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Article

Epidemiology and Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza Virus Among Children in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023

by
Meng Chang
1,2,†,
Shengjie Shi
1,†,
Yan Jin
3,
Gaoyu Wang
2,
Ruoyan Peng
2,
Jing An
1,
Yi Huang
2,
Xiaoyuan Hu
2,
Chuanning Tang
2,
Yi Niu
2,
Xiuying Tian
4,
Wanxin Deng
1,
Cheng Tang
2,
Xiuji Cui
2,5,
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
6,7,
Yibo Jia
8,* and
Feifei Yin
1,2,5,*
1
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570206, China
2
Hainan Medical University—The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
3
Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou 571129, China
4
Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
5
Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
6
State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
7
Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
8
Medical Administration Division, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pathogens 2025, 14(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020142 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 December 2024 / Revised: 26 January 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2025 / Published: 3 February 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Abstract: Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we continuously monitored the epidemiology of influenza virus among pediatric patients from January 2021 to December 2023 in Hainan Island, China. Methods: In this study, we collected 54,974 nasopharyngeal swab samples for influenza A Virus (IAV) testing and 53,151 samples for influenza B Virus (IBV) testing from pediatric outpatients. Additionally, we also collected 19,687 nasopharyngeal swab samples from pediatric inpatients for IAV and IBV testing. Outpatient samples were screened for influenza viruses (IVs) infection by the colloidal gold method. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (tNGS) was used to detect influenza virus infections in inpatients. Influenza virus types were identified by analyzing the HA/NA partial regions. Results: The findings revealed a significant decrease in the infection rate of IBV over the specified period, while the infection rate of IAV exhibited a rising trend. Additionally, B/Victoria lineage was the dominant epidemic strain in 2021, while the epidemic strains in 2022 and 2023 underwent a dynamic transformation from A/H3N2 to A/H1N1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships among the circulating strains. Nonetheless, because the sample size is limited, additional research is required. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the predominant types of influenza viruses in the pediatric population are undergoing dynamic changes, influenced by the implementation and relaxation of non-pharmaceutical intervention measures. These findings highlight the need for adaptive influenza vaccination and containment strategies, particularly in tropical regions like Hainan, where climate and public health policies significantly impact viral transmission patterns. The insights gained from this study could inform more effective public health strategies in similar regions to mitigate the impact of influenza outbreaks in the future.
Keywords: Keywords: influenza virus; COVID-19; epidemiology; children; Hainan Island Keywords: influenza virus; COVID-19; epidemiology; children; Hainan Island

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chang, M.; Shi, S.; Jin, Y.; Wang, G.; Peng, R.; An, J.; Huang, Y.; Hu, X.; Tang, C.; Niu, Y.; et al. Epidemiology and Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza Virus Among Children in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023. Pathogens 2025, 14, 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020142

AMA Style

Chang M, Shi S, Jin Y, Wang G, Peng R, An J, Huang Y, Hu X, Tang C, Niu Y, et al. Epidemiology and Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza Virus Among Children in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023. Pathogens. 2025; 14(2):142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020142

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang, Meng, Shengjie Shi, Yan Jin, Gaoyu Wang, Ruoyan Peng, Jing An, Yi Huang, Xiaoyuan Hu, Chuanning Tang, Yi Niu, and et al. 2025. "Epidemiology and Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza Virus Among Children in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023" Pathogens 14, no. 2: 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020142

APA Style

Chang, M., Shi, S., Jin, Y., Wang, G., Peng, R., An, J., Huang, Y., Hu, X., Tang, C., Niu, Y., Tian, X., Deng, W., Tang, C., Cui, X., Chan, J. F.-W., Jia, Y., & Yin, F. (2025). Epidemiology and Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza Virus Among Children in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023. Pathogens, 14(2), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020142

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