Copelotti, Francesca Paola Nocera, Basma Najar and Simone Mancini

Animals 2025, 15(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020282 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 540

Abstract

In an era dominated by the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, it is increasingly important to look for alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. In light of these considerations, the synergistic use of essential oils and Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) seems a viable strategy. In this study, [...] Read more.

In an era dominated by the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, it is increasingly important to look for alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. In light of these considerations, the synergistic use of essential oils and Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) seems a viable strategy. In this study, we assessed the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) of three Essential Oils (EOs): winter savory (Satureja montana), bergamot (Citrus bergamia) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and of the insect antimicrobial peptide Cecropin A (CecA), alone and in combination with EOs, against two Gram-negative ATCC bacterial strains: Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The MIC results showed that winter savory EO (SmEO) and cinnamon EO (CzEO) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains, whereas bergamot EO (CbEO) and CecA demonstrated comparatively lower antibacterial efficacy. These results were also confirmed by the MBC values. The FIC Indices (FICI) revealed that the most effective synergies were observed with the combinations SmEO/CzEO and SmEO/CbEO against E. coli, while against S. enterica Typhimurium the best combinations were CbEO/CzEO and SmEO/CzEO. Regarding CecA, although it was not the most efficient agent either individually or in combination, it is noteworthy that, when combined, it exhibited antibacterial activity even at a 1:64 dilution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Peptides in Animals and Their Application in Veterinary Medicine)

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12 pages, 5496 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Development of a Portable Rapid Detection Method for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Using Reverse Transcription-Recombinase-Aided Amplification Technology

by Yiran Zhao, Weijie Yi, Qicheng Yang, Jiahao Li, Yanke Shan and Fei Liu

Animals 2025, 15(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020281 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) continues to spread globally, causing clinical symptoms in piglets, including watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Its exceptionally high morbidity and mortality rate contributes significantly to the economic losses of the swine industry. The continuous genetic mutations of PEDV [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) continues to spread globally, causing clinical symptoms in piglets, including watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Its exceptionally high morbidity and mortality rate contributes significantly to the economic losses of the swine industry. The continuous genetic mutations of PEDV have compromised the effectiveness of classical strain vaccines. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are therefore crucial for controlling its further spread. Developing a detection method that is user-friendly, highly sensitive, and efficient is crucial for disease control. In this study, a point-of-care rapid detection method for PEDV was successfully established using reverse transcription-recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) technology. This method enables results to be obtained within 20 min of amplification at a constant temperature of 42 °C. It demonstrates high sensitivity, with a detection limit as low as 1 copy/μL, and shows strong specificity, with no cross-reactivity observed with seven other common swine pathogens. When applied to clinical samples, the results were 100% consistent with those obtained by RT-qPCR. This method is distinguished by its portable instrumentation and simple operation, making it particularly suitable for resource-constrained settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection and Immunity Response Mechanism of Coronavirus in Animals)

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9 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Advanced Imaging for Congenital Left Ventricular Diverticulum in a Dog: The Role of Electrocardiosynchronous CT

by Miki Hirose, Lina Hamabe, Kazumi Shimada, Aki Takeuchi, Kazuyuki Terai, Aimi Yokoi, Ahmed Farag, Akari Hatanaka, Rio Hayashi, Katsuhiro Matsuura and Ryou Tanaka

Animals 2025, 15(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020280 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 427

Abstract

A 2-month-old Shiba Inu was presented to an emergency veterinary clinic with decreased activity and was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension secondary to a ventricular septal defect. The dog was referred to the TUAT Veterinary Medical Center for further evaluation. During treatment, a diverticulum [...] Read more.

A 2-month-old Shiba Inu was presented to an emergency veterinary clinic with decreased activity and was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension secondary to a ventricular septal defect. The dog was referred to the TUAT Veterinary Medical Center for further evaluation. During treatment, a diverticulum was incidentally identified at the apex of the left ventricle. While the diverticulum caused no clinical symptoms, a cardiac synchronous computed tomography (CT) scan was performed to accurately assess its anatomical location and size. This case highlights the value of advanced imaging techniques in diagnosing complex congenital cardiac anomalies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Examinations to Promote Diagnosis and Pathophysiological Understanding of Cardiac Disease in Small Animals)

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15 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prepartum Dietary Supplementation of Potassium Humate Improves Postpartum Lactation Performance, Metabolic Profile of Multiparous Cows, and Immune Response of Their Calves

by Cangir Uyarlar, Abdur Rahman, Eyup Eren Gultepe, İbrahim Sadi Cetingul, Muhammad Uzair Akhtar and Ismail Bayram

Animals 2025, 15(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020279 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 592

Abstract

This research was carried out to determine the effects of potassium humate on the lactation performance and metabolic parameters of dairy cows during the transition period. Potassium humate was added to the concentrate feed at the following levels: (a) control (0%), (b) 0.5%, [...] Read more.

This research was carried out to determine the effects of potassium humate on the lactation performance and metabolic parameters of dairy cows during the transition period. Potassium humate was added to the concentrate feed at the following levels: (a) control (0%), (b) 0.5%, (c) 1%, (d) 1.5%, and (e) 2% humas, during the dry period from −60 to 0 days until calving. The results indicated that the total milk yield after 305 days was higher in the 0.5% group than in the 2% humic acid group. The average daily milk yield from lactation was also greater in the 0.5% group than in the 2% humic acid group. In terms of metabolic health and blood biochemistry, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, NEFAs, and BHBA were different among the treatment groups. No effects were detected on the blood physiology parameters of the calves. The IgG concentration in the colostrum and serum of calves on day 1 and 2 were higher in the 0.5% and 1% humic acid groups, respectively, than in the other groups. Overall, adding humic acid, especially at the dose of 0.5%, to the concentrate feed of dairy cows during the dry period resulted in an increased postpartum milk yield for the cows and increased serum IgG in both the cows and calves, with decreased NEFAs on the calving day and decreased postpartum BHBA for cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

15 pages, 1182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Optimal and Maximum Standardized Ileal Digestible Methionine Requirements Based on Performance for Male Broilers Aged 0 to 21 Days

by Su-Hyun An and Changsu Kong

Animals 2025, 15(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020278 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 478

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted with Ross 308 male broiler chickens to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine (Met) requirement for maximum weight gain during the starter (0 to 10 days) and grower (10 to 21 days) phases. A total of 720 and [...] Read more.

Two experiments were conducted with Ross 308 male broiler chickens to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine (Met) requirement for maximum weight gain during the starter (0 to 10 days) and grower (10 to 21 days) phases. A total of 720 and 288 birds were allocated to Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and assigned six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, and synthetic amino acids to achieve varying SID Met levels (3.8 to 5.8 g/kg in experiment 1 and 3.0 to 5.5 g/kg in experiment 2), with increments of 0.4 and 0.5 g/kg. Weight gain, feed intake, and the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) increased quadratically (p < 0.05) as dietary SID Met increased. The SID Met requirements for maximum weight gain and G:F in the starter phase were 5.1 g/kg (79.5 mg/d) and 5.3 g/kg (89.8 mg/d), while in the grower phase, they were 5.5 g/kg (343.0 mg/d) and 5.4 g/kg (330.3 mg/d), respectively. These findings, divided into two growth phases, provide guidelines to facilitate the optimal and maximum performance of young male broilers, and this may facilitate the selection of appropriate values for formulating broiler feed. These findings also highlight the importance of Met supplementation strategies for improving performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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21 pages, 3513 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Application of Genomic Selection in Beef Cattle Disease Prevention

by Ramanathan Kasimanickam, Joao Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira, John Kastelic and Vanmathy Kasimanickam

Animals 2025, 15(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020277 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 814

Abstract

Genomic applications in beef cattle disease prevention have gained traction in recent years, offering new strategies for improving herd health and reducing economic losses in the livestock industry. Advances in genomics, including identification of genetic markers linked to disease resistance, provide powerful tools [...] Read more.

Genomic applications in beef cattle disease prevention have gained traction in recent years, offering new strategies for improving herd health and reducing economic losses in the livestock industry. Advances in genomics, including identification of genetic markers linked to disease resistance, provide powerful tools for early detection, selection, and management of cattle resistant to infectious diseases. By incorporating genomic technologies such as whole-genome sequencing, genotyping, and transcriptomics, researchers can identify specific genetic variants associated with resistance to pathogens like bovine respiratory disease and Johne’s disease. These genomic insights allow for more accurate breeding programs aimed at enhancing disease resistance and overall herd resilience. Genomic selection, in particular, enables identification of individuals with superior genetic traits for immune function, reducing the need for antibiotic treatments and improving animal welfare. Moreover, precision medicine, powered by genomic data, supports development of tailored health management strategies, including targeted vaccination plans and antimicrobial stewardship. Incorporation of genomic tools in beef cattle management also offers the potential for early disease detection, facilitating proactive interventions that reduce the spread of infections. Despite challenges like cost, data interpretation and integration into current management systems, the potential advantages of genomic applications in disease prevention are substantial. As these technologies advance, they are anticipated to have crucial roles in improving sustainability (by enhancing herd performance), profitability (by improving overall herd longevity), and biosecurity (by decreasing the likelihood of disease outbreaks) of beef cattle production systems worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 3871 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Elevated Lipid Concentrations in Seminal Plasma Can Reduce Sperm Motility in Simmental Bulls

by Zhuo Yang, Fang Luo, Chenglei Song, Zhiyuan Ma, Yucheng Tian, Yu Fu, Hao Zheng and Jinzhong Tao

Animals 2025, 15(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020276 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 519

Abstract

Sperm motility is a key factor influencing male fertility and is associated with metabolic and lipid profiles across species. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sperm motility and the seminal plasma lipid profile in Simmental bulls, and to [...] Read more.

Sperm motility is a key factor influencing male fertility and is associated with metabolic and lipid profiles across species. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sperm motility and the seminal plasma lipid profile in Simmental bulls, and to identify key lipids potentially influencing sperm motility. Semen samples were collected from 26 healthy Simmental bulls with an average age of 4.9 years. Sperm quality was evaluated using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Based on motility, the samples were divided into two groups: high sperm motility (HSM > 65%) and low sperm motility (LSM < 65%). Compared to the LSM group, the HSM group exhibited significantly higher sperm viability, motility, straight-line velocity, beat-cross frequency, and sperm acrosome integrity, while the sperm malformation rate was lower (p < 0.05). Lipid profiles were determined using LC-MS/MS, and 40 differential lipids were identified by multivariate statistical analysis. Among them, 39 lipids were upregulated in the LSM group compared to the HSM group. They were primarily triglycerides and carnitines, mainly involved in four metabolic pathways related to glycerophospholipid and linoleic acid metabolism. Notably, PC (16:0/20:4; 14:0/18:3), LPC (22:4/0:0; 22:6/0:0), and PE (14:0/18:1; 18:1/20:3) were diagnosed with great accuracy (AUC > 0.7), which means they may serve as potential biomarkers for sperm motility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sperm Quality Assessment in Domestic Animals)

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14 pages, 17346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sublingua of Lemur catta and Varecia variegata: Only a Cleaning Function?

by Juan Francisco Pastor, Magdalena Natalia Muchlinski, Josep María Potau, Aroa Casado, Yolanda García-Mesa, José Antonio Vega and Roberto Cabo

Animals 2025, 15(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020275 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

The sublingua is an anatomical structure located under the tongue. This rare organ can be present in some animals as a rudimentary structure, but among prosimian primates, such as lemurs and lorises, it is fully developed. In addition to the sublingua, prosimians have [...] Read more.

The sublingua is an anatomical structure located under the tongue. This rare organ can be present in some animals as a rudimentary structure, but among prosimian primates, such as lemurs and lorises, it is fully developed. In addition to the sublingua, prosimians have modified lower incisors and canines called “dental comb”. The anatomy of sublingua has been studied macro and microanatomically since the early 19th century. Most authors argue that the sublingua is an oral morphological adaptation to develop a toothbrush’s role in cleaning the dental comb. However, others assert that the functional role has yet to be established. Comparative studies of macro and microanatomy are scarce or incomplete for primates; thus, the putative function remains unclear. To better understand the functional significance of the sublingua, we studied this structure in Lemur catta and Varecia variegata specimens using histochemical staining techniques and scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis. The new data obtained provide a fuller picture of the role assigned to sublingua so far, which could be more complex. In light of the morphological findings, we should consider additional roles/functions of the sublingua, including but not limited to food processing, grooming or social behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptations for Animal Survival: Morphological Features or Physiological Mechanisms)

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12 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Iron Levels on the Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Biochemistry, and Meat and Fur Quality of Growing Rex Rabbits

by Jiali Chen, Jiyuan Wang, Lei Liu and Fuchang Li

Animals 2025, 15(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020274 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 676

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary iron (Fe) levels on the production performance, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry, and meat and fur quality of growing Rex rabbits. Two hundred 3-month-old Rex rabbits were randomly allocated to five groups, [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary iron (Fe) levels on the production performance, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry, and meat and fur quality of growing Rex rabbits. Two hundred 3-month-old Rex rabbits were randomly allocated to five groups, each with forty replicates. Rabbits were fed a basal diet supplemented with varying levels of Fe (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg) in the form of ferrous sulfate monohydrate. The analyzed Fe concentrations in the diets were 8.2, 25.4, 49.1, 85.6, and 178.7 mg/kg, respectively. Over a 35-day trial period, rabbits supplemented with 40 mg/kg Fe showed a markedly increased average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and fur area compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The addition of 20 and 40 mg/kg Fe markedly improved the digestibility of crude protein and nitrogen (p < 0.05). Additionally, 80 mg/kg Fe supplementation significantly increased the redness of the longissimus dorsi muscle 30 min postmortem (p < 0.05). Dietary Fe addition also significantly elevated serum concentrations of Fe and copper (p < 0.05) while decreasing the total Fe-binding capacity (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary Fe supplementation boosted growth performance, protein and nitrogen digestibility, Fe stores, and meat and fur quality in Rex rabbits. Specifically, 40 mg/kg Fe (diet Fe content of 49.1 mg/kg) improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fur quality, while 80 mg/kg Fe (diet Fe content at 85.6 mg/kg) was optimal for enhancing meat quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

11 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Vaccination Regimens on Immune Responses Using PED Replicon Vaccine: A Field Trial in PED-Negative and PED-Positive Thai Swine Farms

by Chaitawat Sirisereewan, Thanh Che Nguyen, Nanthiya Iampraphat, Hongyao Lin, Leonardo Ellerma, Pisit Sirithanyakul, Roongtham Kedkovid and Roongroje Thanawongnuwech

Animals 2025, 15(2), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020273 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an economically important pathogen of swine, causing severe diarrhea in neonates with high morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is a key strategy for PEDV control, but optimizing regimens based on herd status is essential for improving immunity and [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an economically important pathogen of swine, causing severe diarrhea in neonates with high morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is a key strategy for PEDV control, but optimizing regimens based on herd status is essential for improving immunity and protection. This study evaluated immune responses to different vaccination protocols using a PED replicon vaccine (PED-RP) in Thai swine farms with varying PED statuses. Two field trials were conducted: Experiment 1 (n = 120) on a PED-negative farm used a killed vaccine followed by PED-RP, while Experiment 2 (n = 42) on a PED-positive farm used a modified-live vaccine (MLV) followed by PED-RP. In Experiment 1, gilts boosted with PED-RP during gestation showed significantly higher colostrum IgA levels compared to those receiving two doses of the killed vaccine. In Experiment 2, priming with MLV followed by PED-RP resulted in increased neutralizing antibody titers and seropositivity, outperforming the MLV-only regimen after acclimatization. These findings suggest that using PED-RP as a booster can enhance serum and lactogenic immunity, providing a promising strategy for improving immune responses in both PED-negative and PED-positive herds. The study highlights the importance of tailored vaccination strategies to optimize herd immunity and protect piglets from PEDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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14 pages, 2130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complex Probiotics Suppress Inflammation by Regulating Intestinal Metabolites in Kittens

by Shimin Zhu, Musu Zha and Yanan Xia

Animals 2025, 15(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020272 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

Cats are popular companions for humans, and their health is of importance to a growing number of pet owners. The juvenile period is a critical stage of cat growth; in particular, the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome of kittens is critical for [...] Read more.

Cats are popular companions for humans, and their health is of importance to a growing number of pet owners. The juvenile period is a critical stage of cat growth; in particular, the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome of kittens is critical for processing nutrients and supporting overall health. In this study, the effect of complex probiotics on the intestinal health of kittens was explored through a metabolomics analysis. Twenty-four healthy kittens were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 12): the control group was provided a basal diet and the probiotics group was provided the basal diet supplemented with complex probiotics (given at the same time daily). The kittens were acclimatized for 5 days, and the experiment was conducted for 14 days. We collected feces from each kitten on days 1 and 14 for metabolomic analyses. Compared to the control, the probiotics group had significantly higher (p < 0.05) methylmalonylcarnitine, lysyl-hydroxyproline, phenylpropionylglycine, and vitamin K3 levels, and significantly lower (p < 0.05) gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine, cis-gondoic acid, myristic acid, 12,13-DiHOME, and glycodeoxycholic acid levels. The results of this study suggest that complex probiotics promote intestinal health in kittens by regulating changes in various metabolites in the intestine and may have a mitigating effect on intestinal inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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17 pages, 7221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Replacing Inorganic Sources of Copper, Manganese, and Zinc with Different Organic Forms on Mineral Status, Immune Biomarkers, and Lameness of Lactating Cows

by Manqian Cha, Xingjun Ma, Yunlong Liu, Shengyang Xu, Qiyu Diao and Yan Tu

Animals 2025, 15(2), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020271 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 399

Abstract

(Objectives) The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of half-replacement of the supplementary sulfate sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn with methionine-hydroxy-analog-chelated (MHAC) mineral or amino-acid-complexed (AAC) mineral forms in diets on the mineral status, blood immune biomarkers, and lameness [...] Read more.

(Objectives) The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of half-replacement of the supplementary sulfate sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn with methionine-hydroxy-analog-chelated (MHAC) mineral or amino-acid-complexed (AAC) mineral forms in diets on the mineral status, blood immune biomarkers, and lameness of lactating cows. (Methods) Sixty multiparous Holstein cows (158 ± 26 days in milk; body weight: 665 ± 52 kg; milk yield: 32 ± 7 kg/day) were randomly assigned into one of three dietary treatments (n = 20 per group): (1) MHAC: 50% replacement of sulfate minerals with MHAC forms. (2) AAC: 50% replacement of sulfate minerals with AAC forms. (3) S: 100% sulfate minerals (control). Their Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations, blood immune biomarkers, and lameness were measured monthly. Repeated-measure mixed models were used to evaluate the effects on trace mineral status over time. As the responses with the MHAC and AAC forms were similar, the treatments were also analyzed as organic trace minerals (OTMs, combining the MHAC and AAC groups, n = 40) versus inorganic trace minerals (ITMs, the S group, n = 20). (Results) Cows supplemented with OTMs had higher concentrations of Cu and Mn in their serum (p ≤ 0.05), a higher hoof hardness (p ≤ 0.05), and a lower incidence of lameness compared to those with ITMs on d 90. There were no statistical differences (p > 0.10) in the concentrations of IgA, IgG, or ceruloplasmin, but there were significant differences (p = 0.03) in the concentrations of IgM in the serum as fixed effects of the diet treatments during the whole trial. On d 30 and 90, the serum IgA concentrations of the cows supplemented with OTMs tended to be higher (0.05 < p ≤ 0.10) than those in the cows supplemented with ITMs. (Conclusions) The half-replacement strategy showed that the MHAC and AAC sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn additives had similar effects on the production performance, blood immune biomarkers, and lameness of the lactating cows. The long-term replacement strategy with OTMs led to the enhancement of the trace mineral concentrations in their body fluids, blood immune biomarkers, and hoof health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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14 pages, 922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Protective Effects of MitoQ and Antifreeze Protein III on Cryopreserved Canine Sperm

by Abbas Farshad, Emilia Diel and Axel Wehrend

Animals 2025, 15(2), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020270 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 467

Abstract

Cryopreservation can adversely affect sperm motility, structural integrity, and fertilization ability. This study investigated the effects of MitoQ and antifreeze protein III (AFP III) on frozen–thawed semen from eight adult dogs using a Tris–fructose extender. Ejaculates were divided and diluted with a standard [...] Read more.

Cryopreservation can adversely affect sperm motility, structural integrity, and fertilization ability. This study investigated the effects of MitoQ and antifreeze protein III (AFP III) on frozen–thawed semen from eight adult dogs using a Tris–fructose extender. Ejaculates were divided and diluted with a standard Tris–fructose–egg yolk extender containing MitoQ (200 nM/mL) and AFP III (0.75, 1.0, 2.0 µg/mL), individually or combined. Post-thaw, samples were evaluated for motility, viability, membrane and acrosome integrity, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis indicators, mitochondrial function, and reactive oxygen species (ROS-H₂O₂). The results showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements in motility rate, progressive motility, VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and BCF with MitoQ or AFP alone. AFP III (0.75, 1.0 µg/mL) showed higher values than controls (p > 0.05), while MitoQ alone showed no significant effect. Viability and acrosome integrity improved with AFP III. Membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation were better in 0.75 and 1.0 µg/mL AFP III groups. ROS-H₂O₂ levels and mitochondrial membrane potential were unaffected except at 1.0 µg/mL AFP III. The phosphatidylserine translocation assay showed no significant differences in dead sperm between controls and individual treatments, but significant differences occurred with combined MitoQ/AFP III. In conclusion, AFP III and MitoQ in diluents protect canine sperm cells from cryodamage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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20 pages, 2568 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impact of Low Inclusion Rate of Olive Cake in Dairy Cow Rations on Uterine Health and Fertility Indices During Early Lactation

by Ioannis Nanas, Themistoklis Giannoulis, Eleni Dovolou, Ilias Giannenas and Georgios S. Amiridis

Animals 2025, 15(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020269 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1106

Abstract

Olive cake was incorporated at a low inclusion rate (3.7%) into the rations of dairy cows through partial substitution of maize, and its effects on milk production, general health, and fertility traits were investigated. Multiparous purebred Holstein dairy cows (n = 148) were [...] Read more.

Olive cake was incorporated at a low inclusion rate (3.7%) into the rations of dairy cows through partial substitution of maize, and its effects on milk production, general health, and fertility traits were investigated. Multiparous purebred Holstein dairy cows (n = 148) were divided into two groups: a treated group (n = 86) and a control group (n = 62). The control ration (group C) was modified by replacing 1 kg of maize with an equal quantity of olive cake (group T). The experiment lasted from 60 days prepartum to 150 days postpartum. Electronic aids were utilized to quantify daily milk yield and detect estrus expression, while clinical and uterine examinations were performed weekly. Blood samples, uterine epithelial cells, and endometrial tissue samples were collected from a subgroup of healthy animals in both groups at specific time points. Blood samples were examined to determine the β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), acute phase proteins (haptoglobin [Hpt] and serum amyloid A [SAA]), progesterone, and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins concentrations. Uterine epithelial cells were assessed for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, and the expression of nine genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and immune system activation was analyzed in uterine biopsy tissue. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between groups in milk yield, general morbidity, clinical endometritis, or conception rates. However, animals in group T came to estrus approximately 6 days earlier (p = 0.013) than those in group C; progesterone concentrations on day 7 of the subsequent cycle tended (p = 0.07) to be higher in group T. On day 21, BHBA concentrations were higher in group C than in group T (p < 0.05). Throughout the experiment, Hpt levels in group T were consistently lower (p < 0.001), while SAA was lower on day 7 compared to group C. From days 21 to 42 postpartum, there was a significant reduction in PMN numbers (group C p = 0.02; group T p < 0.0001), with a tendency for a greater reduction rate in group T (p = 0.08). Among the genes studied, a significant difference was revealed in the expression of the ILA1 gene, with strong correlations of gene expression in group C and weak to moderate correlations in group T. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, the inclusion of olive cake into dairy cows’ rations did not affect milk production but improved certain health and fertility parameters, making olive cake a suitable alternative feedstuff for high-producing animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Reproduction Relationships in Animals)

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22 pages, 17156 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Enterococcus faecalis Supplementation on Growth Performance, Hepatic Lipid Metabolism, and mRNA Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes and Intestinal Flora in Geese

by Siyu Sun, Yujie Zhao, Zhen Pang, Baoxia Wan, Jiaqi Wang, Zhenyu Wu and Qiuju Wang

Animals 2025, 15(2), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020268 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 909

Abstract

The effects of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) at a concentration of 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/mL on growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, and mRNA expression related to lipid metabolism, intestinal morphology, and intestinal flora were investigated in geese. A total of [...] Read more.

The effects of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) at a concentration of 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/mL on growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, and mRNA expression related to lipid metabolism, intestinal morphology, and intestinal flora were investigated in geese. A total of 60 male geese, aged 30 days and of similar weight, were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Each group was divided into six replicates, with five geese per replicate. During the 45-day experiment, the control group received a basal diet, while the experimental group was provided with the same basal diet supplemented with E. faecalis in drinking water at a concentration of 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/mL. E. faecalis significantly increased the half-eviscerated weight of geese and improved ileal intestinal morphology (p < 0.05). Serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly reduced on day 5, while serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly decreased on day 25 (p < 0.05). By day 45, serum TG and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Additionally, E. faecalis significantly increased the HDL/LDL ratio and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p < 0.05). Serum insulin levels were significantly elevated on day 25, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were significantly increased on day 45 (p < 0.05). On day 25 of the trial, hepatic TG levels, FFA levels, and Oil Red O-stained areas in the liver were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), accompanied by significantly decreased mRNA expression of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCA) (p < 0.05). Conversely, the mRNA expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). A 16S rRNA diversity analysis of ileal contents on day 25 revealed significant differences in intestinal flora composition between the control and E. faecalis groups. The 16S rRNA data demonstrated a strong correlation between microbial communities and lipid-related physiological and biochemical indicators (p < 0.05). In conclusion, E. faecalis supplementation promoted fatty acid oxidation, reduced blood lipid levels, alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation, and improved ileal morphology and intestinal flora diversity, thereby enhancing growth performance and lipid metabolism in geese. These findings suggest that E. faecalis is a promising probiotic candidate for development as a feed additive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Ingredients and Additives for Swine and Poultry)

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11 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Responses and Fillet Quality of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Increasing Addition Levels of Dietary Supplementation of Guanidinoacetic Acid

by Pedro Henrique Sessegolo Ferzola, Judith Ringel, Elena Beneder, Carsten Schulz and Martin Gierus

Animals 2025, 15(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020267 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) plays an important role in cellular energy use and protein synthesis. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal level of dietary GAA regarding the growth performance and fillet characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A [...] Read more.

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) plays an important role in cellular energy use and protein synthesis. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal level of dietary GAA regarding the growth performance and fillet characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 300 trout (initial weight, 66.84 ± 7.82 g) were fed isonitrogenous (34%) and isocaloric (20.6 MJ kg⁻¹) diets with increasing levels of GAA (0.00, 0.06, 0.12, 0.18%) for 90 days. The results showed that trout fed GAA (either 0.06, 0.12, or 0.18%) yielded better (p < 0.05) performance (BW, BWG, FCR, and SGR) than trout fed the control diet (0.00% GAA inclusion). No differences (p > 0.05) were observed for BW, BWG, nor FCR among trout fed GAA. Nonetheless, trout fed a diet with a 0.12% GAA inclusion had the highest (p < 0.01) SGR. Fillet quality was not affected by GAA supplementation (p > 0.05) for cook loss, shear force, nor colour. Trout fed 0.06% GAA inclusion tended (p = 0.08) to have a higher WHC. Moreover, trout fed 0.12 and 0.18% GAA had lower (p < 0.05) pH values than trout fed the control diet and 0.06% GAA. Our findings give insights for the growth promotion and fillet quality of trout fed diets supplemented with GAA, especially at the level of 0.12%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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12 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Prospective Study of the Prevalence and Predictive Risk Factors of Repeat Breeder Syndrome in Dairy Cattle in the North of Spain

by Sofía L. Villar, Carlos C. Pérez-Marín, Jacobo Álvarez, Antía Acción, Renato Barrionuevo, Juan J. Becerra, Ana I. Peña, Pedro G. Herradón, Luis A. Quintela and Uxía Yáñez

Animals 2025, 15(2), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020266 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 481

Abstract

This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of repeat breeder syndrome (RB) in 2370 dairy cows in northern Spain. Data collected included the prevalence of postpartum pathologies, metabolic markers, and productive and reproductive parameters. The overall RB prevalence was 21.1%. In primiparous [...] Read more.

This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of repeat breeder syndrome (RB) in 2370 dairy cows in northern Spain. Data collected included the prevalence of postpartum pathologies, metabolic markers, and productive and reproductive parameters. The overall RB prevalence was 21.1%. In primiparous cows, the postpartum body condition loss (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.9–8.1, depending on severity), ketosis (OR: 3.5), lameness (OR: 3.4), clinical mastitis (OR: 4.2), dystocia (OR: 5.2), and endometritis (OR: 12.2) significantly increased the RB risk. Summer (OR: 0.4) or autumn (OR: 0.6) calvings reduced this likelihood compared to winter or spring calvings. In multiparous cows, risk factors included body condition loss (OR: 2.0), ketosis (OR: 4.3), lameness (OR: 2.5), clinical mastitis (OR: 4.2), dystocia (OR: 1.9), endometritis (OR: 6.2), metritis (OR: 1.38), and subclinical mastitis (OR: 1.9). A longer interval between calving and first postpartum insemination reduced the RB risk (OR: 0.99). Overall, metabolic and reproductive disorders were significant risk factors for RB across both cow groups, while seasonal calving and delayed insemination mitigated risk in primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

13 pages, 3630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome Sequencing Reveals the Adaptation of Chickens to High Altitudes in Different Regions

by Yizhou Hu, Xing Li, Qixin Guo, Lan Huang, Hao Bai and Guobin Chang

Animals 2025, 15(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020265 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 366

Abstract

Altitudinal adaptation is a key factor in species formation and leads to increased species diversity. Chickens are one of the most widely distributed and important domesticated species, making them ideal models for studying the evolution of altitudinal adaptation. Therefore, we downloaded and analyzed [...] Read more.

Altitudinal adaptation is a key factor in species formation and leads to increased species diversity. Chickens are one of the most widely distributed and important domesticated species, making them ideal models for studying the evolution of altitudinal adaptation. Therefore, we downloaded and analyzed the total genome data of 160 individual chickens from seven sampling regions at two different altitudes (>3000 m and <600 m). In total, 21,672,487 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms were selected and used for subsequent analyses. First, we interpreted the genetic relationships among chickens from different sampling regions using a neighbor-joining tree, population structure, and four dimensionality reduction methods. We found that 38 genes were significantly associated with altitudinal adaptations by F_ST and θπ. Functional annotation of the genes showed that they are primarily involved in energy metabolism, ion channel activity, and blood pressure regulation. Our results provide evidence of genetic diversity among different chicken breeds and reveal the mechanisms of adaptation to high altitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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12 pages, 5032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transferrin Receptor 2 in Canine Testicular Tumors: An Emerging Key Role in Seminomas

by Rebecca Leandri, Sara Buonocore and Karen Power

Animals 2025, 15(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020264 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 468

Abstract

Transferrin Receptor 2 (TfR2) is a homolog of Transferrin Receptor 1 (TfR1), involved in regulating intra and extracellular iron levels. Altered iron pathways have been associated with cancer onset and progression; however, their role in canine tumors remains poorly explored. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Transferrin Receptor 2 (TfR2) is a homolog of Transferrin Receptor 1 (TfR1), involved in regulating intra and extracellular iron levels. Altered iron pathways have been associated with cancer onset and progression; however, their role in canine tumors remains poorly explored. This study investigated TfR2 immunohistochemical expression in non-neoplastic canine testis for the first time and in the most common types of canine testicular tumors: intratubular seminomas (ITSEMs), diffuse seminomas (DSEMs), Leydig cell tumors (LCTs), and Sertoli cell tumors (SCTs). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a differential pattern of TfR2 expression according to tumor type, with high expression observed in ITSEMs and DSEMs, occasional expression in LCTs, and absence in SCTs. These results suggest that TfR2 may play a relevant role in canine seminoma development. Furthermore, the specific expression of TfR2 in seminomas highlights its potential as a therapeutic target, where its role in iron regulation and possible compensatory mechanisms warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Oncology: Diagnostic Innovations, Therapeutic Approaches, and One Health Perspectives)

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12 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pathological and Molecular Characterization of Grass Carp Co-Infected with Two Aeromonas Species

by Wenyao Lv, Zhijie Zhou, Lingli Xie, Xinyue Wang, Yifei Zhou, Lang Gui, Xiaoyan Xu, Yubang Shen, Jiale Li and Junqiang Qiu

Animals 2025, 15(2), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020263 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 474

Abstract

The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is highly susceptible to infections caused by Aeromonas species, particularly A. hydrophila and A. veronii. However, the immunological mechanisms underlying co-infection by these pathogens remain largely uncharted. This study investigated the pathogenesis and host immune [...] Read more.

The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is highly susceptible to infections caused by Aeromonas species, particularly A. hydrophila and A. veronii. However, the immunological mechanisms underlying co-infection by these pathogens remain largely uncharted. This study investigated the pathogenesis and host immune response in grass carp following concurrent infection with A. hydrophila and A. veronii. Mortality was observed as early as 24 h post-infection, with cumulative mortality reaching 68%. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significantly elevated bacterial loads in hepatic tissue at 3 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological evaluation revealed severe hepatic lesions characterized by cellular necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and hemorrhagic manifestations. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of hepatic tissues between co-infected and control specimens identified 868 and 411 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 1 and 5 dpi, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of immune-related genes primarily associated with Toll-like receptor signaling and TNF signaling cascades. Notably, metabolic pathways showed substantial suppression while immune responses were significantly activated after infected. These findings provide novel insights into the host–pathogen interactions during Aeromonas co-infection in grass carp, which may facilitate the development of effective prevention and control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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17 pages, 3093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copy Number Variations in Short Tandem Repeats Modulate Growth Traits in Penaeid Shrimp Through Neighboring Gene Regulation

by Hao Zhou, Guangfeng Qiang, Yan Xia, Jian Tan, Qiang Fu, Kun Luo, Xianhong Meng, Baolong Chen, Meijia Chen, Juan Sui, Ping Dai, Xupeng Li, Mianyu Liu, Qun Xing, Jie Kong and Sheng Luan

Animals 2025, 15(2), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020262 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 534

Abstract

Penaeid shrimp, with its genomes enriched in short tandem repeats (STRs), presents an ideal model for studying the distribution and biological functions of STRs. In this study, we systematically identified and compared STRs across multiple species, confirming a significantly higher prevalence of STRs [...] Read more.

Penaeid shrimp, with its genomes enriched in short tandem repeats (STRs), presents an ideal model for studying the distribution and biological functions of STRs. In this study, we systematically identified and compared STRs across multiple species, confirming a significantly higher prevalence of STRs (26–32%) in penaeid shrimp, which is markedly higher than that observed in other species, such as mammals (1.3–2.1%) and plants (0.21–0.73%). Further analysis utilizing a cohort of 326 Pacific white shrimp revealed a total of 672,507 high-quality STRs evenly distributed across the genome, with a notably lower frequency of SNPs within these STR regions. Focusing on growth traits as a case study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and correlation analyses to identify the regulatory relationship of STRs on complex traits. We discovered 84 STRs that showed a significant association with body weight. Interestingly, eleven of these STRs, with 81% being composed of an A/T base, showed a significant linear correlation with body weight, revealing the key role of A/T-related STRs in shrimp weight regulation. For instance, a significant association and a negative correlation were found between the copy number of the STR [(A)n] at NW_020872788.1:580574 and body weight. The cytokinesis protein 7-like (LOC113800912) gene, which contains this STR in its splice region, exhibits differential expression associated with body weight variation. These findings introduce a model for STR copy number regulation in non-human species, illuminating the influence of STRs on growth traits. It offers a valuable framework for investigating complex traits and the biological functions of STRs in agricultural animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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15 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Landscape and Prediction of Udder Traits in Saanen Dairy Goats

by Xiaoting Yao, Jiaxin Li, Jiaqi Fu, Xingquan Wang, Longgang Ma, Hojjat Asadollahpour Nanaei, Ali Mujtaba Shah, Zhuangbiao Zhang, Peipei Bian, Shishuo Zhou, Ao Wang, Xihong Wang and Yu Jiang

Animals 2025, 15(2), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020261 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Goats are essential to the dairy industry in Shaanxi, China, with udder traits playing a critical role in determining milk production and economic value for breeding programs. However, the direct measurement of these traits in dairy goats is challenging and resource-intensive. This study [...] Read more.

Goats are essential to the dairy industry in Shaanxi, China, with udder traits playing a critical role in determining milk production and economic value for breeding programs. However, the direct measurement of these traits in dairy goats is challenging and resource-intensive. This study leveraged genotyping imputation to explore the genetic parameters and architecture of udder traits and assess the efficiency of genomic prediction methods. Using data from 635 Saanen dairy goats, genotyped for over 14,717,075 SNP markers and phenotyped for three udder traits, heritability was 0.16 for udder width, 0.32 for udder depth, and 0.13 for teat spacing, with genetic correlations of 0.79, 0.70, and 0.45 observed among the traits. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed four candidate genes with selection signatures linked to udder traits. Predictive models, including GBLUP, kernel ridge regression (KRR), and Adaboost.RT, were evaluated for genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) prediction. Machine learning models (KRR and Adaboost.RT) outperformed GBLUP by 20% and 11% in predictive accuracy, showing superior stability and reliability. These results underscore the potential of machine learning approaches to enhance genomic prediction accuracy in dairy goats, providing valuable insights that could contribute to improvements in animal health, productivity, and economic outcomes within the dairy goat industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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17 pages, 2080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Antimicrobial Use for Companion Animals in South Korea: Developing Defined Daily Doses and Investigating Veterinarians’ Perception of AMR

by Sun-Min Kim, Heyong-Seok Kim, Jong-Won Kim and Kyung-Duk Min

Animals 2025, 15(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020260 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 632

Abstract

There are global concerns regarding the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens from animals to humans. Especially, companion animals are increasingly recognized as a potential source due to their close interactions with people, despite a limited number of reported cases. Although, social demands regarding comprehensive [...] Read more.

There are global concerns regarding the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens from animals to humans. Especially, companion animals are increasingly recognized as a potential source due to their close interactions with people, despite a limited number of reported cases. Although, social demands regarding comprehensive surveillance for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among companion animals are highlighted, there is a lack of a relevant system in South Korea. In this regard, we conducted preliminary investigation on antimicrobial use (AMU) among small animal clinics, along with veterinary practitioner’s knowledge and attitude regarding this issue in South Korea. We collected data on 684,153 antimicrobial prescription visits for canine and feline patients from 2019 to 2022 at 100 veterinary facilities in South Korea, using electronic medical records. To evaluate antimicrobial use (AMU) and facilitate comparisons across institutions and time periods, we developed the Defined Daily Dose for Animals (DDDA) and the Defined Animal Daily Dosages per 1000 Animal-Days (DAPD). In addition, we conducted an online survey of 362 veterinary practitioners, which included questions on their perceptions, attitudes, and practices regarding antimicrobial prescriptions. Simple frequency analyses were performed to examine temporal trends, regional differences and variations by facility size in AMU, and to summarize survey responses. Descriptive analysis using data from 100 veterinary clinics revealed a rising trend in AMU between 2019 and 2022, with higher usage observed in larger clinics and non-capital regions. DDDA values for dogs were generally higher than for cats. Survey results highlighted that, while veterinarians exhibited high awareness of AMR, prescribing practices were significantly influenced by clinical judgments and owner demands, often deviating from established guidelines. The adoption of an electronic veterinary prescription management system (e-Vet) was proposed to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. However, concerns regarding the system’s efficiency and administrative burden were prominent. To our best knowledge, this study provided DDDA for companion animals for the first time in South Korea. Although the indicator should be improved with more comprehensive data and expert opinion, our study showed that it enables reasonable situation analysis regarding AMU in companion animals. The identified factors that affect veterinarians’ prescription practices can also be used to design an effective strategy for promoting appropriate antimicrobial usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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16 pages, 3776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MDA-DETR: Enhancing Offending Animal Detection with Multi-Channel Attention and Multi-Scale Feature Aggregation

by Haiyan Zhang, Huiqi Li, Guodong Sun and Feng Yang

Animals 2025, 15(2), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020259 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Conflicts between humans and animals in agricultural and settlement areas have recently increased, resulting in significant resource loss and risks to human and animal lives. This growing issue presents a global challenge. This paper addresses the detection and identification of offending animals, particularly [...] Read more.

Conflicts between humans and animals in agricultural and settlement areas have recently increased, resulting in significant resource loss and risks to human and animal lives. This growing issue presents a global challenge. This paper addresses the detection and identification of offending animals, particularly in obscured or blurry nighttime images. This article introduces Multi-Channel Coordinated Attention and Multi-Dimension Feature Aggregation (MDA-DETR). It integrates multi-scale features for enhanced detection accuracy, employing a Multi-Channel Coordinated Attention (MCCA) mechanism to incorporate location, semantic, and long-range dependency information and a Multi-Dimension Feature Aggregation Module (DFAM) for cross-scale feature aggregation. Additionally, the VariFocal Loss function is utilized to assign pixel weights, enhancing detail focus and maintaining accuracy. In the dataset section, this article uses a dataset from the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, which includes images of six common offending animal species. In the comprehensive experiments on the dataset, the

m A P_{50}

index of MDA-DETR was 1.3%, 0.6%, 0.3%, 3%, 1.1%, and 0.5% higher than RT-DETR-r18, yolov8n, yolov9-C, DETR, Deformable-detr, and DCA-yolov8, respectively, indicating that MDA-DETR is superior to other advanced methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal–Computer Interaction: Advances and Opportunities)

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15 pages, 1739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Welfare Implications of Low-Dose Atipamezole Reversal of Tiletamine/Zolazepam/Xylazine Anaesthesia in Pigs

by Rachel Layton, David S. Beggs, Andrew Fisher, Peter Mansell, Daniel Layton, Peter A. Durr, Teegan Allen, Grace Taylor, Michael L. Kelly, David T. Williams and Kelly J. Stanger

Animals 2025, 15(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020258 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 376

Abstract

Anaesthesia is sometimes required for the effective restraint of laboratory pigs for sample collection. Yet, anaesthesia can initiate a range of physiological disruptions that can increase variability in study data and lead to poorer animal welfare. Judicious use of anaesthesia can mitigate experimental, [...] Read more.

Anaesthesia is sometimes required for the effective restraint of laboratory pigs for sample collection. Yet, anaesthesia can initiate a range of physiological disruptions that can increase variability in study data and lead to poorer animal welfare. Judicious use of anaesthesia can mitigate experimental, human safety, and animal welfare concerns, but it does not eliminate the potential for adverse effects. The use of reversal agents can shorten recovery time and reduce the physiological impacts of anaesthesia but can also cause additional side effects. We, therefore, trialled the use of low-dose atipamezole (0.12 mg/kg) for the antagonism of xylazine in laboratory pigs anaesthetised using a combination of xylazine and zolazepam/tiletamine. We measured time to recovery, selected clinical variables, recovery characteristics, and behaviours to investigate if a low dose of antagonist decreased recovery time and reduced the physiological impacts of anaesthesia whilst avoiding adverse negative side effects. We categorised side effects and behaviours as having either a low or high negative welfare impact based on the potential risk of injury and whether behaviours were displayed before or after return to consciousness. Collectively, our results indicated that while the use of low-dose atipamezole decreased recovery time and improved thermoregulation in most pigs, it introduced and exacerbated adverse side effects and behaviours that can lead to poorer welfare outcomes for laboratory pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology)

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Animals, Volume 15, Issue 2 (January-2 2025) – 172 articles

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