Comparing the Protection Imparted by Different Fraction Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Der p–Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects Exerted on Total Inflammatory Cell Count in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF)
2.2. Pathological Results on Der p–Induced Lung and Trachea Injuries
2.3. Effects on Der p–specific serum levels of Immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a), Immunoglobulin G1 ( IgG1) and IgE
2.4. Effects on Cytokine Levels in the BALF of Mice with Der p–Induced Allergic Asthma
2.5. Effects on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Der p–Induced Lung Tissues of Mice
2.6. Effect of Water Fraction Extracts (WA) on IL-6/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Pathway in Der p-Stimulated A549 Cells
2.7. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis of the WA Fraction
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Drugs
4.2. Preparation of Extracts
4.3. Experimental Animals
4.4. Establishing an Allergic Asthma Model
4.5. Preparing BALF and Counting Inflammatory Cells
4.6. Histological Lung Assessment
4.7. Measurement of Type 1 T helper (Th1) and Th2 Cytokine Concentrations in BALF
4.8. Der p–Specific Serum IgE/ IgG1/ IgG2a Concentrations
4.9. Measurement of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations in Lung Tissues
4.10. Cell Culture
4.11. Western Blotting Analysis
4.12. HPLC Analysis of the WA
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Der p | Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus |
BALF | bronchoalveolar lavage fluid |
Th1 | Type 1 T helper |
Th2 | Type 2 T helper |
IgE | Immunoglobulin E |
IgG1 | Immunoglobulin G1 |
IgG2a | Immunoglobulin G2a |
IL-12 | Interleukin-12 |
IL-13 | Interleukin-13 |
IL-4 | Interleukin-4 |
IL-5 | Interleukin-5 |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
IFA | Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinases |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor-κB |
IKK | IκB kinase |
HE | n-Hexane extracts |
DI | Dichloromethane extracts |
EA | Ethyl acetate extracts |
BU | n-Butanol extracts |
WA | Water extracts |
SAC | S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide |
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Organ | Histopathological Findings | Groups 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Der p | Der p | ||||||
HE | DI | EA | BU | WH | ||||
Lung | Inflammation, eosinophilic and lymphocytic cells, perivascular and per bronchial, focal | 0.0 ± 0.00 | 3.3 ± 0.19 # | 3.0 ± 0.00 | 2.5 ± 0.50 | 2.8 ± 0.19 | 2.8 ± 0.19 | 1.8 ± 0.19 * |
Aggregation, macrophage and giant cells, alveolar, focal | 0.0 ± 0.00 | 2.5 ± 0.22 # | 2.0 ± 0.00 | 1.8 ± 0.38 | 1.8 ± 0.19 | 1.5 ± 0.22 | 0.8 ± 0.19 * | |
Epithelial hyperplasia, bronchial, focal | 0.0 ± 0.00 | 2.0 ± 0.00 # | 2.0 ± 0.00 | 1.5 ± 0.38 | 1.5 ± 0.22 | 1.0 ± 0.31 * | 1.0 ± 0.31 * | |
Mucification, goblet, bronchial, focal | 0.0 ± 0.00 | 2.0 ± 0.00 # | 1.8 ± 0.19 | 1.5 ± 0.38 | 1.5 ± 0.22 | 1.0 ± 0.31 * | 1.0 ± 0.31 * | |
Brachus | Inflammation, submucosal, focal | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 3.3 ± 0.58 # | 2.3 ± 0.58 | 2.0 ± 0.82 | 2.0 ± 0.82 | 1.5 ± 0.58 | 1.3 ± 0.43 * |
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Hsieh, C.-C.; Liu, K.-F.; Liu, P.-C.; Ho, Y.-T.; Li, W.-S.; Peng, W.-H.; Tsai, J.-C. Comparing the Protection Imparted by Different Fraction Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Der p–Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194879
Hsieh C-C, Liu K-F, Liu P-C, Ho Y-T, Li W-S, Peng W-H, Tsai J-C. Comparing the Protection Imparted by Different Fraction Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Der p–Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(19):4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194879
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsieh, Chia-Chen, Keng-Fan Liu, Pei-Chun Liu, Yaw-Tsan Ho, Wei-Sung Li, Wen-Huang Peng, and Jen-Chieh Tsai. 2019. "Comparing the Protection Imparted by Different Fraction Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Der p–Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19: 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194879
APA StyleHsieh, C. -C., Liu, K. -F., Liu, P. -C., Ho, Y. -T., Li, W. -S., Peng, W. -H., & Tsai, J. -C. (2019). Comparing the Protection Imparted by Different Fraction Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Der p–Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(19), 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194879