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Article

Highly Soluble Monoamino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties

by
Kew-Yu Chen
* and
Che-Wei Chang
Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(12), 22642-22660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222642
Submission received: 8 November 2014 / Revised: 21 November 2014 / Accepted: 1 December 2014 / Published: 8 December 2014
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Three dialkylamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12 or 18), 1a–1c, were synthesized under mild conditions in high yields and were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. Their optical and electrochemical properties were measured using UV-Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). This is the first time that the structures and the properties of monoamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides have been reported. These molecules show a deep green color in both solution and the solid state and are soluble in most organic solvents. They all show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, and the associated peaks exhibit solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the compounds have been estimated using the Lippert-Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show slightly larger dipole moment changes than those of corresponding perylene diimides, 2a–2c. Additionally, Compounds 1a–1c undergo two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to gain more insight into their molecular structures and optical properties.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Perylene diimides (PDIs) and perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides (PTCDs) have received considerable attention due to their potential applications in molecular electronic and optical devices, such as LCD color filters [1,2], molecular wires [3,4], photochromic materials [5,6], organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [7,8,9,10,11,12], organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [13,14,15,16,17], light-harvesting arrays [18,19] and organic solar cells (OSCs) [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. Moreover, PDIs have been utilized as building blocks to construct supramolecular or artificial photosynthetic systems [30,31,32,33]. These organic molecules are advantageous due to their high molar absorptivities, excellent thermal and optical stabilities, reversible redox properties, high photoluminescence quantum yields and self-assembly behaviors [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. The electronic characteristics of PDIs and PTCDs can also be fine-tuned by the substitution of a conjugated perylene core. Consequently, more and more PDIs and PTCDs with either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups have been reported in the literature [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63].
PDIs and PTCDs suffer from serious problems, such as poor solubility and aggregation. A number of synthetic methods to prepare PDI and PTCD derivatives with improved solubility have been reported [53,55,59]. The synthesis of highly soluble PDI and PTCD derivatives is very important for process ability and for the preparation of their thin films to be used in optoelectronics applications, such as OFETs, OLEDs and OSCs. Soluble PDI derivatives can be obtained by introducing long and bulky substituents at the perylene core and/or at the imide nitrogen atoms, while soluble PTCDs can only be prepared by introducing substituents at the perylene core. Several diamino-substituted PTCDs based on this concept have been synthesized and studied so far [64,65]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the molecular structures, as well as the optical and electrochemical properties of monoamino-substituted PTCDs have not been reported yet. To expand the scope of highly soluble PTCD-based chromophores available for designing systems for colorful dyes and charge transport, we report here the detailed synthesis and characterization of monoamino-substituted PTCDs (1a–1c), shown in Scheme 1. Furthermore, the optical, electrochemical and complementary density functional theory calculations of the newly synthesized PTCDs are investigated.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

Scheme 1 depicts the chemical structures and synthetic routes of monoamino-substituted asymmetrical PTCDs (1a–1c). In brief, the synthesis of 1a–1c started from an imidization of perylene dianhydride 6 and cyclohexylamine in the presence of acetic acid, followed by the mononitration of perylene diimide 5, giving a nitro compound 4. The reduction of 1-nitroperylene diimide (4) by tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2·2H2O) in refluxing THF afforded 1-aminoperylene diimide (3). Next, three highly soluble PDI derivatives (2a–2c) with different N-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12 or 18) were prepared by the alkylation of 3 with the corresponding alkyl halides. Finally, alkylamino-substituted PDIs 2a–2c were converted to the respective PTCDs via saponification to afford 1a–1c. The asymmetric structure of 1a–1c can be verified by the presence of seven signals (one singlet and six doublet signals) at δ 8.3–9.4 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum (Figure 1), which indicates that there are seven different kinds of protons in the perylene core. Detailed synthetic procedures and product characterization are provided in the Experimental Section and Supplementary Materials (Figures S1–S10).
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Scheme 1. The synthetic routes for 1a–1c.
Scheme 1. The synthetic routes for 1a–1c.
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2.2. X-ray Structure

The structure of 2a was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (Figure 2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the X-ray structure of monosubstituted PDI has been resolved. Compound 2a crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, with a = 9.8924 (6), b = 14.6338 (10), c = 15.6221 (10) Å, α = 105.098 (3)°, β = 103.386 (2)°, γ = 107.772 (3)° and Z = 2. The central six-membered ring of 2a is twisted with dihedral angles of 11.6 (3)° and 14.9 (3)° associated with bay area carbon atoms C7–C8–C15–C16 and C11–C10–C13–C22, respectively, these values being smaller than those of disubstituted and tetrasubstituted PDIs [39,60]. All C–C bond lengths of the perylene moiety range between 1.358 and 1.486 Å (Table 1), which indicates the presence of π-conjugation for all C–C bonds. The longest bonds in the perylene backbone are the C8–C15 and C10–C13 bonds that connect the two naphthalene rings at a distance of 1.47 Å. The bond length is almost identical to the lengths observed for other PDIs [39,60]. These results demonstrate that the degree of conjugation of the perylene unit is similar in both unsubstituted and core-substituted PDIs.
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Figure 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) spectra of 1a.
Figure 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) spectra of 1a.
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Figure 2. Molecular structure of 2a (left) and the view along the N–N axis showing the twisted perylene backbone (right) (alkyl groups at imide nitrogen atoms and all hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity). Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
Figure 2. Molecular structure of 2a (left) and the view along the N–N axis showing the twisted perylene backbone (right) (alkyl groups at imide nitrogen atoms and all hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity). Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
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Table
Table 1. Comparison of the experimental and optimized geometric parameters of 2a (Å and °).
Table 1. Comparison of the experimental and optimized geometric parameters of 2a (Å and °).
Compound 2aX-rayDFT
Bond lengths(Å)(Å)
C(1)–O(1)1.220 (3)1.227
C(1)–N(1)1.403 (3)1.403
C(1)–C(2)1.469 (3)1.481
C(3)–C(4)1.414 (3)1.414
C(6)–C(7)1.388 (3)1.397
C(8)–C(9)1.414 (3)1.427
C(8)–C(15)1.464 (3)1.464
C(10)–C(13)1.475 (3)1.477
C(14)–C(19)1.427 (3)1.429
C(20)–C(21)1.358 (4)1.366
C(20)–C(23)1.486 (4)1.487
Bond angles(°)(°)
O(1)–C(1)–C(2)122.0 (2)121.2
C(2)–C(3)–C(4)119.3 (2)119.2
C(11)–C(10)–C(13)123.4 (2)123.3
C(13)–C(14)–C(19)120.6 (2)120.4
C(23)–N(2)–C(24)123.8 (3)123.5
C(22)–N(3)–C(37)116.8 (2)115.8
Torsion angles(°)(°)
C(7)–C(8)–C(15)–C(16)11.6 (3)9.4
C(11)–C(10)–C(13)–C(22)14.9 (3)13.4
O(1)–C(1)–C(2)–C(12)3.4 (4)0.7
C(19)–C(14)–C(15)–C(16)3.0 (4)2.1

2.3. Optical Properties

Figure 3 shows the absorption spectra of the green dyes 1a and 2a, the purple dye 3 and the red dye 4 in dichloromethane. The absorption spectrum of 1-nitroperylene diimide (4) is almost identical with the spectrum of the non-substituted perylene diimide (5), but it does not show fluorescence [61]. On the other hand, the reduction of 4 to 3 switches the substituent from an electron-withdrawing nitro group to an electron-donating amino group and causes a significant red shift. The spectra of 1a, 2a and 3 are dominated by very broad absorption bands that cover a large part of the visible spectrum (350–750 nm). These broad bands are representative of perylene diimide (dianhydride) derivatives N-substituted at the bay-core positions, due to charge transfer absorption [53]. The longest wavelength absorption band of 1-(N,N-dihexylamino)perylene diimide (2a: 610 nm) is red-shifted relative to that of 1-aminoperylene diimide (3: 578 nm), but it is blue-shifted relative to that of 1-(N,N-dihexylamino)perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (1a: 650 nm). It appears that the inductive effect of the alkyl groups in 1a and 2a causes an additional red shift. Interestingly, the longest wavelength absorption band of 1a is 40-nm red-shifted relative to that of 2a; the decrease in the energy band gap is attributed to a great decrease in the LUMO energy level (vide infra).
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Figure 3. Normalized absorption spectra of 1a, 2a, 3 and 4 in dichloromethane.
Figure 3. Normalized absorption spectra of 1a, 2a, 3 and 4 in dichloromethane.
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Figure 4 depicts the emission spectra of 1a in solvents of varying polarity, where those of 1b and 1c can be found in the Supplementary Materials (Figures S11 and S12). Unlike the small shift in absorption spectra, the fluorescence spectra of 1a–1c are largely red-shifted if there is any increase of the solvent polarity, which indicates strong intramolecular charge transfer characteristics for the excited states of 1a–1c (Table 2). Using the fluorescence solvatochromic shift method [66], we measured the stabilization of the excited-states of 1a–1c and compared these results to those of 2a–2c. The change of magnitudes for dipole moments between ground and excited states, i.e., Δ μ = | μ e → − μ g → | , can be estimated by the Lippert–Mataga Equation (1) and expressed as:
υ ¯ a − υ ¯ f = 2 h c ( μ e − μ g ) 2 a 0 − 3 Δ f + c o n s t .
where h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, a 0 denotes the cavity radius in which the solute resides, υ ¯ a − υ ¯ f is the Stokes shift of the absorption and emission peak maximum, and Δ f is the orientation polarizability as shown in Equation (2).
Δ f = f ( ε ) − f ( n 2 ) = ε − 1 2 ε + 1 − n 2 − 1 2 n 2 + 1
The plot of the Stokes shift υ ¯ a − υ ¯ f as a function of Δ f is sufficiently linear for 1a–1c (Figure 5). Accordingly, Δ μ = | μ e → − μ g → | values can be calculated as 9.5 D, 11.9 D and 13.0 D for 1a–1c. These values indicate that dialkylamino-substituted PTCDs (1a–1c) have slightly larger dipole moment changes than those of corresponding dialkylamino-substituted PDIs (9.0 D, 11.7 D and 12.8 D for 2a–2c).
Table
Table 2. Summary of optical absorption and emission properties of 1a–1c in various solvents.
Table 2. Summary of optical absorption and emission properties of 1a–1c in various solvents.
1a/1b/1cλabs (nm) aλem (nm) aStokes Shift (nm)Φ b × 103
cyclohexane623/624/624678/677/67955/53/551.21/1.93/7.83
toluene626/627/627686/686/68760/59/601.01/1.15/1.38
diethyl ether624/626/625708/709/70884/83/831.03/1.19/1.70
ethyl acetate636/637/637727/726/72791/89/900.90/0.81/0.96
tetrahydrofuran638/639/639731/732/73193/93/920.48/0.55/0.62
dichloromethane640/640/639734/735/73594/95/960.29/0.39/0.59
acetonitrile641/641/642745/745/743104/104/1010.16/0.24/0.33
a Measured at 2 × 10−5 M; b determined with N,N′-dioctyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide as the reference [31].
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Figure 4. Normalized emission spectra of 1a in various solvents.
Figure 4. Normalized emission spectra of 1a in various solvents.
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2.4. Electrochemical Properties

Figure 6 shows the cyclic voltammograms of 1a and 2a. Both undergo two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. One can clearly see that both the first oxidation and the first reduction potentials of 1a are larger than those of 2a; this can be explained by the fact that the anhydride group is a stronger electron-withdrawing group than the imide group. Table 3 summarizes the redox potentials and the HOMO and LUMO energy levels estimated from cyclic voltammetry (CV) for 1a–1c and 2a–2c. The HOMO/LUMO energy levels of 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b and 2c are estimated to be −5.67/−3.68, −5.65/−3.67, −5.66/−3.69, −5.46/−3.35, −5.47/−3.36 and −5.45/−3.34 eV, respectively. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of 1a–1c are found to be virtually the same, which indicates that different N-alkyl chain lengths do not significantly affect the band gap energies.
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Figure 5. Lippert-Mataga plots for 1a (red line and red symbols), 1b (green line and green symbols) and 1c (blue line and blue symbols). The solvents from left to right are (1) cyclohexane, (2) toluene, (3) diethyl ether, (4) ethyl acetate, (5) tetrahydrofuran, (6) dichloromethane and (7) acetonitrile.
Figure 5. Lippert-Mataga plots for 1a (red line and red symbols), 1b (green line and green symbols) and 1c (blue line and blue symbols). The solvents from left to right are (1) cyclohexane, (2) toluene, (3) diethyl ether, (4) ethyl acetate, (5) tetrahydrofuran, (6) dichloromethane and (7) acetonitrile.
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Figure 6. The cyclic voltammograms of 1a (green line) and 2a (blue line) measured in dichloromethane solution with ferrocenium/ferrocene as an internal standard, at 200 mV/s.
Figure 6. The cyclic voltammograms of 1a (green line) and 2a (blue line) measured in dichloromethane solution with ferrocenium/ferrocene as an internal standard, at 200 mV/s.
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Table
Table 3. Summary of half-wave redox potentials, HOMO and LUMO energy levels for 1a–1c and 2a–2c.
Table 3. Summary of half-wave redox potentials, HOMO and LUMO energy levels for 1a–1c and 2a–2c.
CompoundE+1/2 aE2+1/2 aE−1/2 aE2−1/2 aHOMO bLUMO b
1a1.051.32−0.65−0.79−5.67−3.68
1b1.031.31−0.66−0.80−5.65−3.67
1c1.041.30−0.64−0.78−5.66−3.69
2a0.841.11−0.97−1.09−5.46−3.35
2b0.851.13−0.95−1.10−5.47−3.36
2c0.831.12−0.96−1.08−5.45−3.34
a Measured in a solution of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) in dichloromethane versus saturated calomel electrode (in V); b calculated from EHOMO = −4.88 − (Eoxd − EFc/Fc+), ELUMO = EHOMO + Eg.

2.5. Quantum Chemistry Computation

To gain deeper insight into the molecular structures and electronic properties of 1a–1c and 2a–2c, quantum chemical calculations were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G** level. Figure 7 depicts the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of 1a and 2a. The HOMO of 1a (2a) is delocalized mainly on the amino group and the perylene core, while the LUMO is extended from the central perylene core to the dianhydride (diimide) groups. The calculated and experimental parameters for 1a–1c and 2a–2c are summarized in Table 4. It is apparent that both the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of 1a–1c are lower than those of 2a–2c and are in good agreement with the experimental data.
DFT calculations also show that the ground-state geometries of the perylene core have different core twist angles (Figure 8), i.e., approximate dihedral angles between the two naphthalene subunits attached to the central benzene ring; these are ~8.57° and ~12.42° for 1a, ~8.59° and ~12.45° for 1b, ~8.61° and ~12.44° for 1c, ~9.40° and ~13.43° for 2a, ~9.42° and ~13.45° for 2b and ~9.45° and ~13.49° for 2c (Table 4); and all are larger than those of 5 (~0.00°). As a whole, the core twist angles of dialkylamino-substituted PTCDs (1a–1c) are slightly smaller than those of corresponding PDIs (2a–2c).
Table
Table 4. Calculated and experimental parameters for 1a–1c and 2a–2c.
Table 4. Calculated and experimental parameters for 1a–1c and 2a–2c.
CompoundHOMO aLUMO aEg aEg bμg cμe dTwisting Angle (°)
1a−5.81−3.642.171.994.113.68.57, 12.42
1b−5.80−3.642.161.984.316.28.59, 12.45
1c−5.80−3.642.161.974.617.68.61, 12.47
2a−5.48−3.192.292.113.512.59.40, 13.43
2b−5.48−3.192.292.113.615.39.42, 13.45
2c−5.47−3.192.282.113.816.69.45, 13.49
a Calculated by DFT/B3LYP (in eV); b at absorption maxima (Eg = 1240/λmax, in eV); c ground-state dipole moment (calculated by DFT/B3LYP, in Debye); d excited-state dipole moment (in Debye).
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Figure 7. Computed frontier orbitals of 1a and 2a. The upper graphs are the LUMOs, and the lower ones are the HOMOs.
Figure 7. Computed frontier orbitals of 1a and 2a. The upper graphs are the LUMOs, and the lower ones are the HOMOs.
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Figure 8. DFT (B3LYP/6-31G**) geometry-optimized structures of 1a (right) and 2a (left) shown with the view along the long perylene axis. For computational purposes, methyl groups replace the cyclohexyl groups at the imide positions.
Figure 8. DFT (B3LYP/6-31G**) geometry-optimized structures of 1a (right) and 2a (left) shown with the view along the long perylene axis. For computational purposes, methyl groups replace the cyclohexyl groups at the imide positions.
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2.6. Stacking Behaviors of Dyes in Solution and Solid State

The stacking behaviors of 1a–1c and 3 in ethyl acetate were investigated by concentration-dependent UV-Vis measurements (from 10−4 to 10−6 M). The absorption spectra of 1a at different concentrations in ethyl acetate are shown in Figure 9; the absorption spectra of 1b, 1c and 3 at different concentrations in ethyl acetate are shown in the Supplementary Materials (Figures S13–S15). At high concentrations, a clear red shift was observed for 1-aminoperylene bisimide 3, indicating the formation of J-type aggregates [51]. However, compounds 1a–1c show no significant red shift at high concentrations of ethyl acetate, which can be explained by the fact that the long alkyl side chains of 1a–1c decrease the π–π interactions.
Figure 10 shows the absorption spectra recorded for the thin drop-cast films of 1a–1c. The shapes of the absorption spectra of 1a–1c in the solid state and in solution show significant differences, in view of the wavelength range and peak positions. The absorption spectra of all of the drop-cast film chromophores were broadened, as well as red-shifted compared to their respective spectra in cyclohexane solution, which indicates aggregation. This spectral change can be mainly attributed to intermolecular π–π interactions in the solid state [67].
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Figure 9. Normalized absorption spectra of 1a at different concentrations in ethyl acetate.
Figure 9. Normalized absorption spectra of 1a at different concentrations in ethyl acetate.
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Figure 10. Normalized absorption spectra of 1a–1c in cyclohexane solution (dashed line) and in neat film (solid line).
Figure 10. Normalized absorption spectra of 1a–1c in cyclohexane solution (dashed line) and in neat film (solid line).
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3. Experimental Section

3.1. General

The starting materials, such as perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, acetic acid, cyclohexylamine, cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), tetrahydrofuran (THF), tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2·2H2O), KOH and 2-propanol, were purchased from Merck (Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA), ACROS (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Solvents were distilled freshly according to the standard procedure. Column chromatography was performed using silica gel Merck Kieselgel si 60 (40–63 mesh). 1H or 13C NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 on a Bruker 400 or 500 MHz instrument (Palo Alto, CA, USA). Mass spectra were recorded on a VG70-250S mass spectrometer (Tokyo, Japan). The absorption and emission spectra were measured using a Jasco V-570 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan) and a Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. The Gaussian 03 program (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) was used to perform the ab initio calculation on the molecular structure. Geometry optimizations for Compounds 1a–1c and 2a–2c were carried out with the 6-31G** basis set to the B3LYP functional. Vibrational frequencies were also performed to check whether the optimized geometrical structures for all compounds were at energy minima, transition states or higher order saddle points.

3.2. Synthesis

3.2.1. Synthesis of 1-Nitroperylene Diimide (4)

Compound 5 (1.8 mmol), cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (1.2 g, 2.2 mmol), nitric acid (2.0 g, 31.7 mmol) and dichloromethane (150 mL) were stirred at 25 °C under N2 for 2 h. The mixture was neutralized with 10% KOH and extracted with CH2Cl2. After the solvent was removed, the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography with eluent CH2Cl2 to afford 4 in a 95% yield. Characterization data: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.74 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.62–8.69 (4H, m), 8.55 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.18 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 5.00 (2H, m), 2.54 (4H, m), 1.91 (4H, m), 1.76 (6H, m), 1.47 (4H, m), 1.34 (2H, m); MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 600 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C36H30O6N3 600.2135, found 600.2141.

3.2.2. Synthesis of 1-Aminoperylene Diimide (3)

Tin chloride dihydrate (2.5 g, 10.2 mmol) and 4 (1.0 g, 1.7 mmol) were suspended in THF (50 mL) and stirred 20 min. The solvent was refluxed at 80 °C with stirring for 2 h. THF was removed at the rotary evaporator, and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with 10% sodium hydrate solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography with eluent ethyl acetate/n-hexane (2/3) to afford 3 in an 80% yield. Characterization data: 3: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.62 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.45 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.38 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.25 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.18 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.10 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.98 (1H, s), 5.03 (2H, s), 4.99 (2H, m), 2.55 (4H, m), 1.91 (4H, m), 1.74 (6H, m), 1.46–1.40 (6H, m); MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 570 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C36H32O4N3 570.2393, found 570.2396.

3.2.3. General Procedure for Alkylation (2a–2c)

A mixture of a solution of 3 (400 mg, 0.70 mmol), sodium hydride (97%, 100 mg, 4.00 mmol) and dry THF (50 mL) was stirred at 0 °C under N2 for 30 min. Alkyl iodide (1.60 mmol) was then added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with 15 mL of water and extracted with CH2Cl2. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography with eluent ethyl acetate/n-hexane (1/2) to afford 2a (2b or 2c) in an 85% yield. Characterization data: 2a: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.32 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.49–8.53 (m, 2H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.31–8.39 (m, 3H), 5.02 (m, 2H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 3.06 (m, 2H), 2.55 (m, 4H), 1.90 (m, 4H), 1.62–1.79 (m, 8H), 1.46 (m, 4H), 1.16–1.30 (m, 16H), 0.77 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.07, 164.06, 163.99, 163.86, 150.56, 135.47, 134.63, 133.53, 131.41, 130.61, 129.11, 128.95, 128.10, 126.98, 126.94, 126.93, 124.80, 124.03, 123.44, 123.19, 122.76, 122.11, 121.30, 121.19, 54.04, 53.82, 52.55, 31.44, 29.67, 29.18, 29.11, 27.47, 26.89, 26.59, 25.51, 22.52, 13.89; MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 738 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C48H56O4N3 738.4271, found 738.4277. Selected data for 2b: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.29 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.47–8.52 (m, 2H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.29–8.43 (m, 3H), 5.01 (m, 2H), 3.38 (m, 2H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.56(m, 4H), 1.90 (m, 4H), 1.60–1.77 (m, 6H), 1.46 (m, 6H), 1.11–1.20 (m, 40H), 0.82 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.05, 164.03, 163.97, 163.82, 150.56, 135.44, 134.60, 133.49, 131.40, 130.57, 129.09, 128.93, 128.05, 126.95, 126.91, 126.89, 124.77, 124.01, 123.42, 123.18, 122.75, 122.00, 121.27, 121.14, 54.04, 53.81, 52.49, 31.86, 29.68, 29.56, 29.50, 29.28, 29.19, 29.11, 27.50, 27.21, 26.60, 25.51, 22.64, 14.07; MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 906 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C60H80O4N3 906.6149, found 906.6141. Selected data for 2c: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.37 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.53–8.56 (m, 2H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.38–8.43 (m, 3H), 5.03 (m, 2H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 3.07 (m, 2H), 2.56 (m, 4H), 1.91 (m, 4H), 1.63–1.73 (m, 6H), 1.47 (m, 6H), 1.12–1.20 (m, 64H), 0.85 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.15, 164.09, 164.05, 163.88, 150.54, 135.56, 134.75, 133.63, 131.51, 130.70, 129.19, 129.04, 128.17, 127.03, 124.87, 124.06, 123.50, 123.46, 123.44, 123.22, 122.82, 122.22, 121.34, 121.23, 54.03, 53.82, 52.61, 31.91, 29.67, 29.64, 29.58, 29.51, 29.34, 29.27, 29.19, 29.12, 27.54, 27.22, 26.59, 25.51, 22.67, 14.09; MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 1074 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C72H104O4N3 1074.8027, found 1074.8019.

3.2.4. General Procedure for Saponification (1a–1c)

2a (2b or 2c, 0.27 mmol) was taken in 2-propanol (30 mL), and subsequently, KOH (1.9 g, 33.8 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred under N2 at reflux for 4 h. After being cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into acetic acid (50 mL) and stirred overnight. The resulting green precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and methanol and dried. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography with eluent CH2Cl2 to afford 1a (1b or 1c) in a 75% yield. Characterization data: 1a: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.25 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.60–8.69 (m, 2H), 8.52–8.58 (m, 4H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.13 (m, 2H), 1.18–1.63 (m, 16H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H); MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 576 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C36H34O6N 576.2386, found 576.2380. Selected data for 1b: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.22 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.59–8.67 (m, 2H), 8.51–8.57 (m, 4H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.13 (m, 2H), 1.13–1.65 (m, 40H), 0.87 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.41, 160.25, 159.97, 159.92, 151.13, 136.90, 136.12, 134.59, 133.83, 133.06, 131.82, 130.00, 129.70, 128.99, 127.69, 126.72, 124.75, 123.73, 122.09, 121.96, 119.55, 119.22, 118.60, 116.82, 52.84, 31.87, 29.70, 29.56, 29.49, 29.46, 29.29, 29.22, 27.78, 27.12, 22.66, 14.09; MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 744 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C48H58O6N 744.4264, found 744.4272. Selected data for 1c: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.22 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.62–8.67 (m, 2H), 8.51–8.58 (m, 4H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.13 (m, 2H), 1.13–1.68 (m, 64H), 0.86 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.41, 160.22, 159.95, 159.90, 151.13, 136.90, 136.12, 134.59, 133.83, 133.05, 131.82, 129.99, 129.70, 128.99, 127.69, 126.72, 124.74, 123.73, 122.09, 121.96, 119.55, 119.22, 118.60, 116.82, 52.84, 31.92, 29.68, 29.57, 29.51, 29.47, 29.35, 29.22, 27.78, 27.13, 22.68, 14.11; MS (FAB): m/z (relative intensity) 912 [M + H+, 100]; HRMS calcd. for C60H82O6N 912.6142, found 912.6150.

3.3. Crystal Structural Determination

A single crystal of 2a with dimensions of 0.48 mm × 0.12 mm × 0.03 mm was selected. The lattice constants and diffraction intensities were measured with a Bruker Smart 1000 CCD area detector radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 150(2) K. An ω-2θ scan mode was used for data collection in the range of 2.22 ≤ θ ≤ 26.507. A total of 32,126 reflections were collected, and 8084 were independent (Rint = 0.0626), of which 4733 were considered to be observed with I > 2σ (I) and used in the succeeding refinement. The structure was solved by direct methods with SHELXS-97 [68] and refined on F2 by a full-matrix least-squares procedure with Bruker SHELXL-97 packing [69]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic thermal parameters. The hydrogen atoms refined with riding model position parameters isotropically were located from the difference Fourier map and added theoretically. At the final cycle of refinement, R = 0.0644 and wR = 0.1601 (w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0871P)2 + 0.8402P], where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3), S = 1.047, (Δ/σ)max = 0.001, (Δ/ρ)max = 0.337 and (Δ/ρ)min = −0.375 e/Å3). Crystallographic data for Compound 2a have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center as supplementary publication number CCDC 1030664. Copies of this information can be obtained free of charge from the Director, CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K. (Fax: +44 1223 336 033; E-mail: [email protected]).

4. Conclusions

We have successfully synthesized three monoamino-substituted asymmetrical perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides with different n-alkyl chain lengths (1a–1c). These molecules show an intense green color in both solution and the solid state and are soluble in most organic solvents and even in nonpolar solvents, such as hexane. They show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths exhibit strong solvatochromism. Upon excitation, they show slightly larger dipole moment changes than those of corresponding perylene diimides 2a–2c; the dipole moments of these compounds have been estimated using density functional theory calculations and the Lippert-Mataga equation. Furthermore, they undergo two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Research on their applications to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is currently in progress.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary figures can be found at https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/15/12/22642/s1.

Acknowledgments

The project was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 103-2113-M-035-001) in Taiwan. The authors appreciate the Precision Instrument Support Center of Feng Chia University for providing the fabrication and measurement facilities.

Author Contributions

Kew-Yu Chen supervised the project. Che-Wei Chang measured the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, K.-Y.; Chang, C.-W. Highly Soluble Monoamino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 22642-22660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222642

AMA Style

Chen K-Y, Chang C-W. Highly Soluble Monoamino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(12):22642-22660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222642

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Kew-Yu, and Che-Wei Chang. 2014. "Highly Soluble Monoamino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 12: 22642-22660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222642

APA Style

Chen, K. -Y., & Chang, C. -W. (2014). Highly Soluble Monoamino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(12), 22642-22660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222642

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