Next Article in Journal
The Inhibitory Effect of Magnolol on the Human TWIK1 Channel Is Related to G229 and T225 Sites
Next Article in Special Issue
Nanoparticles of a Pyrazolo-Pyridazine Derivative as Potential EGFR and CDK-2 Inhibitors: Design, Structure Determination, Anticancer Evaluation and In Silico Studies
Previous Article in Journal
Determination of the Ionic Association Constants of Na+ with CO32− and HCO3− Ions, in NaCl-NaHCO3-H2O Ternary Systems, at 25 °C
Previous Article in Special Issue
Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of N(2)-Arylindazol-3(2H)-One Derivatives: Copper-Promoted Direct N-Arylation via Chan–Evans–Lam Coupling
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 28
Issue 19
10.3390/molecules28196814
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Development of a New Benzofuran–Pyrazole–Pyridine-Based Molecule for the Management of Osteoarthritis

by
Somaia S. Abd El-Karim
1,*,
Ahlam H. Mahmoud
1,
Asmaa K. Al-Mokaddem
2,
Noha E. Ibrahim
3,
Hamad M. Alkahtani
4,
Amer Alhaj Zen
5 and
Manal M. Anwar
1,*
1
Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), El Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
2
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
3
Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), El Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
4
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
5
Chemistry & Forensics Department, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(19), 6814; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196814
Submission received: 3 August 2023 / Revised: 20 September 2023 / Accepted: 22 September 2023 / Published: 27 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Evaluation of Biologically Active Compounds from Five Membered Heterocycles)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Osteoarthritis is a substantial burden for patients with the disease. The known medications for the disease target the mitigation of the disease’s symptoms. So, drug development for the management of osteoarthritis represents an important challenge in the medical field. This work is based on the development of a new benzofuran–pyrazole–pyridine-based compound 8 with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritis properties. Microanalytical and spectral data confirmed the chemical structure of compound 8. The biological assays indicated that compound 8 produces multifunctional activity as an anti-osteoarthritic candidate via inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, including RANTES, CRP, COMP, CK, and LPO in OA rats. Histopathological and pharmacokinetic studies confirmed the safety profile of the latter molecule. Accordingly, compound 8 is considered a promising anti-osteoarthritis agent and deserves deeper investigation in future trials.

1. Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition that affects both surrounding tissues as well as bone cartilage. OA is a chronic arthropathy where the entire joint, including the cartilage, joint lining, ligaments, and the underneath bone, is impacted. Although OA can develop in any synovial joint in the body, it is more frequent in the spine, hands, and big joints (such as the knees and hips) [1,2,3]. The most common osteoarthritis symptom, joint discomfort, can cause locking or instability of the joint. Although this condition develops gradually, over time, it may result in joint failure [4]. The risk factors for this condition include heredity, feminine sex, aging, trauma from the past, inflammation, and obesity [5]. Over 100 million OA cases are expected to have been diagnosed globally by 2050 [6].
The pharmacological treatments that are currently available can only address the symptoms of OA and have unwanted side effects, particularly in older persons with frequent comorbidities [7,8,9]. Even though OA is not generally thought of as an inflammatory form of arthritis, there is evidence of subclinical low-grade inflammation across the entire joint and the inflammatory processes that are essential to the progression of the illness. The mediators released by bone and cartilage in addition to the synovium initiate the inflammatory processes [10,11].
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the best OA treatments for moderate to severe pain. They serve as COX-1 and COX-2 function suppressors, leading to a reduction in the formation of prostaglandin, resulting in anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects [12,13]. NSAIDs are still the first-line treatment for illnesses involving chronic pain and inflammation. They are effective, but chronic use has been linked to gastrointestinal erosions, ulcerations, and bleeding, as well as cardiovascular complications. Therefore, it is both an enormous challenge and an urgent necessity to discover more effective anti-inflammatory medications with minimal toxicity with the goal of managing OA [14,15,16,17,18].
The benzofuran nucleus is a key component of many bioactive heterocycles. Many of the biological activities that benzofuran derivatives produce are substantial, including cytotoxic, antioxidant, antitubercular, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects [18,19]. It has been reported that benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivative I exhibits a significant anti-inflammatory impact of managing different chronic inflammatory disorders. It effectively reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and IL-8 by 93.8%, 98%, and 71%, respectively. It also safely suppressed the NF-κB activity of human and murine macrophage cells [19].
Also, it has been reported that 2-aroylbenzofuran II and benzofuran-3-one derivative III produced promising anti-inflammatory impacts through excellent inhibition of NO production and NF-κB transcription activity, respectively, without cytotoxic effects [20,21]. Further studies showed that benzofuran compound IV produced a potent anti-inflammatory impact via COX-1, COX-2, and LOX suppression activity [22], whereas benzofuran compound V significantly suppressed the COX-2 effect [23]. Additionally, celecoxib analogs VI and VII bearing the benzofuran moiety demonstrated specific and robust COX-2 inhibition and were ineffective against COX-1 (IC50; >50 µM). Furthermore, both compounds’ gastric safety profiles were superior to those of the medication celecoxib [24] (Figure 1).
The pyrazole nucleus, on the other hand, is a flexible lead molecule, and it has been observed that its derivatives have a wide range of biological functions. Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities are reported as major important activities of several pyrazole derivatives [25,26,27]. Figure 2 represents different potent pyrazole-based anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs that were approved by the FDA [28,29].
Moreover, among the heterocycles that possess potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities is the pyridine ring. Piroxicam and lornoxicam are NSAIDs of the oxicam group. They are employed to overcome the symptoms of multiple painful inflammatory illnesses, including sciatica, surgery, osteoarthritis, and others. They function by halting the synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins, which mediate pain, stiffness, soreness, and edema [30,31,32].
A promising approach to drug development is the molecular hybridization strategy, which combines two or three pharmacophoric fragments into a single new scaffold. As compared to the individual parent molecules, the novel hybrid molecules appear to produce enhanced activity and selectivity profiles [33]. Accordingly, in a trial to improve the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs while eliminating their adverse effects with a superior gastrointestinal safety profile, this study deals with synthesizing the new benzofuran compound 8.
The latter compound is based on the conjugation of benzofuran, pyrazole, and substituted pyridine nuclei in the same scaffold, aiming to create a new NSAID with distinct anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy with few adverse effects and a high safety profile as an aid in osteoarthritis management (Figure 3). The generation of the target compound 8 was based firstly on the reaction of the precursor derivative, 2-acetylbenzofuran, with phenyl hydrazine to afford the corresponding 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene-2-phenylhydrazone derivative (3), which was treated with phosphorus oxychloride and dimethyl formamide (Vilsmeier–Haack reaction) to form the corresponding carboxaldehyde derivative 4. Moreover, the condensation reaction of 4 with malononitrile and 2-cyanoacetohydrazide in a basic medium resulted in the creation of the corresponding target compound, 1,6-diamino-4-(3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (8) [34,35,36,37,38]. The substitution of the pyridine ring with NH2, CN, and C=O functionalities is expected to enhance the interaction of the compound in the active sites of various target proteins via different modes, such as hydrogen bonds.
This study deals with the evaluation of the antioxidant impact of the newly synthesized derivative 8 and its effect on the serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators, including RANTES, CRP, COMP, CK, and LPO, in OA rats. In addition, compound 8 was subjected to histopathological and in silico studies to evaluate its pharmacokinetic properties and safety profile.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The synthetic route utilized to prepare the new target benzofuran–pyrazole–pyridine derivative 8 is shown in Scheme 1. The key derivative, 2-acetylbenzofuran (1) [34], was allowed to react with phenyl hydrazine (2) in absolute ethanol to give 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene-2-phenylhydrazone (3) [35]. The treatment of hydrazone derivative 3 with phosphorus oxychloride and dimethyl formamide (Vilsmeier–Haack reaction) yielded the corresponding carboxaldehyde derivative 4 [34,35,36,37,38], which was condensed with malononitrile (5) to form the corresponding methylene malononilrile derivative 6 [36]. The reaction of the latter malononilrile compound 6 with 2-cyanoacetohydrazide (7) in absolute ethanol containing a few drops of piperidine resulted in the creation of the corresponding target compound, 1,6-diamino-4-(3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (8) (Scheme 1).
The IR spectrum of compound 8 displayed new strong absorption bands at 3393, 3315, and 3210 cm−1 related to the two amino groups, along with another band at 1661 cm−1 for the C=O group. The 1H NMR spectrum of 8 represented two singlet signals at δ 5.72 and 8.58 ppm due to NH2 protons. Meanwhile, the 13C NMR spectrum represented two signals at δ 76.00 and 88.18 ppm, referring to the two carbonitrile functionalities, and at δ 159.74 ppm, assignable to C=O of the pyridine nucleus. Additionally, the MS spectrum of the target compound 8 exhibited a molecular ion peak at m/z 433 in agreement with its molecular formula, C24H15N7O2.

2.2. Biological Evaluation

2.2.1. DPPH Scavenging Activity

One of the significant factors in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis is free radicals. The body will manufacture free radicals as osteoarthritis progresses, which will result in an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative processes that is essential for chondrocyte injury. For older people who are more susceptible to developing OA and have a propensity for poor physical performance, antioxidants have been proposed as an alternative treatment. Recent studies have emphasized the necessity of antioxidants as a component of various treatment plans to counteract the damage that OA causes to the cartilage [39,40].
Accordingly, the new compound 8 was subjected to a DPPH scavenging assay to evaluate its antioxidant activity compared with ascorbic acid as a standard drug. Table 1 displays the proportion of the free radical scavenging activity at six distinct concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 µg). The results showed that the activity of 8 increased in a dose-dependent manner. The most promising DPPH percentage of inhibition (84.4 ± 2.7%) was obtained using compound 8 at a concentration of 1000 µg compared with vitamin C’s DPPH percentage of inhibition of 97.14 ± 2.3% at the same concentration. Lower inhibition activities were obtained at lower concentrations.

2.2.2. Identification of RANTES, CRP, COMP, LPO, CK, and Protein

Although the precise relationships between the biomarkers of inflammation and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) are still up for debate, inflammation is crucial to the development of OA. Pro-inflammatory proteins known as chemokines are crucial in inflammatory reactions and immune responses by chemoattracting and activating leukocytes [41]. In this study, the experimental rats were classified into five groups. The first group represents the healthy one or the negative control; the second group represents the rats that were injected with a single dose of mono-iodo acetate (MIA) to induce arthritis; the third group represents the rats that were injected with a single dose of MIA and supplemented orally with the tested compound 8 at a dose equivalent to 4.5 mg/kg/day; the fourth group was administered a single dose of MIA and 8 at a dose equivalent to 9 mg/kg/day; and the fifth group was administered a mixed dose of condrogen (4.5 mg/kg/day) and voltaren (9 mg/kg/day). The treatment was continued for 2 consecutive weeks. Then, the serum levels of RANTES, CRP, COMP, LPO, CK, and protein were determined in all tested animal groups.
RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cells expressed and secreted; also known as C-C chemokine ligand-5) induces the production of its own receptor, CCR-5, which supports an autocrine/paracrine pathway of the chemokine within the cartilage. High blood levels of RANTES have been associated with a faster progression of radiographic abnormalities, and high amounts of RANTES have been found in the synovial fluid (SF) obtained from RA patients. In comparison to peripheral blood, the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes with CCR5 receptor expression is much greater in rheumatoid SF [42,43]. A serum analysis of OA rats for the determination of RANTES concentration demonstrated that a high RANTES concentration is associated with KOA incidence. According to Table 2, the RANTES concentration in the serum of KOA rats was 88.76 ± 1.8 Pg/mL, while those treated with compound 8 (4.5 mg/kg) exhibited an observed decrease in the RANTES concentration of 42.35 ± 1.43 Pg/mL, which is more potent than the result obtained using the reference drugs of a serum RANTES concentration of 66.02 ± 0.96 Pg/mL. Interestingly, the increase in the dose of compound 8 at a higher dose (9 mg) negatively affected the serum RANTES concentration, resulting in a higher concentration value of 55.86 ± 0.94 Pg/mL, but still more effective than both reference drugs.
Moreover, the pentameric protein called C-reactive protein (CRP) circulates in the plasma and is linked to inflammation, infection, and damage. Studies show a connection between CRP and problems such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Various studies exhibited a significant relationship between CRP concentration and KOA, whereas other studies investigated whether there was a significant correlation between CRP concentration and KOA incidence [42]. Additionally, a 535-kDa non-collagen protein called cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) has a high relation with the prevalence of KOA. The COMP serum levels in OA were different from those of healthy controls, according to certain evidence [44].
This study’s goal was to assess the relationship between the levels of CRP, the levels of serum COMP, and the occurrence/progression of KOA in light of these contradicting data. According to the results in Table 2, the serum levels of CRP and COMP in KOA rats were 2.5 ± 0.03 and 1.75 ± 0.07 ng/mL, respectively. When compound 8 (4.5 mg/kg) was administered to KOA rats, CRP and COMP serum levels fell to the same normal ranges as the negative control group: 2.23 0.05 ng/mL and 1.41 0.02 ng/mL. On the other hand, the treatment of KOA rats with the mixed dose of the standard drugs was less effective than compound 8, producing COMP serum level concentrations of 3.25 ± 15.76 ng/mL, but more active in the case of CRP determination serum level concentrations of 1.85 ± 0.05 ng/mL. It could be noted that the increase in the treatment dose of compound 8 (9 mg/kg) retained the serum levels of both COMP and CRP (2.22 ± 0.11 ng/mL and 1.9 ± 0.01 ng/mL, respectively).
Furthermore, the compact enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is present in both the cystol and mitochondria of tissues, which have high energy requirements. Three CK isoenzymes, CK-MB (for cardiac muscle), CK-MM (for skeletal muscle), and CK-BB (for the brain), are tissue-specific. Excessive muscular exertion could initiate mechanical muscle damage of varying degrees [45]. The treatment of the KOA group with compound 8 (4.5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the level of CK to reach 270 ± 4.16 ng/mL, which is very close to the normal concentration level in the control group, whereas the higher concentration of 8 exhibited a lesser suppression effect of the serum level: 308 ± 2.6 ng/mL. The CK level was greatly dropped using the dose of the standard drugs to reach 216 ± 0.03 ng/mL. Additionally, LPO is a byproduct of free radical lipid peroxidation, which affects the structure of cell membranes and can indirectly indicate the extent of free radical damage [46,47,48]. The treatment of KOA rats with compound 8 at both treatment doses (4.5 and 9 mg/kg) produced an approximately equal LPO serum level (0.76 ± 0.01 µM and 0.63 ± 0.017 µM, respectively) in comparison to the untreated groups with an LPO level of 0.87 ± 0.03 µM and a more potent impact than the reference drugs, which produced an LPO serum level of 1.06 ± 0.03 µM (Table 2).
Furthermore, the serum protein level slightly decreased using compound 8 (61 ± 2.27 g/mL) at the dose of 4.5 mg/kg, but unfortunately, the protein level significantly increased upon administration of the dose of 9 mg/kg. Compound 8 was less potent at both doses in comparison with the reference drugs, which reduced the protein level to 41.8 ± 2.02 g/mL.
It is obvious that the hybridization strategy of benzofuran, pyrazole, and substituted pyridine nuclei in the same architecture as in compound 8 led to significant anti-inflammatory activity via targeting two or more molecular proteins as an aid in osteoarthritis management. The presence of the heteroatoms nitrogen and oxygen might participate in interactions with the binding pockets of the proteins producing the evaluated biomarkers via hydrogen bonds, resulting in a reduction in their serum concentrations and a decrease in osteoarthritis severity.
In addition, the obtained data revealed that the increase in the concentration of compound 8 either decreased the target activity or had a negative impact. The increase in the concentration of the molecules might affect their orientation, thus negatively affecting their fitting in the active pockets of the proteins they act on.

2.2.3. Histopathological Evaluation

Histopathological examination, a vital procedure, of the osteoarthritic joint tissues treated with compound 8 gives an important explanation about the effectiveness of the new compound to manage the disease as well as its safety profile in the examined tissues. Accordingly, the joints of the diseased rats were dissected and kept in neutral formalin at 10% for fixation. Decalcification of the joint tissue samples was performed in 20% EDTA, followed by routine processing protocols, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for light microscopy [47].
Examining the control group exhibited normal structures of the joint capsule, synovial lining, and articular cartilage. Meanwhile, the diseased group showed marked histopathological alterations, including intense periarticular inflammatory cell infiltration, damage to articular cartilage, and sloughing of the synovial lining. On the other hand, the animal groups treated with compound 8 (4.5 or 9 mg/kg/day) exhibited a marked improvement, as all the examined joint sections were apparently normal with mild periarticular edema; no histopathological changes were detected in the examined sections. The treated groups showed marked improvement without any detectable alterations (Figure 4).

3. Computational Studies

3.1. Molecular Docking Study

Molecular modelling studies were carried out for compound 8 to study its mode of action. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) protein was selected for this study. Firstly, we re-docked the native ligand to validate the docking protocol. It was found that the re-docked pose produced a minimum RMSD < 1.0 Å against the original binding pose in the crystal structure (Figure 5A), and the re-docked pose occupied the same position as the original pose with a binding score of −6.8 Kcal/mol. These results indicated the reliability of the screening method that was used in this study. The interactions of the native ligand with COX-1 showed an H-bond between NH-Arg120 and with the F atom at a distance of 2.6 Å. The residues Met522, Ser353, and Tyr355 formed π–π interaction with the phenyl group (Figure 5B). Hydrophobic interactions were identified between Ile523, Ala527, Leu531, and the Isoxazole ring (Figure 5B, Table 3). Compound 8 showed a good binding mode within the COX-1 active site and a docking score of −9.5 Kcal/mol, which is better than the binding score of the native ligand (−6.8 Kcal/mol). The NH2 groups of compound 8 formed two H-bonds with OH-Met522 at distances (2.4 and 3.1 Å), respectively. The residues of Phe209, Phe381, Tyr385, and Tyr355 formed pi–pi interactions with the phenyl group and the pyrazole moiety of compound 8. The benzofuran moiety formed hydrophobic interactions with Trp387, Leu352, Leu534, and Leu535 (Figure 6, Table 3). Further computational studies are still required.

3.2. ADMET Analysis

The relation between potency, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity is very crucial for the drug efficiency. Using pkCSM [48], Swiss ADME [49], and Data Warrior [48,50], the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), drug-likeness, and toxicity features of the chemical compound 8 were assessed in this investigation. For a medicine to work effectively, potency, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity must interact.
Table 4 represents the drug-likeness properties and synthetic accessibility of compound 8. It is evident that compound 8 satisfies Lipinski’s rule of five, which forecasts the drug’s oral bioavailability. The molecular weight of compound 8 is 500, hydrogen bond donors <5, hydrogen bond acceptor <10, and Clog p < 5. These parameters confirm the good oral bioavailability of compound 8. Also, compound 8 passed the PAINS filtrate. The synthetic accessibility of compound 8 is close to 1, which indicates that it is easy to prepare.
Additionally, the biological effects and bioavailability of the drug depend greatly on absorption. The absorption of compound 8 in the human intestinal tract was high (89%) while Caco2 cells showed low permeability for compound 8 (Table 5). In addition, compound 8 is unsuitable for transdermal applications, according to the negative value of in vitro skin permeability (Table 5). In line with its anti-osteoarthritis efficacy and lack of requirement to cross the blood–brain barrier, compound 8 displayed low blood–brain barrier permeability and CNS permeability (Table 5). Moreover, compound 8 is not predicted to inhibit liver enzymes like CYPC1A2 and CYP2D6, but it is predicted to be a CYP3A4 substrate. The total clearance of compound 8 is 1.089 mL/min/kg, and it is not a substrate for the renal OCT transporter (Table 5). Furthermore, the toxicity assessments of compound 8 proved it is not mutagenic, tumorigenic, or a skin irritant, which indicates that compound 8 has a safe profile (Table 6).

4. Conclusions

In summary, based on the promising anti-inflammatory activity of benzofuran, pyrazole, and pyridine heterocycles, this study deals with the design and synthesis of the hybridized compound 8 of the latter ring systems in an effort to generate a new NSAID with significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy with minimum adverse effects and a high safety profile as an aid in osteoarthritis management, which was assessed on a model of knee osteoarthritis in rats.
The new compound demonstrated promising anti-osteoarthritis activity. The study exhibited that the mechanism of action of compound 8 is multifunctional via promising suppression of different inflammatory factors such as RANTES, CRP, COMP, and CK and controlling free radicals such as LPO. Histopathological examination of the diseased rats treated with compound 8 exhibited a marked improvement, as all the examined joint sections were apparently normal with mild particular edema and no histopathological changes. An ADMET analysis confirmed that compound 8 has promising drug-like properties and is easy to synthesize. Additionally, it adheres to Lipinski’s rule of five, a sign of strong oral bioavailability. Moreover, compound 8 showed a high absorption rate of human intestinal cells and low skin permeability. Interestingly, compound 8 showed a safe profile alongside negative mutagenic and tumorigenic effects and non-irritant effects on the skin.
The obtained results confirmed the promising target of the design strategy, and the therapeutic potential of the new compound 8 for managing osteoarthritis necessitates deeper studies and investigation in future trials.

5. Experimental Protocols

5.1. Chemistry

The instrumental devices used for measuring the melting points, spectral data (IR, mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR), and elemental analyses are detailed in Supporting Information.
2-Acetylbenzofuran (1), 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene-2-phenylhydrazone (3), 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxaldehyde (4), and 2-((3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)malononitrile (6) were prepared according to methods reported in the literature [34,35,36,37,38].

5.1.1. Synthesis of 1-(1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene)-2-phenylhydrazine (3)

The compound 1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)ethanone (1) (1.60 gm, 0.01 mol) was dissolved in ethanol (25 mL) containing a catalytic amount of acetic acid in a round-bottom flask. Then, phenyl hydrazine (1.10 gm, 0.01 mol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temp. for about 1 hr. After the completion of the reaction as indicated with TLC, the Schiff’s base 3 formed was isolated and recrystallized from ethanol in an 82% yield and m.p. 86–88 °C [35].

5.1.2. Synthesis of 3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxyaldehyde (4)

In a round-bottom flask, phosphorus oxychloride (20 mL, 0.2 mol) was added dropwise with stirring to dimethyl formamide (150 mL) at 0–5 °C. Then, (1-benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene-2-phenyl hydrazine (23.5 gm, 0.094 mol) was added portion-wise with continuous stirring. The reaction mixture was left overnight at room temperature, poured onto ice-cold water, and neutralized with an ammonium hydroxide solution (5%). The formed precipitate was filtered, dried, and recrystallized from acetic acid to give the title compound 4 in a 90% yield and m.p. 160–162 °C [36,37,38].

5.1.3. Synthesis of 2-((3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)malononilrile (6)

A mixture of compound 4 (0.58 g, 0.002 mol) and malononitrile (5) (0.13 mL, 0.002 mol) in absolute ethanol (15 mL) containing a few drops of piperidine was warmed for 15 min and stirred for 1 hr at room temperature. The formed precipitate was filtered, dried, and recrystallized from absolute ethanol (99%) to give the title compound 6 in a 74% yield and m.p. 180–181 °C [36].

5.1.4. Synthesis of 1,6-Diamino-4-(3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (8)

A mixture of compound 6 (0.87 gm, 0.002 mol) and 2-cyanoacetohydrazide (7) (0.2 gm, 0.002 mol) in absolute ethanol (15 mL) containing a few drops of piperidine was refluxed for 3 h. The formed precipitate was filtered, dried, and recrystallized from absolute ethanol.
Yield = 85%; mp 269–270 °C; IR (νmax/cm−1): 3393, 3315, 3210 (2NH2), 2217 (CN), 1661 (CO); 1H NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d6) δH 5.72 (s, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 7.17 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 7.27–7.47 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.59–7.70 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 8.01 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 7.8 Hz), 8.58 (br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 9.11 (s, 1H, pyrazole proton) ppm; 13C NMR (75 MHz; DMSO-d6) δC 76.0, 88.1,105.3, 111.8, 115.8, 115.8, 116.7, 119.1, 122.0, 123.9, 125.6, 128.04, 128.6, 130.4, 139.1, 141.5, 148.5, 151.3, 154.6, 157.1, 159.7. MS, m/z (%): 433 [M+] (37), 434 [M+1] (19), 77 [due to C6H5] (100). Anal. calcd. for C24H15N7O2 (433.43): C, 66.51; H, 3.49; N, 22.62; found: C, 66.32; H, 3.22; N, 22.43.

5.2. Biochemical Study

5.2.1. In Vivo Study

Animals

The experimental rats: thirty Wister albino rats of both sexes were used in this investigation. These animals were apparently healthy and weighed 150–200 g. Rats were housed in hygienic fiber-glass cages. They were obtained from the animal house of the National Research Center, Egypt. Animals were fed with commercial pellets. The rats were allowed free access to tap water and feed throughout the experiment. All animals were observed daily for signs of toxicity.

Knee Inflammation Induction in Rats

A single intra-articular injection (i.a.) of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) was injected through the infra-patellar ligament into the joint space of the right knee of lightly anesthetized rats (3% isoflurane in O2 at 1.5 L/min). The single-dose i.a. injection of 3 mg of MIA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was prepared by dissolving MIA (3 mg) in 50 µL of 0.9% physiological saline in a total volume of 50 μL of saline according to the methodology of Udo et al., 2016 [51]. All rats were kept under observation throughout the experiment.

Experimental Design

The animals were constructed into five groups of rats; each group contained six rats:
The first group represents the healthy group or the negative control.
The second group represents the rats who were injected with mono-iodo acetate (MIA) with a single dose.
The third group represents the rats who were injected with a single dose of mono-iodo acetate (MIA) and supplemented orally with the tested compound 8 of a dose equivalent to 4.5 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks.
The fourth group: Rats were injected with mono-iodo acetate (MIA) with a single dose and supplemented orally with compound 8 with a dose equivalent to 9 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks.
The fifth group: Rats were injected with 50 mg of MIA in a total volume of 50 μL of saline in the right knee, and then treated with standard drugs, Chondrogen (4.5 mg/Kg/day) mixed with voltaren (9 mg/Kg), orally for 2 weeks.
At the end of the treatment, blood samples were drawn from the animals by puncturing the retro-orbital venous plexus with a thin sterilized capillary tube under light anesthesia, using isoflurane as an inhaled anesthetic in a drop jar at a concentration of 4–5% then 2% for maintenance. Blood specimens were centrifuged to separate serum and stored at −80 °C until needed. Rats were then sacrificed using decapitation and joints were dissected.

5.2.2. Measuring of Biological Parameters

DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay

Free radical scavenging ability of compound 8 was tested with a DPPH radical scavenging assay as described by Desmarchelier et al., 1997 [52]. More details are provided in Supporting Information.

Evaluation of RANTES, CRP, COMP, LPO, CK, and Protein in KOA Rats with ELISA

Rat regulated on activation in normal T-cells expressed and secreted (RANTES), rat creatine kinase (CK), rat lipid peroxide (LPO), rat C-reactive protein (CRP), and rat cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were measured in rat serum with ELISA according to the instruction kits with catalogue nos. SL0616Ra, SL1186Ra, SL1340Ra, SL0202Ra, and SL1042Ra, respectively. Total protein was measured in rat serum with a calorimetric method (Biuret reagent), according to the instruction kit, from the spectrum and read at 560 nm.

5.2.3. Histopathological Study

Joints were dissected and kept in neutral formalin (10%) for fixation. Decalcification of joint tissue samples was performed in 20% EDTA followed by a routine processing protocol and staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for light microscopy.

5.2.4. Molecular Docking

Preparation of the Protein

The crystal structure of cyclooxygenase−1 and COX−1 (PDB:5U6X) complexed with 3-(5-chlorofuran-2-yl)-5-methyl-4-phenylisoxazole was downloaded from a protein data bank (https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5U6X, accessed on 5 September 2023). The protein was prepared according to the reported method [53]. Hydrogen atoms were added to the crystal structure. The water molecules and ions were removed, and the protonation state of each residue was determined at pH 7 using the PDB2PQR server (http://nbcr-222.ucsd.edu/pdb2pqr2.0.0/, accessed on 5 September 2023) [54]. The missing loop regions and missing residues were inserted with the MODELLER program. The protein was kept rigid during the docking.

Preparation of the Ligands

The native ligand and compound 8 were protonated, and partial charges were assigned with MOE software using the Gastiger method and it saved ligands as mol2 files [55]. The energies of ligands were minimized with the MMFF94 force field until an RMSD gradient of 0.05 kcal/mol Å. Both ligands were kept flexible during the molecular docking.

Molecular Modelling

To investigate the accuracy of the docking protocol, the native ligand was re-docked using the docking scheme. The docking studies were carried out using MOE software against the cyclooxygenase-1 complex (PDB:5U6X); the position of the native ligand was identified and used for docking studies of compound 8. The Placement tool was implemented as Triangle Matcher. The scoring criteria were London dG, and the rescoring affinity dG was applied for refinement [56].

Compliance with Ethical Standards

All animal treatments were carried out in accordance with the National Research Centre’s (NRC) Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in Dokki, Giza, Egypt (NRC), and were authorized by the MREC of the NRC (NRC no. 34412012023).

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28196814/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., A.K.A.-M., N.E.I. and M.M.A.; methodology, S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., A.K.A.-M. and N.E.I.; software, M.M.A.; validation S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., A.K.A.-M., N.E.I. and M.M.A.; formal analysis, S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., A.K.A.-M., N.E.I., M.M.A., H.M.A. and A.A.Z.; investigation, S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., A.K.A.-M.; N.E.I., M.M.A., H.M.A. and A.A.Z.; resources, S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., H.M.A. and A.A.Z.; data curation, S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., A.K.A.-M., N.E.I. and M.M.A.; writing—original draft preparation. All authors contributed in writing the original draft. Project administration, H.M.A.; funding acquisition, S.S.A.E.-K., A.H.M., A.K.A.-M.-, N.E.I., M.M.A., H.M.A. and A.A.Z.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Project number (RSPD2023R930), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Institutional Review Board Statement

All animal treatments were carried out in accordance with the National Research Centre’s (NRC) Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in Dokki, Giza, Egypt (NRC), and were authorized by the MREC of the NRC (NRC no. 34412012023).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

This research project was supported by the Researchers Supporting Project (number: RSPD2023R930), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors acknowledge the National Research Centre for use of the lab equipment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors claim they have no competing interests.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

References

  1. Lambova, S.N. Knee Osteoarthritis—How Close Are We to Disease-Modifying Treatment: Emphasis on Metabolic Type Knee Osteoarthritis. Life 2013, 13, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Berenbaum, F.; Wallace, I.J.; Lieberman, D.E.; Felson, D.T.; Sinusas, K. Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and treatment. Am. Fam. Phys. 2012, 85, 49–56. [Google Scholar]
  3. Litwic, A.; Edwards, M.H.; Dennison, E.M.; Cooper, C. Epidemiology and burden of osteoarthritis. Br. Med. Bull. 2013, 105, 185–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Wallace, I.J.; Worthington, S.; Felson, D.T.; Jurmain, R.D.; Wren, K.T.; Maijanen, H.; Woods, R.J.; Lieberman, D.E. Knee osteoarthritis has doubled in prevalence since the mid-20th century. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, 9332–9336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Zhao, Y.; Xu, J. Synovial fluid-derived exosomal lncRNA PCGEM1 as biomarker for the different stages of osteoarthritis. Int. Orthop. 2018, 24, 2865–2872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Mobasheri, A.; Saarakkala, S.; Finnilä, M.; Karsdal, M.A.; Bay-Jensen, A.C.; van Spil, W.E. Recent advances in understanding the phenotypes of osteoarthritis. F1000Research 2019, 8, F1000 Faculty Rev-2091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Jette, D.U.; Hunter, S.J.; Burkett, L.; Langham, B.; Logerstedt, D.S.; Piuzzi, N.S.; Poirier, N.M.; Radach, L.J.L.; Ritter, J.E.; Scalzitti, D.A.; et al. Physical therapist management of total knee arthroplasty. Phys Ther. 2020, 100, 1603–1631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Bannuru, R.R.; Osani, M.C.; Vaysbrot, E.E.; Arden, N.K.; Bennell, K.; Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M.A.; Kraus, V.B.; Lohmander, L.S.; Abbott, J.H.; Bhandari, M.; et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2019, 27, 1578–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Charlesworth, J.; Fitzpatrick, J.; Perera, N.K.P.; Orchard, J. Osteoarthritis a systematic review of long-term safety implications for osteoarthritis of the knee. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019, 20, 151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Goldring, M.B.; Otero, M. Inflammation in osteoarthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2011, 23, 471–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Valdes, A.M.; Stocks, J. Osteoarthritis and aging. Eur. Med. J. 2018, 3, 116–123. Available online: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/918526 (accessed on 5 September 2023). [CrossRef]
  12. Kou, L.; Xiao, S.; Sun, R.; Bao, S.; Yao, Q.; Chen, R. Biomaterial-engineered intraarticular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy. Drug Deliv. 2019, 26, 870–885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Khalid, M.; Tufail, S.; Aslam, Z.; Butt, A. Osteoarthritis: From complications to cure. Int. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 2017, 12, 160–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Mulka-Gierek, M.; Krata, N.; Foroncewicz, B.; Pączek, L.; Mucha, K. The Different Patterns of Over-the-Counter Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs or Analgesics Use in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and the General Population. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Tayem, Y.I.; Qubaja, M.M.; Shraim, R.K.; Taha, O.B.; Shkheidem, I.A.; Ibrahim, M.A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics prescription trends at a central west bank hospital. Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J. 2013, 13, 567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Shirley, P.Y.; Hunter, D.J. Managing osteoarthritis. Aust. Prescr. 2015, 38, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Cutolo, M.; Berenbaum, F.; Hochberg, M.; Punzi, L.; Reginster, J.Y. Commentary on recent therapeutic guidelines for osteoarthritis. Semin. Arthritis. Rheum. 2015, 44, 611–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Hena Khanam, S. Bioactive Benzofuran derivatives: A review. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 97, 483–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Abbas, H.A.; Abd El-Karim, S.S. Design, synthesis and anticervical cancer activity of new benzofuran–pyrazol-hydrazono-thiazolidin-4-one hybrids as potential EGFR inhibitors and apoptosis inducing agents. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 89, 103035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Seo, Y.H.; Damodar, K.; Kim, J.-K.; Jun, J.-G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2- aroylbenzofurans, rugchalcones, A.; B and their derivatives as potent antiinflammatory agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 1521–1524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Kadayat, T.M.; Banskota, S.; Gurung, P.P.; Bist, G.; Magar, T.B.; Shrestha, A.; Kim, J.A.; Lee, E.S. Discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of 2-benzylidene-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one and benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives as a novel class of potential therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 137, 575–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. El-Miligy, M.M.M.; Hazzaa, A.A.; El-Messmary, H.; Nassra, R.A.; El-Hawash, S.A.M. New hybrid molecules combining benzothiophene or benzofuran with rhodanine as dual COX-1/2 and 5- LOX inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking study. Bioorg. Chem. 2017, 72, 102–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Yadav, P.; Singh, P.; Tewari, A.K. Design, synthesis, docking and anti-inflammatory evaluation of novel series of benzofuran based prodrugs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014, 24, 2251–2255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Hassan, G.S.; Abou-Seri, S.M.; Kamel, G.; Ali, M.M. Celecoxib analogs bearing benzofuran moiety as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis and evaluation as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 76, 482–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Bekhit, A.A.; Nasralla, S.N.; El-Agroudy, E.J.; Hamouda, N.; Abd El-Fattah, A.; Bekhit, S.A.; Amagase, K.; Ibrahim, T.M. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of promising pyrazole derivative. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Nossier, E.S.; Fahmy, H.H.; Khalifa, N.M.; El-Eraky, W.I.; Baset, M.A. Design and synthesis of novel pyrazole-substituted different nitrogenous heterocyclic ring systems as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Molecules 2017, 22, 512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Abd El-Karim, S.S.; Mohamed, H.S.; Abdelhameed, M.F.; Amr, A.E.; Almehizia, A.A.; Nossier, E.S. Design, synthesis and molecular docking of new pyrazole-thiazolidinones as potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents with TNF-α inhibitory activity. Bioorg. Chem. 2021, 111, 104827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Penning, T.D.; Talley, J.J.; Bertenshaw, S.R.; Carter, J.S.; Collins, P.W.; Docter, S.; Graneto, M.J.; Lee, L.F.; Malecha, J.W.; Miyashiro, J.M.; et al. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the 1,5-Diarylpyrazole Class of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors: Identification of 4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide (SC-58635, Celecoxib). J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 1347–1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Fioravanti, R.; Bolasco, A.; Manna, F.; Rossi, F.; Orallo, F.; Ortuso, F.; Alcaro, S.; Cirilli, R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-substituted-3,5-diphenyl-2-pyrazoline derivatives as cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 6135–6138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Ochiai, K.; Ando, N.; Iwase, K.; Kishi, T.; Fukuchi, K.; Ohinata, A.; Zushi, H.; Yasue, T.; Adams, D.R.; Kohno, Y. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Part 2: Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of dual PDE3/4-inhibitory pyrazolo [1, 5- a] pyridines with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 5451–5456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Kamat, V.; Santosh, R.; Poojary, B.; Nayak, S.P.; Kumar, B.K.; Sankaranarayanan, M.; Faheem; Khanapure, S.; Barretto, D.A.; Vootla, S.K. Pyridine-and thiazole-based hydrazides with promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities along with their in silico studies. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 25228–25239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Fischer, J.; Ganellin, C.R. Analogue-based drug discovery. Chem. Int. Newsmag. IUPAC 2010, 32, 12–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Othman, E.M.; Fayed, E.A.; Husseiny, E.M.; Abulkhair, H.S. Apoptosis induction, PARP-1 inhibition, and cell cycle analysis of leukemia cancer cells treated with novel synthetic 1, 2, 3-triazole-chalcone conjugates. Bioorg. Chem. 2022, 123, 105762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Elliott, E.D. The preparation and properties of 2-vinylbenzofuran. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Aruna Kumar, D.B.; Prakash, G.K.; Kumaraswamy, M.N.; Nandeshwarappa, B.P.; Sherigara, B.S.; Mahadevan, K.M. Synthesis and antimicrobial investigation of some novel phenyl pyrazole, azetidinone and diazenyl ethanone derivatives of benzofurans. Ind. J. Chem. 2007, 46B, 336–343. [Google Scholar]
  36. El-Zahar, M.I.; Abd El-Karim, S.S.; Anwar, M.M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity screening of some novel benzofuranoyl-pyrazole derivatives against liver and cervix carcinoma cell line. S. Afr. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 189–199. [Google Scholar]
  37. Abd El-Karim, S.S.; Anwar, M.M.; Mohamed, N.A.; Nasr, T.; Elseginy, S.A. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel benzofuran–pyrazole derivatives as anticancer agents. Bioorg. Chem. 2015, 63, 114790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Anwar, M.M.; Abd El-Karim, S.S.; Mahmoud, A.H.; Amr, A.G.-E.; Al-Omar, M.A. A Comparative study of the anticancer activity and PARP-1 inhibiting Effect of benzofuran–pyrazole scaffold and its nano-sized particles in human breast cancer cells. Molecules 2019, 24, 2413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Nejadhosseinian, M.; Djalalinia, S.; Haerian, H.; Alikhani, M.; Mansour, A.; Mousavian, A.H.; Mardani-Fard, H.A.; Kasaeian, A.; Faezi, S.T. The effects of antioxidants on knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Nutr. 2022, 9, 1026450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Ajuebor, M.N.; Hogaboam, C.M.; Kunkel, S.L.; Proudfoot, A.E.; Wallace, J.L. The chemokine RANTES is a crucial mediator of the progression from acute to chronic colitis in the rat. J. Immun. 2001, 166, 552–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Stanczyk, J.; Kowalski, M.L.; Grzegorczyk, J.; Szkudlinska, B.; Jarzebska, M.; Marciniak, M.; Synder, M. RANTES and chemotactic activity in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Mediat. Inflamm. 2005, 14, 343–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Katschke, K.J., Jr.; Rottman, J.B.; Ruth, J.H.; Qin, S.; Wu, L.; LaRosa, G.; Ponath, P.; Park, C.C.; Pope, R.M.; Koch, A.E. Differential expression of chemokine receptors on peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue monocytes/macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44, 1022–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Zhang, J. Meta-analysis of serum C-reactive protein and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein levels as biomarkers for clinical knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2018, 19, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Sanchez-Ramirez, D.C.; van der Leeden, M.; van der Esch, M.; Roorda, L.D.; Verschueren, S.; van Dieen, J.; Lems, W.F.; Dekker, J. Increased knee muscle strength is associated with decreased activity limitations in established knee osteoarthritis: Two-year follow-up study in the Amsterdam osteoarthritis cohort. J. Rehabil. Med. 2015, 47, 647–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Mourad, B.H. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among Egyptian printing workers evidenced by using serum biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, muscle injury, and collagen type I turnover. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 2021, 37, 9–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Hong, Z.; Gao, H.; Su, Y.; Xu, B.; Wu, Z. Effect and mechanism of total alkaloids of strychnine on papain induced rabbit knee osteoarthritis. Biomed. Res. 2018, 29, 1590–1597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Jones, M.L.; Bancroft, J.D.; Gamble, M. Connective tissues and stains. Theory Pract. Histol. Tech. 2008, 6, 135–160. [Google Scholar]
  48. Pires, D.E.; Blundell, T.L.; Ascher, D.B. pkCSM: Predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 4066–4072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Elseginy, S.A.; Oliveira, A.S.F.; Shoemark, D.K.; Sessions, R.B. Identification and validation of novel microtubule suppressors with an imidazopyridine scaffold through structure-based virtual screening and docking. RSC Med. Chem. 2022, 13, 929–943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Daina, A.; Michielin, O.; Zoete, V. SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of molecules. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 42717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Udo, M.; Muneta, T.; Tsuji, K.; Ozeki, N.; Nakagawa, Y.; Ohara, T.; Saito, R.; Yanagisawa, K.; Koga, H.; Sekiya, I. Monoiodoacetic acid induces arthritis and synovitis in rats in a dose-and time-dependent manner: Proposed model-specific scoring systems. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2016, 24, 1284–1291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Desmarchelier, C.; Novoa Bermudez, M.J.; Coussio, J.; Ciccia, G.; Boveris, A. Antioxidant and Prooxidant Activities in Aqueous Extracts of Argentine Plants. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 1997, 35, 116–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Elseginy, S.A. Virtual screening and structure-based 3D pharmacophore approach to identify small-molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2022, 40, 13658–13674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Dolinsky, T.J.; Nielsen, J.E.; McCammon, J.A.; Baker, N.A. PDB2PQR: An automated pipeline for the setup of Poisson–Boltzmann electrostatics calculations. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32 (Suppl. 2), W665–W667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Webb, B.; Sali, A. Comparative protein structure modeling using MODELLER. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 2016, 54, 5–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Elseginy, S.A.; Anwar, M.M. In silico analysis of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease potential inhibitors. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 38616–38631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Molecules 28 06814 g001
Figure 1. Various benzofuran-based derivatives of promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.
Figure 1. Various benzofuran-based derivatives of promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.
Molecules 28 06814 g001
Molecules 28 06814 g002
Figure 2. Different potent FDA-approved anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs bearing pyrazole and pyridine pharmacophores.
Figure 2. Different potent FDA-approved anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs bearing pyrazole and pyridine pharmacophores.
Molecules 28 06814 g002
Molecules 28 06814 g003
Figure 3. The design approach of the new benzofuran–pyrazole–pyridine-based compound 8.
Figure 3. The design approach of the new benzofuran–pyrazole–pyridine-based compound 8.
Molecules 28 06814 g003
Molecules 28 06814 sch001
Scheme 1. The synthetic approach of the benzofuran–pyrazole–pyridine-based derivative 8.
Scheme 1. The synthetic approach of the benzofuran–pyrazole–pyridine-based derivative 8.
Molecules 28 06814 sch001
Molecules 28 06814 g004
Figure 4. Photomicrograph of joint (H&E). (A) Control group showed normal joint structure. (B) Positive control showed necrotic articular cartilage (black arrows) and sloughing of synovial lining with mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration (red arrow). (C) Low-dose compound 8 (4 mg/kg/day) showed apparently normal joints with mild periarticular edema. (D) Compound 8 (8 mg/kg/day) showed apparently normal joint. (E) Standard group showing apparently normal structure of joint.
Figure 4. Photomicrograph of joint (H&E). (A) Control group showed normal joint structure. (B) Positive control showed necrotic articular cartilage (black arrows) and sloughing of synovial lining with mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration (red arrow). (C) Low-dose compound 8 (4 mg/kg/day) showed apparently normal joints with mild periarticular edema. (D) Compound 8 (8 mg/kg/day) showed apparently normal joint. (E) Standard group showing apparently normal structure of joint.
Molecules 28 06814 g004
Molecules 28 06814 g005
Figure 5. (A) Three-dimensional representation of the re-dock native ligand. The native ligand (purple, stick), and the re-docked ligand (purple, stick). (B) Ligplot+ diagram of the native ligand.
Figure 5. (A) Three-dimensional representation of the re-dock native ligand. The native ligand (purple, stick), and the re-docked ligand (purple, stick). (B) Ligplot+ diagram of the native ligand.
Molecules 28 06814 g005
Molecules 28 06814 g006aMolecules 28 06814 g006b
Figure 6. (A) Representation of re-dock compound 8 (within COX-1 binding site); compound 8 represented as the green stick structure. (B) Ligplot+ diagram of compound 8.
Figure 6. (A) Representation of re-dock compound 8 (within COX-1 binding site); compound 8 represented as the green stick structure. (B) Ligplot+ diagram of compound 8.
Molecules 28 06814 g006aMolecules 28 06814 g006b
Table 1. DPPH scavenging activity of the target compound 8.
Table 1. DPPH scavenging activity of the target compound 8.
ConcentrationsDPPH Scavenging Activity (%)
of Ascorbic Acid		DPPH Scavenging Activity (%) of Compound 8
1054.88 ± 3.117.93 ± 2.1
5097.4 ± 2.114.02 ± 1.8
10097 ± 2.311.59 ± 1.8
20097 ± 1.723 ± 2.5
50097.2 ± 1.950 ± 2.3
100097 ± 2.384.4 ± 2.7
Table 2. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers RANTES, CRP, COMP, LPO, CK, and protein in KOA rats.
Table 2. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers RANTES, CRP, COMP, LPO, CK, and protein in KOA rats.
GroupsRANTES
(Pg/mL) 		CRP
(ng/mL)		COMP
(ng/mL)		CK (ng/mL)LPO
(µM)		Protein
(g/mL)
1-Negative
control		60.17 ± 0.85
(2 ***, 3 ***, 4 *, 5 **)		2.10 ± 0.01
(2 ***)		1.46 ± 0.012
(2, 4, 5) ***		262 ± 5.2
(2 ***, 4 **, 5 ***)		0.76 ± 0.009
(2, 4, 5) ***		53.4 ± 0.64
(4 ***)
2-Positive
control		88.76 ± 1.8
(1, 3, 4, 5) ***		2.51 ± 0.03
(1 ***, 3 **, 4 **, 5 **)		1.75 ± 0.07
(1 ***, 3 ***, 4 *)		519 ± 6
(1, 3, 4, 5) ***		0.87 ± 0.03
(1, 3, 4, 5) ***		63.43 ± 1.82
(4 ***, 5 **)
3-Low dose42.35 ± 1.43
(2, 4, 5) ***		2.23 ± 0.05
(2 **)		1.41 ± 0.02
(2, 4, 5) ***		270 ± 4.16
(2 ***, 3 **, 5 ***)		0.76 ± 0.01
(2, 4, 5) ***		61 ± 2.27
(4 ***, 5 *)
4-High dose55.86 ± 0.94
(1 *, 2 ***, 3 ***, 5 ***)		2.22 ± 0.11
(2 **)		1.90 ± 0.01
(1 ***, 2 *, 3 ***)		308 ± 2.6
(1 **, 2 ***, 3 **)		0.63 ± 0.017
(1, 2, 3, 5) ***		120.45 ± 9.16
(1, 2, 3, 5) ***
5-Ref.
drug		66.02 ± 0.96
(1 **, 2 ***, 3 ***, 4 ***)		1.85 ± 0.05
(1, 3) ***		3.25 ± 15.76
(1, 2, 3) ***		216 ± 0.03
(2 **)		1.06 ± 0.03
(1, 2, 3, 4) ***		41.8 ± 2.02
(2 **, 3 *, 4 ***)
Results: mean ± SE, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Reference drugs: mixed doses of condrogen (4.5 mg/kg/day) and voltaren (9 mg/kg/day).
Table 3. Docking score and interactions of native ligand and compound 8.
Table 3. Docking score and interactions of native ligand and compound 8.
Docking Scores
(Kcal/mol)		Residues of ProteinsMoieties of CompoundsType of Interactions
Native ligand−6.8NH-Arg120FH-bond (2.6 Å)
Met522, Ser353Furan ringPi–pi interaction
Tyr355
Leu352, Val349, Ile523,
Ala527, Leu531		Phenyl ringHydrophobic
Isoxazole ring
Compound 8−9.5OH-Met522NHH-bond (2.4 Å)
NHH-bond (3.1 Å)
Phe209Phenyl groupPi–pi interaction
Phe381Phenyl group
Tyr385Pyrazole group
Tyr355Pyrazole group
Trp387, Leu352Benzofuran moietyHydrophobic
Leu534, Leu535
Table 4. Drug-likeness, Lipinski rule, and synthetic accessibility of compound 8.
Table 4. Drug-likeness, Lipinski rule, and synthetic accessibility of compound 8.
Drug-Likeness ParametersCompound 8
Smile[O+]=1c2c(CC=1c1nn(cc1C1=C(C#N)C(=O)N(N)C(N)=C1C#N)-c1ccccc1)cccc2
MW434.438
Log Po/w(XLOGP3)1.59
Log Po/w(MLOGP)1.82
HBD2
HBA5
NRB3
MR121.36
LipinskiYes (0 violation)
SA3.79
TPSA137.75
Bioavailability score0.55
PAINS filtrateYes (0 violation)
MW = molecular weight, log Po/w = lipophilicity, HBD = hydrogen bond donor, HBA = hydrogen bond acceptor, NRB = number of rotatable bonds, MR = molecular refractivity, SA = synthetic accessibility (from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very difficult)), TPSA = topological polar surface area.
Table 5. Pharmacokinetics characteristics of compound 8.
Table 5. Pharmacokinetics characteristics of compound 8.
Absorption
Model NamePredicted ValueUnit
Water solubility−3.37log mol/L
Human intestinal absorption (HIA)89.13%
Caco2 permeability0.34nm s−1
Skin permeability−2.73log Kp, cm h−1
Distribution
BBB permeability−0.54log BB
CNS permeability−2.37log PS
Metabolism
CYPC1A2 inhibitionNo
CYP2D6 inhibitionNo
CYP3A4 substrateYes
Excretion
Total clearance1.08log ml/min/kg
Renal OCT2 substrateNo
HIA = human intestinal absorption (0–20 (poor), 20–70 (moderate), and 70–100 (well)), Caco2 = in vitro Caco2 cell permeability, BBB = blood–brain barrier permeability.
Table 6. Predicted toxicity using Data Warrior.
Table 6. Predicted toxicity using Data Warrior.
TestCarcinogenicity (Mouse)
Mutagennone
Tumorigenicnone
Irritantnone
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Abd El-Karim, S.S.; Mahmoud, A.H.; Al-Mokaddem, A.K.; Ibrahim, N.E.; Alkahtani, H.M.; Zen, A.A.; Anwar, M.M. Development of a New Benzofuran–Pyrazole–Pyridine-Based Molecule for the Management of Osteoarthritis. Molecules 2023, 28, 6814. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196814

AMA Style

Abd El-Karim SS, Mahmoud AH, Al-Mokaddem AK, Ibrahim NE, Alkahtani HM, Zen AA, Anwar MM. Development of a New Benzofuran–Pyrazole–Pyridine-Based Molecule for the Management of Osteoarthritis. Molecules. 2023; 28(19):6814. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196814

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abd El-Karim, Somaia S., Ahlam H. Mahmoud, Asmaa K. Al-Mokaddem, Noha E. Ibrahim, Hamad M. Alkahtani, Amer Alhaj Zen, and Manal M. Anwar. 2023. "Development of a New Benzofuran–Pyrazole–Pyridine-Based Molecule for the Management of Osteoarthritis" Molecules 28, no. 19: 6814. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196814

APA Style

Abd El-Karim, S. S., Mahmoud, A. H., Al-Mokaddem, A. K., Ibrahim, N. E., Alkahtani, H. M., Zen, A. A., & Anwar, M. M. (2023). Development of a New Benzofuran–Pyrazole–Pyridine-Based Molecule for the Management of Osteoarthritis. Molecules, 28(19), 6814. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196814

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop