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Article

Scissor-like Au4Cu2 Cluster with Phosphorescent Mechanochromism and Thermochromism

by
Xue-Meng Wu
1,2,3,
Jin-Yun Wang
1,
Ya-Zi Huang
1 and
Zhong-Ning Chen
1,2,3,4,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
2
ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
4
Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(7), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073247
Submission received: 5 March 2023 / Revised: 29 March 2023 / Accepted: 3 April 2023 / Published: 5 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Chemistry)
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Abstract

:
Reaction of [Au(tht)2](ClO4) (tht = tetrahydrothiophene), [Cu(CH3CN)4](ClO4), 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,8-diethynyl-9H-carbazole (H3decz), and bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether (POP) in the presence of triethylamine (NEt3) gave the cluster complex Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2 as yellow crystals. As revealed by X-ray crystallography, the Au4Cu2 cluster exhibits scissor-like structure sustained by two decz and two POP ligands and stabilized by Au-Cu and Au-Au interactions. The Au4Cu2 cluster shows bright yellow to orange photoluminescence upon irradiation at >300 nm, arising from 3[π (decz)→5d (Au)] 3LMCT (ligand-to-metal charge transfer) and 3[π→π* (decz)] 3IL (intraligand) triplet states as revealed by theoretical and computational studies. When it is mechanically ground, reversible phosphorescence conversion from yellow to red is observed owing to more compact molecular packing and thus stronger intermetallic interaction. Variable-temperature luminescence studies reveal that it displays distinct red-shifts of the emission whether the temperature is elevated or lowered from ambient temperature, suggestive of exceptional thermochromic phosphorescence characteristics.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Stimuli-responsive luminescent compounds have been flourishingly developed as a class of smart solid materials with potential applications in various fields such as sensing, imaging, anti-counterfeiting, encryption, etc. [1,2,3]. Ligand-supported d10 metal cluster complexes are particularly attractive because of the additional d10-d10 intermetallic contacts that are extremely sensitive to external environments or stimuli and play a crucial role in modulation of photophysical properties. A number of ligand-supported d10 metal clusters have been found to display remarkable absorption and emission color changes upon stimulation by external conditions such as light, heat, pressure, vapor, and so on [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21], associating mostly with the alteration of d10-d10 intermetallic contacts so that emissive energy is thus perturbed.
Among various organic ligands, alkyl or aryl ethynyls are most frequently utilized to sustain d10 metal cluster structures owing to the extraordinary binding capability and coordination versatility of ethynyl moieties to d10 metal ions through σ/π bonding, as well as diverse photophysical properties. Numerous alkyls or aryl acetylides linked d10 homometallic or heterometallic clusters have been acquired and characterized by X-ray crystallography, showing intriguing luminescent properties and sensitive photophysical responses to external stimulus [22,23,24,25]. Considering that bis(ethynyl) ligands are more favorable for the formation of metal cluster architectures with folding and interpenetrating topologies to afford better molecular rigidity and a stronger emissive characteristic, we are devoted to the fabrication of d10 metal cluster complexes using carbazole-functionalized bis(ethynyl) ligands as rigid sustaining or protective ligands [26,27]. Since diphosphines afford not only similar binding affinity to d10 metal ions as that of bis(ethynyl) ligands to provide exceptional metal coordination architectures but also favor improving the solubility in organic solvents, they are a class of excellent co-ligands with carbazole-functionalized bis(ethynyl) compounds for the design of d10 metal cluster topologies [26,27].
With 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,8-diethynyl-9H-carbazole (H3decz, Scheme 1) as a rigid bis(acetylide) ligand upon deprotonation, we are able to attain a series of heterometallic cluster architectures with good molecular rigidity, impressive phosphorescent characteristics, and excellent stimuli responsiveness [6,26,27,28]. In this work, we describe a scissor-like Au4Cu2 cluster (Scheme 2) sustained by H3decz and bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether (POP). It is brilliantly phosphorescent in solution and solid state at ambient temperature, originating from the 3LMCT (ligand-to-metal charge transfer) triplet state from decz to Au as well as the 3IL (intraligand) transition of decz3−. Interestingly, it shows remarkable phosphorescent mechanochromism and thermochromism, relevant to the variation of d10-d10 Au-Cu/Au interactions exerted by mechanical and thermal stimulus. Particularly, the observation of simultaneous red-shifts of the emission upon raising or lowering the temperature manifests its exceptional thermochromic phosphorescence characteristics.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization

Ligand H3decz was obtained by the synthetic route shown in Scheme 1. The neutral Au4Cu2 cluster (Scheme 2) was prepared by the reactions of [Au(tht)2](ClO4), [Cu(CH3CN)4](ClO4), H3decz, and POP in a 2:1:1:1 molar ratio with the assistance of NEt3 for deprotonation. Re-crystallization of the product by diffusion of diethyl ether into a dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solution gave Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2·DMAc as yellow crystals in 50% yield. Thermogravimetric analysis (Figure S4, Supplementary Materials) revealed that solvate DMAc could be removed at a temperature range of 170–250 °C. Noticeably, the removal of solvated DMAc results in the disruption of the crystalline state to become a non-crystalline morph.
The structure of Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2·DMAc was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. As depicted in Figure 1, the Au4Cu2 cluster shows a scissor-like structure consisting of four Au(I) and two Cu(I) atoms linked by two tri-anionic decz3− and two POP ligands through Au–acetylide σ-coordination, Cu–acetylide π-coordination, and Cu–N bonding. The Au4Cu2 cluster is further stabilized by significant d10-d10 intermetallic interactions in view of the distinctly shorter Au–Cu (2.8501(19) and 3.039(2) Å) distances than the sum of Au and Cu atoms (ca. 3.1 Å) as well as much smaller Au–Au (3.0370(7) and 3.0632(7) Å) distances than the sum of two Au atoms (3.3 Å). The Au(I) center is bound to CP donors from acetylide and POP with the C-Au-P angle of 170.7(4)–173.6(4)°. The Cu(I) center is quasi-linearly bonded to the carbazole N atom and acetylide through π-coordination. Trianionic decz3− acts as a μ4-bridging ligand bound to two Au(I) centers through Au–acetylide σ-coordination and two Cu(I) centers through Cu–acetylide π-coordination and Cu–N bonding, respectively, strikingly different from the bonding modes reported in Ag8, Ag16, and Ag29 silver(I) nanoclusters as well as Ag4Au6 and Ag8Au10 heterometallic clusters sustained by H3decz [26,27].
The Au4Cu2 cluster was characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. In the positive ion HRMS, the observation of the molecular ion peak [Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2H]+ together with molecular fragments [Au4Cu(Hdecz)2(POP)2]+, [Au4(Hdecz)2(POP)2H]+, and [Au3(decz)(POP)2H]+ suggests that the cluster structure keeps in the gas ionization state. In the 31P NMR spectrum, two P signals occur at 32.1 and 33.7 ppm, coinciding with the Au4Cu2 structure in a solid state.

2.2. Photophysical Properties and Computational Studies

The Au4Cu2 cluster (Table 1 and Figure 2) shows intense ligand-centered absorption at <300 nm and a band at 340 nm due to metal-perturbed intraligand (IL) transitions of decz3− ligands. The broad absorption in the low-energy region (380–500 nm), containing two composite bands centered at 400 and 450 nm, is mainly ascribed to the admixture of [π (decz)→5d (Au)] 1LMCT and [π→π* (decz)] 1IL states. Upon excitation at λex > 300 nm, it exhibits bright yellow–orange luminescence peaked at 576 nm with a lifetime of 3.2 μs in degassed CH2Cl2 solution at ambient temperature, which is typical of phosphorescence in view of a large Stokes shift (Figure 2).
To clarify the absorption and emission origins together with the excited state character, we conducted a theoretical computational study using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the PBE1PBE level. In S1-S5 states (Table S3), the holes (electron-transferred moiety) focus on decz3− ligands, and the electrons (electron-accepting moiety) are mostly populated at Au atoms and decz3− ligands. Thus, low-energy absorption originates largely from [π (decz)→5d (Au)] 1LMCT and [π→π* (decz)] 1IL transitions. For the T1 state (Figure 3), since the hole and electron display a similar distribution as that in S1-S5 singlet states, the phosphorescent emission is mostly contributed by 3[π (decz)→5d (Au)] 3LMCT and 3[π→π* (decz3−)] 3IL triplet states, which accords with the emissive origin of Ag4Au6 and Ag8Au10 heterometallic clusters [27] sustained by H3decz as well as Au4Ag4 cluster complexes15 linked by 4,5-diethynylacridin-9-one.
Upon UV light irradiation at λex > 300 nm, the crystalline species Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2·DMAc (Figure 4) shows brilliant yellow emission peaked at 565 nm with phosphorescent efficiency over 50%. When solvate DMAc was removed at 180 °C under vacuum, the species color deepened obviously, as indicated in the UV-Vis spectra (Figure 4a) and the photographs (Figure 4b) under ambient light, companying with a conversion of the crystalline to the amorphous state as revealed by X-ray diffraction. As depicted in Figure 4, the removal of solvate DMAc resulted in the emission band centered at 565 nm red-shifting distinctly to 580 nm, in which intense yellow phosphorescence converted to weaker orange emitting after desolvation. Undoubtedly, desolvation leads to more compact packing of Au4Cu2 clusters, thus lowering phosphorescent energy to some extent while enhancing thermally induced non-radiative deactivation.

2.3. Stimuli-Responsive Properties

As shown in Figure 5, when pristine species of Au4Cu2 cluster was mechanically ground, the UV-Vis absorption showed a drastic red-shift with yellow to orange transformation under ambient light. More interestingly, upon thoroughly ground, the phosphorescent band peaked at 565 nm red-shifted dramatically to 623 nm, followed by the conversion of bright yellow to deep red emission. Noticeably, drastic red-shift of the emission gave rise to a dramatic broadening of the spectral band (Figure 5a), in which full width at half maxima (FWHM) changed from 81 nm to 196 nm upon mechanical grinding, thus manifesting more participation of metal cluster dominated triplet state. As demonstrated by TD-DFT studies, as phosphorescent emission in Au4Cu2 cluster arises mostly from admixture 3LMCT/3IL states, the dramatic broadening of the emission band after mechanical grinding is most likely ascribed to more contribution from d10-d10 intermetallic interaction whereas less component from 3IL state. On the other hand, when the ground species was exposed to the vapor of DMAc or CH2Cl2, the color and emission could be perfectly reverted to the original state, implying its excellent reversibility.
As shown in Figure 5c, mechanical grinding leads to the total disappearance of X-ray diffraction patterns, signifying a transformation from a crystalline to a non-crystalline state, as is observed in most metal coordination compounds with mechanochromic properties induced by intermolecular variations. When the ground species were exposed to DMAc vapor, X-ray diffraction patterns could be reverted to their original state, further demonstrating the reversibility of mechanochromism. It is known that stimuli-responsive luminescent changes triggered by intermolecular interaction are highly dependent on the doping concentration of the emitters, whereas those from an intramolecular effect are insensitive to the doping [5,6]. In order to further address this issue, a 1% Au4Cu2 cluster was doped in a PMMA matrix to explore possible machnochromism in the dilute matrix. As shown in Figure S7, the emission spectrum of 1% Au4Cu2 cluster in the PMMA matrix did not display distinct variation upon mechanical grinding, thus confirming that the phosphorescent mechanochromism of Au4Cu2 cluster results indeed from the variation of intermolecular packing instead of intramolecular effect.
As depicted in Figure 6, pristine species of Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2·DMAc show phosphorescent emission centered at ca. 570 nm at an ambient temperature of 290 K. When the temperature was step by step raised to 470 K, the emission band followed 570 nm (290 K)→575 nm (320 K)→578 nm (350 K)→581 nm (380 K)→584 nm (410 K)→587 nm (440 K)→590 nm (470 K) to show a gradual red-shift with a progressive reduction of the intensity. The stepwise red-shift with temperature raising is ascribed to the gradual desolvation process as discussed above, whereas a progressive decrease in the emission intensity is due to the increasingly increased thermally non-radiative deactivation process. On the other hand, when the temperature is lowered to liquid nitrogen, the emission follows 570 nm (290 K)→580 nm (260 K)→593 nm (230 K)→595 nm (200 K) to show a gradual red-shift, which is assignable to the stepwise shortening of intermetallic distances and the successive increase in d10-d10 interaction so that phosphorescent energy is progressively reduced. The consecutive emission enhancement is due to the step-by-step suppression of thermal vibration and, thus, the reduced non-radiative deactivation with the temperature progressively lowered to the liquid nitrogen range.

3. Experimental

All operations were carried out under a dry argon atmosphere using Schlenk techniques and vacuum-line systems. The solvents were dried, distilled, and degassed prior to use. Spectroscopic-grade reagents for spectroscopic measurements were purchased from commercial sources. Bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether (POP), 1,8-dibromo-3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole, and other reagents were purchased from commercial sources without further purification. Perchlorate salts are potentially explosive and should be used carefully.

3.1. Synthesis of Ligand H3decz

H3decz was prepared by the modified procedures described in the literature [29]. Additionally, 1,8-dibromo-3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole (4.7 mmol, 2.0 g), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (0.3 mmol, 0.2 mg), CuI (0.3 mmol, 57.4 mg), ethynyltrimethylsilane (13 mmol, 5.0 g), and NEt3 (30 mL) were put into a high-pressure flask. After heating at 90 °C for 2 d, the black precipitate was removed through filtration. The filtrate was evaporated in a vacuum to give a brown solid after the removal of the solvent. The product was then purified through silica gel column chromatography using petroleum ether as an eluent, giving 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,8-bis((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-9H-carbazole as a yellow solid. Yield: 75%.
Then, 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,8-bis((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-9H-carbazole (10 mmol, 4.3 g) and K2CO3 (10 mmol, 1.4 g) were added to MeOH-CH2Cl2 (100 mL, v/v = 1:1). Upon stirring at ambient temperature for 10 h, the solvents were removed under vacuum. The crude product was chromatographed on a silica gel column using petroleum ether as an eluent to give H3decz as a pale yellow solid. Yield: 80%. 1H NMR (CDCl3, ppm): 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.68 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 3.49 (s, 2H), and 1.48 (s, 18H). 13C NMR (CDCl3, ppm): 142.71, 139.16, 127.49, 123.22, 117.95, 103.87, 81.37, 80.45, 34.69, and 31.87.

3.2. Synthesis of Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2

Freshly prepared [Au(tht)2](ClO4) (0.08 mmol, 37.8 mg) was obtained by mixing an equivalent molar of Ag(tht)(ClO4) (0.08 mmol, 23.6 mg) and Au(tht)Cl (0.08 mmol, 18.5 mg) in 10 mL CH2Cl2 with stirring for 10 min. The turbid solution was treated by centrifugation to remove the AgCl precipitate, giving a clear solution that was used directly in the next step.
To the filtrate was added [Cu(MeCN)4](ClO4) (0.04 mmol, 13.1 mg), POP (0.04 mmol, 21.6 mg), and H3decz (0.04 mmol, 13.1 mg). Upon stirring for 5 min, NEt3 (0.5 mL) was added to the above solution, and the mixture immediately turned from yellow to dark red. After the mixed solution was stirred overnight in the dark, the solvent was removed under a vacuum to give a yellow solid. The solid was re-dissolved in 4 mL of dimethylacetamide (DMAc). When the clear solution was exposed to diethyl ether for slow vapor diffusion, yellow crystals were grown in one week. Yield: 50%. HRMS m/z (%): 2641.3815 (6) [Au4Cu2(decz)2(POP)2H]+ (Calcd 2641.4063), 2579.5228 (37) [Au4Cu(Hdecz)2(POP)2]+ (Calcd. 2579.4483), 2516.5594 (34) [Au4(Hdecz)2(POP)2H]+ (Calcd. 2516.5677), 1993.4868 (100) [Au3(decz)(POP)2H]+ (Calcd. 1993.4131). Anal. Calcd for C120H100Au4Cu2N2O2P4: C, 54.57; H, 3.82; N, 1.06. Found: C, 54.39; H, 3.80; N, 0.97. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ): 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.12 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 2H), 8.09 (s, 2H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 4H), 7.74 (s, 4H), 7.70 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 4H), 7.47–7.36 (m, 12H), 7.35 (s, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J = 8.2, 4.9 Hz, 3H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 8H), 6.86 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H), 6.71 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.69–6.66 (m, 2H), 6.50 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H), 6.06–6.00 (m, 3H), 5.32 (t, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H), 1.37 (s, 18H), 1.06 (s, 18H). 31P NMR (162 MHz, DMSO-d6): 32.1 (2P), 33.7 (2P). IR (KBr, cm−1): 2105w (C≡C).

3.3. Physical Measurements

The UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 365 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The infrared spectra (IR) were conducted on a Bruker VERTEX 70 FT-IR spectrophotometer (Bruker, Mannheim, Germany) with KBr pellets. The high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was performed on a Waters Xevo G2-Q-Tof mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) using dichloromethane and methanol mixtures as mobile phases. The 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III (400 MHz) spectrometer (Bruker, Zurich, Switzerland) using SiMe4 as the internal reference, and 31P NMR spectra were measured using H3PO4 as the external reference. The excitation and emission spectra, together with emissive lifetimes in degassed solutions, solid states, and films, were determined on an Edinburgh FLS1000 fluorescence spectrometer (Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, UK). Absolute quantum yields were determined by the integrating sphere (142 mm in diameter) using the Edinburgh FLS1000 Spectrofuorophotometer (Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, UK). The PMMA doping was conducted by mixing 99% PMMA and 1% Au4Cu2 complex in CH2Cl2. The diluted species obtained after the removal of the solvent were thus used for photophysical studies.

3.4. Crystal Structural Determination

Crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic measurement were grown by vapor diffusing of diethyl ether to a DMAc solution. The single crystal X-ray diffraction was carried out on a micro-focus metaljet diffractometer using Ga Kα radiation (λ = 1.3405 Å). Data reduction was conducted with the CrysAlisPro package, and at last an analytical absorption correction was performed. The structure was determined using the Bruker SHELXTL Software Package, a computer program for the automatic solution of crystal structures. The structure was refined by the full-matrix least-square method with ShelXle Version 4.8.6, a Qt graphical user interface for the SHELXL [30,31]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, whereas the hydrogen atoms were generated geometrically and refined isotropically. CCDC 2245976 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif (accessed on 3 March 2023).

3.5. Computational Method

The computational studies were carried out using the Gaussian 16 program package [32]. The geometrical structures in the ground state and the lowest-energy triplet state were optimized respectively by the restricted and unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) method by the use of the gradient-corrected correlation functional PBE1PBE [33,34] and the D3 version of Grimme’s dispersion with the original D3 damping function [35] (here abbreviated as PBE1PBE-GD3). The initial structure of the Au4Cu2 cluster was obtained from crystal structural data. To decrease the computation time, the structure was simplified by replacing the phenyl rings on phosphorous atoms with H atoms. To analyze the absorption and emission transition properties, the calculations were conducted to give 60 singlet and 6 triplet excited states based on the optimized structures in the ground state and lowest-energy triplet state, respectively, to determine the vertical excitation energies by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) [36,37,38] at the PBE1PBE-GD3 level. The polarizable continuum model method (PCM) [39] with CH2Cl2 as solvent was utilized for the calculation of excited states. In these calculations, we used the Stuttgart-Dresden (SDD) basis set with the f-type polarization functions (f-exponent is 1.050 for Au and 3.525 for Cu atoms) and the effective core potentials (ECPs) to describe the Au and Cu atoms [40,41]. We used the all-electron basis set of 6-31G** to describe other non-metal atoms, including P, O, N, C, and H. We performed visualization of the hole and electron plots using GaussView, and we analyzed the contributions of fragments to the hole and electron in the electronic excitation process using the Multiwfn 3.8 program [42].

4. Conclusions

We obtain an Au4Cu2 cluster based on carbazole-bis(acetylide) as a supporting platform, which shows a scissor-like structure as demonstrated by X-ray crystallography. The Au4Cu2 cluster shows a yellow to red phosphorescence transformation upon mechanical grinding, and red emission could be reversibly reverted to yellow emitting through DMAc vapor adsorption. The observation of distinct red-shifts of the emission upon not only raising but also lowering the temperature at ambient temperature reveals an exceptional phosphorescent thermochromism due to different mechanisms. This work provides a vivid example of stimuli-responsive modulation of phosphorescent properties in smart solid materials taking advantage of d10-d10 intermetallic interactions.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28073247/s1, Table S1: Crystallographic Data for Au4Cu2 Cluster Complex; Table S2: Selective Interatomic Distances (Å) and Bonding Angles (°) of Au4Cu2 Cluster Complex; Table S3: The Absorption Transitions for Au4Cu2 Cluster Complex in CH2Cl2 solution, Calculated by TD-DFT Method at the PBE1PBE Level (isovalue = 0.0004); Table S4: The Emission Transitions for Au4Cu2 Cluster Complex in CH2Cl2 Solution, Calculated by TD-DFT Method at the PBE1PBE Level (isovalue = 0.0004); Figure S1: The high-resolution mass spectrometry of Au4Cu2 cluster complex; Figure S2: The 1H NMR spectrum of Au4Cu2 cluster complex in DMSO-d6 solution at ambient temperature; Figure S3: The 31P NMR spectrum of Au4Cu2 cluster complex in DMSO-d solution at ambient temperature; Figure S5: The measured (solid) and calculated (column bar) UV-Vis absorption spectra for Au4Cu2 cluster complex by TD-DFT method at the PBE1PBE level; Figure S6: Plots of the simulated and measured X-ray diffraction patterns of Au4Cu2 cluster complex before and after desolvation; Figure S7: The normalized emission spectra of 1% Au4Cu2 cluster complex in PMMA matrix before and after mechanical grinding (excitation at 397 nm); Figure S8: The normalized UV-Vis absorption (dash) and photoluminescent (solid) spectra of Au4Cu2 cluster in as-prepared pristine state, desolvation and mechanical grinding.

Author Contributions

Methodology, J.-Y.W.; software, J.-Y.W.; validation; Y.-Z.H.; formal analysis, Y.-Z.H.; investigation, X.-M.W.; resources, X.-M.W.; data curation, X.-M.W. and Y.-Z.H.; writing—review and editing, Z.-N.C.; visualization, J.-Y.W.; supervision, Z.-N.C.; project administration, Z.-N.C.; funding acquisition, Z.-N.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 92061202 and U22A20387) and the Fujian Science and Technology Project (Grant 2020L3022).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data needed to support the conclusions of this manuscript are included in the main text or the Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 92061202 and U22A20387) and the Fujian Science and Technology Project (Grant 2020L3022).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

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Molecules 28 03247 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthetic route of ligand H3decz.
Scheme 1. Synthetic route of ligand H3decz.
Molecules 28 03247 sch001
Molecules 28 03247 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthetic route of Au4Cu2 cluster complex.
Scheme 2. Synthetic route of Au4Cu2 cluster complex.
Molecules 28 03247 sch002
Molecules 28 03247 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) A view of the Au4Cu2 cluster complex. The hydrogen atoms and tert-butyl groups, together with the phenyl rings on phosphorous atoms, were omitted for clarity. (b) A view showing a scissor-like structure of the Au4(decz)2(POP)2 framework formed by gold(I)–bis(acetylide) σ-coordination.
Figure 1. (a) A view of the Au4Cu2 cluster complex. The hydrogen atoms and tert-butyl groups, together with the phenyl rings on phosphorous atoms, were omitted for clarity. (b) A view showing a scissor-like structure of the Au4(decz)2(POP)2 framework formed by gold(I)–bis(acetylide) σ-coordination.
Molecules 28 03247 g001
Molecules 28 03247 g002 550
Figure 2. The UV-Vis absorption (blue dash) and normalized emission (yellow solid) spectra of an Au4Cu2 cluster in a CH2Cl2 solution at ambient temperature (excitation at 397 nm).
Figure 2. The UV-Vis absorption (blue dash) and normalized emission (yellow solid) spectra of an Au4Cu2 cluster in a CH2Cl2 solution at ambient temperature (excitation at 397 nm).
Molecules 28 03247 g002
Molecules 28 03247 g003 550
Figure 3. Plots of the hole and electron involved in the lowest-energy emission transition of Au4Cu2 cluster by TD-DFT method at the PBE1PBE level.
Figure 3. Plots of the hole and electron involved in the lowest-energy emission transition of Au4Cu2 cluster by TD-DFT method at the PBE1PBE level.
Molecules 28 03247 g003
Molecules 28 03247 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) The normalized UV-Vis absorption (dash) and emission (solid) spectra of Au4Cu2 cluster before (yellow) and after removal of solvate DMAc (orange). (b) The images of Au4Cu2 cluster complex under ambient light and UV light irradiation (365 nm) before and after desolvation.
Figure 4. (a) The normalized UV-Vis absorption (dash) and emission (solid) spectra of Au4Cu2 cluster before (yellow) and after removal of solvate DMAc (orange). (b) The images of Au4Cu2 cluster complex under ambient light and UV light irradiation (365 nm) before and after desolvation.
Molecules 28 03247 g004
Molecules 28 03247 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) The normalized UV-Vis absorption (dash) and emission (solid) spectra of Au4Cu2 cluster before and after mechanical grinding. (b) The images of Au4Cu2 cluster under ambient light and UV light irradiation (365 nm) before and after mechanical grinding. (c) The simulated and measured X-ray diffraction patterns of Au4Cu2 cluster upon mechanical grinding and DMAc vapor adsorption.
Figure 5. (a) The normalized UV-Vis absorption (dash) and emission (solid) spectra of Au4Cu2 cluster before and after mechanical grinding. (b) The images of Au4Cu2 cluster under ambient light and UV light irradiation (365 nm) before and after mechanical grinding. (c) The simulated and measured X-ray diffraction patterns of Au4Cu2 cluster upon mechanical grinding and DMAc vapor adsorption.
Molecules 28 03247 g005
Molecules 28 03247 g006 550
Figure 6. Temperature-dependent photoluminescent spectra of an Au4Cu2 cluster in solid state at 80–470 K upon excitation at 397 nm.
Figure 6. Temperature-dependent photoluminescent spectra of an Au4Cu2 cluster in solid state at 80–470 K upon excitation at 397 nm.
Molecules 28 03247 g006
Table
Table 1. The UV-Vis absorption and luminescent data of Au4Cu2 cluster at ambient temperature.
Table 1. The UV-Vis absorption and luminescent data of Au4Cu2 cluster at ambient temperature.
λabs/nm (ε/M−1 cm−1)λem (nm)/τem (μs)/Φem (%)
CH2Cl2CH2Cl2 aSolid bPMMA Film c
290 (39680), 342 (17540),
400 (12200), 450 (11200)		576/2.6/3.2565/14.5/50.2
580/6.0/1.2 (desolvated)		530/19.3/7.9
580/1.9/3.6623/5.3/12.6 (ground)529/16.7/5.6 (ground)
a Measured in degassed CH2Cl2 solutions upon excitation at 397 nm. b Excitation at 397 nm. c Consisting of 99% PMMA and 1% Au4Cu2 complex upon excitation at 397 nm.
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Wu, X.-M.; Wang, J.-Y.; Huang, Y.-Z.; Chen, Z.-N. Scissor-like Au4Cu2 Cluster with Phosphorescent Mechanochromism and Thermochromism. Molecules 2023, 28, 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073247

AMA Style

Wu X-M, Wang J-Y, Huang Y-Z, Chen Z-N. Scissor-like Au4Cu2 Cluster with Phosphorescent Mechanochromism and Thermochromism. Molecules. 2023; 28(7):3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073247

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Xue-Meng, Jin-Yun Wang, Ya-Zi Huang, and Zhong-Ning Chen. 2023. "Scissor-like Au4Cu2 Cluster with Phosphorescent Mechanochromism and Thermochromism" Molecules 28, no. 7: 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073247

APA Style

Wu, X. -M., Wang, J. -Y., Huang, Y. -Z., & Chen, Z. -N. (2023). Scissor-like Au4Cu2 Cluster with Phosphorescent Mechanochromism and Thermochromism. Molecules, 28(7), 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073247

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