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Volume 30
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10.3390/molecules30030598
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Exploring Efficient and Energy-Saving Microwave Chemical and Material Processes Using Amplitude-Modulated Waves: Pd-Catalyzed Reaction and Ag Nanoparticle Synthesis

by
Satoshi Horikoshi
1,*,
Tomohiko Mitani
2 and
Nick Serpone
3,*
1
Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
2
Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
3
PhotoGreen Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030598
Submission received: 14 December 2024 / Revised: 21 January 2025 / Accepted: 27 January 2025 / Published: 28 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Heterogeneous Catalysis—2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of a 10 kHz amplitude-modulation (AM) wave from a semiconductor microwave generator on the heating of ultrapure water and electrolyte aqueous solutions containing NaCl. It also examined the effects of AM waves on the yields of 4-methylbiphenyl (4-MBP) in the heterogeneous Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction, which was conducted in the presence of palladium nanoparticles supported on activated carbon (Pd/AC), as well as their influence on the growth rate during silver nanoparticle synthesis. Applying AM waves, typically used in telecommunications, enhanced heating efficiencies and improved product yields in both the chemical reaction and nanoparticle growth. Irradiating with microwaves under AM conditions allowed it to reduce power output while still achieving target yields and growth rates, even at the same temperatures without AM. This indicates the potential for highly efficient and energy-saving microwave processes in chemical reactions and material synthesis.
Keywords: amplitude-modulated microwaves; energy saving; semiconductor microwave generator; microwave-assisted organic synthesis; Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction; nanoparticle synthesis amplitude-modulated microwaves; energy saving; semiconductor microwave generator; microwave-assisted organic synthesis; Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction; nanoparticle synthesis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Horikoshi, S.; Mitani, T.; Serpone, N. Exploring Efficient and Energy-Saving Microwave Chemical and Material Processes Using Amplitude-Modulated Waves: Pd-Catalyzed Reaction and Ag Nanoparticle Synthesis. Molecules 2025, 30, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030598

AMA Style

Horikoshi S, Mitani T, Serpone N. Exploring Efficient and Energy-Saving Microwave Chemical and Material Processes Using Amplitude-Modulated Waves: Pd-Catalyzed Reaction and Ag Nanoparticle Synthesis. Molecules. 2025; 30(3):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030598

Chicago/Turabian Style

Horikoshi, Satoshi, Tomohiko Mitani, and Nick Serpone. 2025. "Exploring Efficient and Energy-Saving Microwave Chemical and Material Processes Using Amplitude-Modulated Waves: Pd-Catalyzed Reaction and Ag Nanoparticle Synthesis" Molecules 30, no. 3: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030598

APA Style

Horikoshi, S., Mitani, T., & Serpone, N. (2025). Exploring Efficient and Energy-Saving Microwave Chemical and Material Processes Using Amplitude-Modulated Waves: Pd-Catalyzed Reaction and Ag Nanoparticle Synthesis. Molecules, 30(3), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030598

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