Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Osteosarcoma: From Mechanisms to Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Osteosarcoma and Macrophage Function
2.1. Osteosarcoma: Clinical and Molecular Features
2.2. Macrophages and Bone Homeostasis
2.3. Macrophages: Origin and Plasticity
3. TAMs and TME in OS
3.1. TAMs and OS Metastasis
3.2. Crosstalk between TAMs, CSCs and MSCs in OS
3.3. Extracellular Vesicles in OS
4. TAM and OS Therapy
TAMs as a Target in OS Therapy
5. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarkers | Function | Ref. |
---|---|---|
MMP-9 | Matrix metalloproteinase | [5] |
COX2 | Proinflammatory enzyme | [5] |
STAT3 | Transcription factor | [5] |
CD163 | Scavenger receptor hemoglobulin | [6] |
CCL18 | Chemokine | [98] |
CD209 | Leptin receptor | [99] |
IL-6 | Interleukin | [100] |
CCL22 | Chemokine | [101] |
IL-10 | Interleukin | [101] |
TGFB2 | Cytokine | [101] |
CD206 | Mannose receptor | [102] |
Agent | Mechanism | Phase | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
All trans retinoic acid | Reduces polarization of M2-like | Pre-clinical | [8] |
Mifamurtide Esculetin | Induces M1-like activation Inhibits TAMs differentiation | 3 Pre-clinical | [145] [150] |
Zoledronate | Polarizes TAMs to M1-like | 3 | [151] |
Natalizumab | Interferes cross-talk between cancer cells and TAMs | NCT03811886 | [157] |
Nivolumab | mAbs anti-PD-1 | NCT02304458 | [158] |
Pembrolizumab | mAbs anti-PD-1 | NCT02301039 | [158] |
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Cersosimo, F.; Lonardi, S.; Bernardini, G.; Telfer, B.; Mandelli, G.E.; Santucci, A.; Vermi, W.; Giurisato, E. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Osteosarcoma: From Mechanisms to Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155207
Cersosimo F, Lonardi S, Bernardini G, Telfer B, Mandelli GE, Santucci A, Vermi W, Giurisato E. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Osteosarcoma: From Mechanisms to Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(15):5207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155207
Chicago/Turabian StyleCersosimo, Francesca, Silvia Lonardi, Giulia Bernardini, Brian Telfer, Giulio Eugenio Mandelli, Annalisa Santucci, William Vermi, and Emanuele Giurisato. 2020. "Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Osteosarcoma: From Mechanisms to Therapy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15: 5207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155207
APA StyleCersosimo, F., Lonardi, S., Bernardini, G., Telfer, B., Mandelli, G. E., Santucci, A., Vermi, W., & Giurisato, E. (2020). Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Osteosarcoma: From Mechanisms to Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(15), 5207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155207