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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Insights on the Mechanisms of the Protective Action of Naringenin, Naringin and Naringin Dihydrochalcone on Blood Cells in Terms of Their Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity

by
Teresa Kaźmierczak
1,*,
Sylwia Cyboran-Mikołajczyk
1,
Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk
1,
Tomasz Walski
2,
Paulina Nowicka
3 and
Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa
1,*
1
Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25 St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wyb. Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
3
Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030547
Submission received: 20 December 2024 / Revised: 23 January 2025 / Accepted: 24 January 2025 / Published: 25 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is caused by injury to the blood arteries and progressive oxidative stress. Blood cells play an important role in its development; thus, their protection is important. Naringenin (N) is documented to possess a protective action against atherosclerosis, and we hypothesize that its derivatives, naringin (Nr) and naringin dihydrochalcone (Nd), with slightly different structures, possess similar or better activity. Therefore, this research aimed to find the mechanism of protective action of N, Nr and Nd in relation to erythrocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and platelets in terms of their potential anti-atherosclerotic effect. Moreover, their physicochemical properties and the interaction of flavonoids with liposomes were studied. All flavonoids protected erythrocytes from AAPH- and H2O2-induced oxidation to varying degrees. None of them had a destructive effect on erythrocyte membrane, and they did not impact the metabolic activity of PBMC and platelets. Nr and Nd inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation better in tested concentrations than N. Studied compounds did not induce liposome aggregation, but N and Nd changed their dipole potential. Obtained results show that Nd possesses slightly better activity than N and may have a better potential health effect on blood cells, which is very important in the design of anti-atherosclerotic therapeutics.
Keywords: erythrocytes; peripheral blood mononuclear cells; platelets; model lipid membrane; lipophilicity; antiradical; antioxidant; antiplatelet; spectroscopic methods; microscopy erythrocytes; peripheral blood mononuclear cells; platelets; model lipid membrane; lipophilicity; antiradical; antioxidant; antiplatelet; spectroscopic methods; microscopy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kaźmierczak, T.; Cyboran-Mikołajczyk, S.; Trochanowska-Pauk, N.; Walski, T.; Nowicka, P.; Bonarska-Kujawa, D. Insights on the Mechanisms of the Protective Action of Naringenin, Naringin and Naringin Dihydrochalcone on Blood Cells in Terms of Their Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity. Molecules 2025, 30, 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030547

AMA Style

Kaźmierczak T, Cyboran-Mikołajczyk S, Trochanowska-Pauk N, Walski T, Nowicka P, Bonarska-Kujawa D. Insights on the Mechanisms of the Protective Action of Naringenin, Naringin and Naringin Dihydrochalcone on Blood Cells in Terms of Their Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity. Molecules. 2025; 30(3):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030547

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kaźmierczak, Teresa, Sylwia Cyboran-Mikołajczyk, Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk, Tomasz Walski, Paulina Nowicka, and Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa. 2025. "Insights on the Mechanisms of the Protective Action of Naringenin, Naringin and Naringin Dihydrochalcone on Blood Cells in Terms of Their Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity" Molecules 30, no. 3: 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030547

APA Style

Kaźmierczak, T., Cyboran-Mikołajczyk, S., Trochanowska-Pauk, N., Walski, T., Nowicka, P., & Bonarska-Kujawa, D. (2025). Insights on the Mechanisms of the Protective Action of Naringenin, Naringin and Naringin Dihydrochalcone on Blood Cells in Terms of Their Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity. Molecules, 30(3), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030547

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