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Article

Bifunctional Role of CrkL during Bone Remodeling

by
Jung Ha Kim
1,2,
Kabsun Kim
1,
Inyoung Kim
1,
Semun Seong
1,2,
Hyun Kook
1,
Kyung Keun Kim
1,
Jeong-Tae Koh
2,3 and
Nacksung Kim
1,2,*
1
Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
2
Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
3
Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(13), 7007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137007
Submission received: 27 May 2021 / Revised: 15 June 2021 / Accepted: 23 June 2021 / Published: 29 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Osteoimmunology and Bone Biology)
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Abstract

:
Coupled signaling between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts is crucial to the maintenance of bone homeostasis. We previously reported that v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CrkL), which belongs to the Crk family of adaptors, inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-mediated osteoblast differentiation, while enhancing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether CrkL can also regulate the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, facilitating bone homeostasis. Osteoblastic CrkL strongly decreased RANKL expression through its inhibition of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) transcription. Reduction in RANKL expression by CrkL in osteoblasts resulted in the inhibition of not only osteoblast-dependent osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast-dependent osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that CrkL participates in the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts via its regulation of RANKL expression. Therefore, CrkL bifunctionally regulates osteoclast differentiation through both a direct and indirect mechanism while it inhibits osteoblast differentiation through its blockade of both BMP2 and RANKL reverse signaling pathways. Collectively, these data suggest that CrkL is involved in bone homeostasis, where it helps to regulate the complex interactions of the osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their coupling signals.

1. Introduction

Bone is a complex and dynamic tissue, and it undergoes continuous renewal via bone remodeling processes to maintain appropriate bone mass and quality [1]. These continuous processes of synthesis and destruction are fine-tuned by an equilibrium between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts [2,3]. In addition to the inherent functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, they contribute to each other’s functions via direct and indirect communication to maintain bone homeostasis [4,5,6,7]. Moreover, osteoblasts can influence osteoclastic bone resorption by producing osteoclast regulatory factors, such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), Fas ligand, complement component 3a, and semaphorins [5,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Additionally, various osteoclast-derived factors, such as those released from the matrix, secreted from the osteoclast, and expressed on the cell membrane, can also influence the osteoblast differentiation and function [16,17]. For example, matrix-derived factors, such as transforming growth factor β, BMP2, and insulin-like growth factors, which are released from osteoclastic bone resorption sites on the bone surface, stimulate the differentiation of the osteoblast progenitors. Osteoclasts also secrete products, such as BMP6, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and Wnt-10b to promote osteoblast precursor recruitment and differentiation. In addition, osteoclast membrane-bound factors, such as ephrin B2 and semaphorin D, are expected to support various interactions between the osteoclasts and mature osteoblasts promoting their osteoblastic activity [17]. The communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts is often the cause of the side effects of the presently available antiresorptive agents and anabolic agents for the treatment of bone disease [18,19,20,21,22]. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling is necessary to identify and explore new therapeutic targets for bone disorders.
The cytoplasmic adaptor CrkL (v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like) belongs to the Crk family of adaptors and is comprised of a single N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and two consecutive SH3 domains (nSH3 and cSH3). CrkL is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues and exhibits several biological functions, such as adhesion, proliferation, migration, and survival [23,24,25,26]. This adaptor protein can function via an interaction between its own SH2 or SH3 domain and numerous adaptor proteins, including paxillin, p130Cas, p120 c-cbl, insulin receptor substrate proteins, STAT5, and PI3K [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. We previously found that CrkII, another adaptor in the Crk family, plays a pivotal role in osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation [41,42]. CrkII enhances osteoclast differentiation by activating Rac1, whereas it inhibits osteoblast differentiation via JNK activation [41,42]. Furthermore, CrkII and CrkL exhibit overlapping functions in certain processes, including osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation, as they share several binding partners, due to remarkable homology between them. In contrast, several studies have reported that Crk proteins exhibit separate functions, notably during development [43,44]. We previously reported that CrkL and CrkII show redundant function during osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation, as CrkL is a distinct gene transcribed from the CrkL locus but not Crk locus. The role of CrkL in communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts during bone remodeling processes remains unknown; therefore, in the present study, we thoroughly investigated the role of CrkL during bone remodeling by considering various aspects.

2. Results

2.1. CrkL Has a Positive and Negative Effect on Osteoclast and Osteoblast Differentiation, Respectively

We previously reported that CrkL and CrkII exhibit overlapping functions in osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In the present study, to confirm the roles of CrkL in osteoclasts and osteoblasts, we determined the effects of retrovirus-mediated overexpression of CrkL in bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage lineage cells (BMMs) and primary osteoblasts. The formation of large multinucleated osteoclasts, induced by RANKL, was significantly enhanced in BMMs overexpressing CrkL compared to that in control (Figure 1a); however, alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and bone mineralization induced by osteogenic media (OGM) was significantly inhibited in osteoblasts overexpressing CrkL (Figure 1b). These results confirmed that CrkL upregulates RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation, while it downregulates osteoblast differentiation and function.

2.2. CrkL Indirectly Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation by Regulating RANKL (Tnfsf11) Expression

Osteoblasts produce RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG), that contribute to bone homeostasis via the regulation of osteoclastogenesis [15]. We further examined whether CrkL is associated with osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation. Overexpression of CrkL in osteoblasts significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of Tnfsf11 in both nonstimulated and 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 (Vit D3)-stimulated osteoblasts without affecting the OPG (Tnfrsf11b) expression (Figure 2a). Conversely, downregulation of CrkL by siRNA led to an increase in the mRNA levels of Tnfsf11 (Figure 2b). To functionally validate the role of CrkL in osteoblastic RANKL expression, we cocultured the osteoblasts with osteoclast precursor cells. The coculture of osteoblasts overexpressing or downregulating CrkL with osteoclast precursor cells displayed decreased or increased osteoclast formation, in contrast to each control osteoblast culture (Figure 2c,d).
To further assess the role of CrkL in osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation, osteoblast and osteoclast precursor cells were transduced with control or CrkL retrovirus, as illustrated in Figure 2e, and then cocultured in the presence of vitamin D3 (Vit D3) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Interestingly, a significant decrease in osteoclast formation was observed when BMMs overexpressing CrkL were cocultured with osteoblasts overexpressing CrkL, compared to the control (Figure 2e). These results indicated that CrkL inhibits osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation by blocking RANKL expression, though it increases RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation in osteoclast precursor cells.

2.3. CrkL Inhibits RANKL-Mediated Osteoblast Differentiation

Recently, it has been reported that vesicular receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) secreted from mature osteoclasts activates RANKL reverse signaling in osteoblasts and enhances osteoblast differentiation [45]. Moreover, the W9 peptide, which is known to bind RANKL and inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro, also binds RANKL on osteoblasts and promotes osteoblast differentiation, presumably via RANKL reverse signaling [46,47,48]. Therefore, we tested the effects of CrkL on W9-induced osteoblast differentiation, to evaluate whether the inhibition of RANKL expression in osteoblasts caused by CrkL affects osteoblast differentiation by regulating RANKL reverse signaling. As illustrated in Figure 3, overexpression of CrkL in osteoblasts significantly inhibited W9-induced bone mineralization. Consistent with bone mineralization, expression of typical osteogenic marker genes, including Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (Alpl), and bone sialoprotein (Ibsp), was significantly inhibited by CrkL overexpression (Figure 3a,b). In contrast, downregulation of endogenous CrkL expression markedly increased the ALP activity, bone mineralization, and expression of typical osteogenic marker genes (Figure 3c–e). Collectively, these results indicate that osteoblastic CrkL regulates osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting both BMP2 signaling and RANKL reverse signaling.

2.4. CrkL Inhibits RANKL Expression via Interaction with Runx2

As Runx2 has been implicated in RANKL expression in various cell types, such as prostate cancer cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and osteoblasts [49,50,51,52], we further examined whether CrkL-inhibited Tnfsf11 expression is involved in the regulation of Runx2 expression. As illustrated in Figure 4a, Runx2 expression controlled by CrkL was similar to that of Tnfsf11. Moreover, the expression of Tnfsf11 as well as that of Runx2 was suppressed when CrkL was overexpressed, whereas it was increased when CrkL was downregulated. Moreover, inhibition of Tnfsf11 expression by CrkL was rescued by the forced expression of Runx2 (Figure 4b). In order to gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of Tnfsf11 expression by CrkL, we examined whether CrkL directly interacts with Runx2. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed the direct interaction between CrkL and Runx2 in HEK-293T cells (Figure 4c). Furthermore, Runx2 induced the expression of 6XOSE (Runx2 DNA-binding elements), Ibsp, and Tnfsf11 promoter reporter, and its effects were significantly inhibited by CrkL (Figure 4d). Collectively, these results indicated that the CrkL-induced decreased expression of RANKL is mediated via the suppression of Runx2 transcriptional activity.

2.5. Downregulation of CrkL Can Protect RANKL-Induced Bone Loss In Vivo

Eventually, we assessed the local administration of siRNA, targeting CrkL, in a mouse calvaria model. In microcomputed tomography (µCT) analyses, the injection of RANKL to the calvaria led to a significant decrease in bone mass. RANKL-induced bone loss was attenuated by the local administration of CrkL siRNA (Figure 5). These results indicated that CrkL may be a potential target in the development of new therapeutics for bone diseases.

3. Discussion

In the present study, we demonstrated that CrkL can be involved in regulating precise bone remodeling by affecting osteoclast differentiation, osteoblast differentiation, and osteoclast–osteoblast communication. The ectopic expression of CrkL in osteoclast precursor cells enhanced osteoclast differentiation and function, whereas that in osteoblasts inhibited osteoblast differentiation and function. Moreover, the inhibition of RANKL production, by the ectopic expression of CrkL in osteoblasts, hampered osteoclast-mediated osteoblast differentiation, as well as osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation. Collectively, CrkL is remarkably involved in bone remodeling, and can lead to bone loss, by acting directly on osteoclasts and osteoblasts, while inhibiting both bone resorption and bone formation, by acting indirectly by regulating osteoclast–osteoblast communication.
In a previous study, we revealed that CrkII increased osteoclast differentiation via Rac1 activation and reduced osteoblast differentiation by regulating JNK activation; moreover, we demonstrated that CrkII and CrkL exhibit similar functions in osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation [41,42]. According to the results of the present study, the new function of CrkL in osteoblasts—the downregulation of Tnfsf11 expression—is due to the inhibition of Runx2 transcriptional activities caused by the formation of a complex of Runx2 and CrkL. Runx2 acts as a master transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation, which transactivates numerous essential genes in osteogenesis, such as those encoding Sp7, Alpl, Col1, Ibsp, and Bglap [53,54]. Notably, Runx2 is responsible for osteoblast differentiation because bone formation is inhibited, due to the arrest of osteoblast differentiation in mice subjected to a targeted disruption of Runx2 [53]; however, the mechanisms involved in osteoclast differentiation, regulated by Runx2 in osteoblasts, remain unclear. Bone formation and osteoclasts were completely absent in Runx2-deficient mice, in which OPG and M-CSF were normally expressed, but RANKL was significantly less expressed [50]. Transgenic mice overexpressing Runx2 in osteoblasts revealed a dramatic increase in osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption [49]. Furthermore, the 0.7-kb 5′-flanking region of the Tnfsf11 promoter contains two putative Runx2 binding sites [55]; however, whether Runx2 simulates Tnfsf11 expression in osteoblasts to support osteoclast differentiation remains controversial. A previous study reported that neither Runx2 nor the dominant negative form of Runx2 expression significantly affect Tnfsf11 expression in a stromal/osteoblastic cell line, UAMS-32 [56]. In contrast, Runx2 has been shown to directly bind to the promoter and upregulate Tnfsf11 expression in calcifying smooth muscle cells [52]. Consistent with the latter results, we confirmed that Runx2 increased Tnfsf11 transcription. CrkL interacts with Runx2 to inhibit Runx2 transcriptional activity, thereby suppressing the autoregulation of Runx2 and the expression of Runx2 target genes, including Tnfsf11. Presumably, CrkL functions primarily via the inhibition of Runx2 signaling pathway in osteoblasts. Moreover, it decreases Runx2 expression and subsequently attenuates osteoblast differentiation or osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, CrkL reduces the Tnfsf11 expression, which is successfully recovered by Runx2 overexpression. As we previously reported that CrkII inhibits osteoblast differentiation by regulating JNK activation, we assumed that CrkL, similar to CrkII, also functions by regulating the JNK signaling pathway in osteoblasts. Unexpectedly, the blocking of JNK activation did not affect the Tnfsf11 expression controlled by CrkL. Therefore, CrkII and CrkL affect the osteoblast function by mainly regulating the Runx2 signaling pathway; in particular, they inhibit osteoblast differentiation, partly by activating the JNK signaling pathway.
RANKL–RANK signaling pathway is a crucial factor in the coupling of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone remodeling. Osteoblasts secrete RANKL to support osteoclast differentiation. RANKL–RANK forward signaling pathway induces osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Meanwhile, mature osteoclasts secrete vesicular RANK, which binds osteoblastic RANKL and triggers RANKL–RANK reverse signaling pathway to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation [45]. As Runx2 activation is required for RANKL–RANK reverse signaling pathway-mediated bone formation, CrkL crucially participates in bone remodeling processes, by inhibiting the RANKL–RANK reverse signaling pathway-mediated bone formation.
The coupling of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone remodeling induces unexpected side effects of bone disease treatments currently in use [18,19,20,22]. Considering the bifunctional properties of CrkL, we tested whether CrkL could serve as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of bone diseases. Our results indicated that CrkL knockdown can protect RANKL-induced bone loss in vivo; moreover, the net effect of two opposing qualities of CrkL in vivo is biased toward promoting bone resorption during bone remodeling. Although CrkL knockdown might promote osteoblast-dependent osteoclast differentiation, it contributes to bone formation by activating bone formation signaling and RANKL reverse signaling in osteoblasts and inhibiting RANKL forward signaling in osteoclast precursors. Therefore, CrkL is a potential therapeutic target for diseases related to bone loss. However, since our local and transient calvarial model is not sufficient to elucidate the precise physiological or pathological role of CrkL in vivo, further evaluations, possibly using transgenic mice with engineered CrkL expression, are required.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Reagents

Recombinant human BMP2 was purchased from Cowellmedi (Busan, Korea). Alizarin Red, β-glycerophosphate, PGE2, and Vit D3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ascorbic acid was purchased from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Recombinant hRANKL and hM-CSF were purified from BL21.

4.2. Osteoclast Differentiation

Murine bone marrow cells were isolated by flushing the bone marrow of tibiae and femurs of 6–8-week-old mice with α-minimal essential medium (MEM) (HyClone Laboratories, Logan, UT, USA) and followed by red blood cell lysis. Thereafter, the isolated bone marrow cells were cultured with α-MEM containing 10% FBS and 30 ng/mL M-CSF for 3 days. Nonadherent cells were removed, and the remaining adherent cells, i.e., BMMs, were used as osteoclast precursors. BMMs were transduced with pMX-IRES-EGFP (control) or CrkL retrovirus, or transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs, depending on the experimental conditions. Transduced or transfected BMMs were cultured in M-CSF (30 ng/mL) or M-CSF and RANKL (20–150 ng/mL) for 3 days. For coculture experiments, BMMs were cultured with osteoblasts in the presence of Vit D3 (10−8 M) or Vit D3 (10−8 M) and PGE2 (10−7 M) for 6 days. Cultured cells were fixed and stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) solution. TRAP-positive cells with more than three nuclei were counted as osteoclasts.

4.3. Osteoblast Differentiation

Primary osteoblast precursor cells were obtained from the enzymatic lysis of the skulls of neonatal ICR mice using 0.1% collagenase (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 0.2% dispase II (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Primary osteoblasts were transduced with pMX-IRES-EGFP (control) or CrkL retrovirus, or transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs, depending on the experimental conditions. Transduced or transfected osteoblasts were cultured in α-MEM, supplemented with 10% FBS. Osteoblast differentiation was induced by culturing cells in OGM, containing BMP2 (100 ng/mL), ascorbic acid (50 µg/mL), and β-glycerophosphate (100 mM) for 3 or 6 days. Cultured cells (3 days) were lysed using osteoblast lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1% Triton X-100, 150 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA), and then these lysates were incubated with p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min at room temperature, before their ALP activity was evaluated at 405 nm using a spectrophotometer. Cultured cells (6 days) were fixed with 70% ethanol and stained with 40 mM alizarin red (pH 4.2) for 10 min at room temperature, to visualize calcium deposits. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline to remove the nonspecific staining, alizarin red-stained cells were visualized with CanoScan 4400F (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and extracted using a 10% cetylpyridinium chloride solution for 30 min at room temperature. Intensities of the extracts were quantified at 562 nm via densitometry.

4.4. Luciferase Assay

HEK-293T cells were plated in 24-well plates at a density of 5 × 104 cells/well in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (HyClone), supplemented with 10% FBS. The cells were then transfected with reporter luciferase plasmids expressing or not expressing Runx2 or CrkL using FuGENE 6 (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After 48 h, the cells were lysed using 200 µL of passive lysis buffer (Promega), and the cell lysates were evaluated for luciferase activity using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Each of these evaluations were completed in triplicate.

4.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed in triplicate with Rotor-Gene Q (Qiagen, GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and SYBR Green (Qiagen). The thermal cycling conditions were as follows: 15 min at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles at 94 °C for 15 s, 58 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s. The amount of mRNA was normalized to the expression level of an endogenous housekeeping gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh). The relative value for the expression of each target gene, compared to that of the calibrator for that target gene, was expressed as 2−(Ct-Cc) (where Ct and Cc are the mean threshold cycle differences of the target gene and the calibrator gene, respectively, after normalization to the expression level of Gapdh). The primer sequences were as follows: Gapdh, 5′-TGA CCA CAG TCC ATG CCA TCA CTG-3′ and 5′-CAG GAG ACA ACC TGG TCC TCA GTG-3′; Crkl, 5′-GTG TCT CGC ACT ACA TCA TCA A-3′ and 5′-GCT GAG ACA GAA CCC ACT GG-3′; Runx2, 5′-CCC AGC CAC CTT TAC CTA CA-3′ and 5′-CAG CGT CAA CAC CAT CAT TC-3′; Alpl, 5′-CAA GGA TAT CGA CGT GAT CAT G-3′ and 5′-GTC AGT CAG GTT GTT CCG ATT C-3′; Ibsp, 5′-GGA AGA GGA GAC TTC AAA CGA AG-3′ and 5′-CAT CCA CTT CTG CTT CTT CGT TC-3′; Tnfsf11, 5′-CCT GAG ACT CCA TGA AAA CGC-3′ and 5′-TCG CTG GGC CAC ATC CAA CCA TGA-3′; and Tnfrsf11b, 5′-CAG TGA GAG TGTGTGTAT TGC AG-3′ and 5′ -TTA TAC AGG GTG CTT TCG ATG AAG -3′.

4.6. Retroviral Infection

The packaging cell line Plat-E was transfected with retroviral vectors using FuGENE 6 (Promega), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The retroviral supernatant was collected after 48 h of transfection, and the collected supernatant was used as the medium for culturing BMMs or osteoblasts for 6 h, in the presence of 10 μg/mL polybrene (Sigma-Aldrich). This medium was later replaced with growth or differentiation medium as necessary.

4.7. siRNA Transfection

BMMs or osteoblasts were transfected with control siRNA or CrkL siRNA purchased from Dharmacon using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol, for 4 h at 37 °C, and thereafter, the medium was replaced with a growth medium or differentiation medium.

4.8. In Vivo Experiments

The calvarial bone destruction model was established by injecting the control of CrkL siRNA (30 µL of 20 µM), mixed with 10 µL of Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen) into the mice calvaria 1 day prior to the implantation of the collagen sponge. On the next day, a collagen sponge treated with PBS or RANKL (2 mg/kg) was implanted onto the calvariae of the mice. Thereafter, control or CrkL siRNA was injected into the calvariae of mice from post-sponge implant from days 1–5 with 2 day intervals. Mice were euthanized and their calvariae were obtained for µCT analyses using a high-resolution Skyscan 1172 system (Skyscan, Kontich, Belgium) at 50 kV and 201 μA, with a 0.5-mm aluminum filter and a resolution of 17 μm pixel−1. All animal experiments were approved by the Chonnam National University Medical School Research Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were carried out in accordance with approved guidelines.

4.9. Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting

HEK-293T cells that were transfected with expression plasmids for 2 days were lysed in NP-40 lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), supplemented with aprotinin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The lysate was incubated with protein G (Invitrogen) for preclearing, and further incubated overnight with anti-FLAG M2 antibody (Sigma-Aldrich). On the next day, immunoprecipitated lysate was incubated with protein G (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and, thereafter, the immunoprecipitated protein or whole cell lysate was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and polyvinylidene difluoride membrane transfer. The membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk in TBS-T (10 mM Tri-HCl (pH 7.6), 150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20), and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against FLAG (Sigma-Aldrich) and Runx2 (Santa Cruz), followed by washing and incubation with appropriate horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies. Signals were detected with ECL solution (Millipore) and analyzed using an Azure c300 luminescent image analyzer (Azure Biosystems, Dublin, CA, USA).

4.10. Statistical Analysis

All values are expressed as the means ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was determined by using two-tailed Student’s t-tests for two independent samples, or analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey’s HSD test for multiple group comparisons. p values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

5. Conclusions

CrkL inhibits BMP2-mediated osteoblast differentiation of the osteoblast precursors, while enhancing RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of the osteoclast precursors. CrkL also affects both osteoblast-dependent osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast-dependent osteoblast differentiation via its suppression of RANKL expression in osteoblasts. Further evaluations of the in vivo roles of CrkL during bone remodeling will help to understand the potential therapeutic value of CrkL in the future treatment of various bone diseases.

Author Contributions

J.H.K. and N.K. conceived and designed the experiments; K.K., I.K., and S.S. performed the experiments and analyzed the data; H.K., K.K.K., and J.-T.K. provided experimental materials and conceived the experiments; J.H.K. and N.K. wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2019R1A5A2027521 and 2020R1I1A3067580).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Chonnam National University Medical School Research Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (CNU IACUC-H-2017-27). The date of approval: 2017.06.05.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are in this published article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

ALPalkaline phosphatase
BMMsbone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophages lineage cells
BMP2bone morphogenic protein 2
BSPbone sialoprotein
CrkLv-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like
M-CSFmacrophage colony-stimulating factor
OGMosteogenic media
OPGosteoprotegerin
PGE2prostaglandin E2
RANKreceptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B
RANKLreceptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
Runx2runt-related transcription factor 2
TRAPtartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Vit D31,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3

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Figure 1. CrkL enhances osteoclast differentiation, while it inhibits osteoblast differentiation. (a) TRAP staining images. Osteoclast differentiation of BMMs overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus following treatment with M-CSF, or M-CSF and RANKL (left panel). Number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel). Bar: 200 µm. (b,c) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus were cultured in OGM. (b) ALP activity assay. (c) Alizarin red staining images (left panel). Quantification of alizarin red staining intensities (right panel). # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01 as compared with the controls.
Figure 1. CrkL enhances osteoclast differentiation, while it inhibits osteoblast differentiation. (a) TRAP staining images. Osteoclast differentiation of BMMs overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus following treatment with M-CSF, or M-CSF and RANKL (left panel). Number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel). Bar: 200 µm. (b,c) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus were cultured in OGM. (b) ALP activity assay. (c) Alizarin red staining images (left panel). Quantification of alizarin red staining intensities (right panel). # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01 as compared with the controls.
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Figure 2. CrkL attenuates RANKL expression. (a) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus in the presence or absence of Vit D3. mRNA expression of the indicated genes. (b) Primary osteoblast precursors were transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs in the presence or absence of Vit D3. mRNA expression of the indicated genes was assessed by real-time PCR. (c) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus were cocultured with BMMs and Vit D3 in the presence or absence of PGE2. TRAP staining images (left panel) where used to enumerate the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel). Bar: 200 µm. (d) Primary osteoblast precursors transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs and cocultured with BMMs and Vit D3 in the presence or absence of PGE2. TRAP staining images (left panel) where used to enumerate the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel). Bar: 200 µm. (e) Osteoclast differentiation in BMMs, cocultured with osteoblasts, treated as indicated in the presence of Vit D3 and PGE2. TRAP staining images (left panel) where used to enumerate the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel) in each sample. Bar: 200 µm. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001 as compared with the controls.
Figure 2. CrkL attenuates RANKL expression. (a) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus in the presence or absence of Vit D3. mRNA expression of the indicated genes. (b) Primary osteoblast precursors were transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs in the presence or absence of Vit D3. mRNA expression of the indicated genes was assessed by real-time PCR. (c) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus were cocultured with BMMs and Vit D3 in the presence or absence of PGE2. TRAP staining images (left panel) where used to enumerate the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel). Bar: 200 µm. (d) Primary osteoblast precursors transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs and cocultured with BMMs and Vit D3 in the presence or absence of PGE2. TRAP staining images (left panel) where used to enumerate the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel). Bar: 200 µm. (e) Osteoclast differentiation in BMMs, cocultured with osteoblasts, treated as indicated in the presence of Vit D3 and PGE2. TRAP staining images (left panel) where used to enumerate the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells (right panel) in each sample. Bar: 200 µm. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001 as compared with the controls.
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Figure 3. CrkL inhibits RANKL–RANK reverse signaling pathway. (a,b) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus were cultured in OGM supplemented with W9. (a) Alizarin red staining images (left panel) allowed for the quantification of the alizarin red staining intensities (right panel) under each condition. (b) mRNA expression of the indicated genes. (c–e) Primary osteoblast precursors transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs were cultured in OGM with W9. (c) ALP activity assay. (d) Alizarin red staining images (left panel). Quantification of alizarin red staining intensities (right panel). (e) mRNA expression of the indicated genes. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001 as compared with the controls.
Figure 3. CrkL inhibits RANKL–RANK reverse signaling pathway. (a,b) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing the control or CrkL retrovirus were cultured in OGM supplemented with W9. (a) Alizarin red staining images (left panel) allowed for the quantification of the alizarin red staining intensities (right panel) under each condition. (b) mRNA expression of the indicated genes. (c–e) Primary osteoblast precursors transfected with control or CrkL siRNAs were cultured in OGM with W9. (c) ALP activity assay. (d) Alizarin red staining images (left panel). Quantification of alizarin red staining intensities (right panel). (e) mRNA expression of the indicated genes. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001 as compared with the controls.
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Figure 4. CrkL inhibits Runx2 transcriptional activity. (a) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing control or CrkL retrovirus and primary osteoblast precursors transfected with control or CrkL-siRNAs were cultured in the presence or absence of Vit D3. (b) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing control, CrkL or CrkL and Runx2 were cultured in the presence or absence of Vit D3. mRNA expression of Tnfsf11. (c) Co-immunoprecipitation assays in Runx2 or Runx2 and CrkL-transfected HEK-293T cells. (d) Luciferase assay of HEK-293T cells transfected with various expression plasmids. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001 as compared with the controls.
Figure 4. CrkL inhibits Runx2 transcriptional activity. (a) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing control or CrkL retrovirus and primary osteoblast precursors transfected with control or CrkL-siRNAs were cultured in the presence or absence of Vit D3. (b) Primary osteoblast precursors overexpressing control, CrkL or CrkL and Runx2 were cultured in the presence or absence of Vit D3. mRNA expression of Tnfsf11. (c) Co-immunoprecipitation assays in Runx2 or Runx2 and CrkL-transfected HEK-293T cells. (d) Luciferase assay of HEK-293T cells transfected with various expression plasmids. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001 as compared with the controls.
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Figure 5. CrkL knockdown prevents RANKL-induced bone loss. Bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV) and the number of TRAP-positive cells in the murine calvarial model treated with PBS, RANKL and control, or CrkL siRNA. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01 as compared with the controls.
Figure 5. CrkL knockdown prevents RANKL-induced bone loss. Bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV) and the number of TRAP-positive cells in the murine calvarial model treated with PBS, RANKL and control, or CrkL siRNA. # p < 0.05; * p < 0.01 as compared with the controls.
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Kim, J.H.; Kim, K.; Kim, I.; Seong, S.; Kook, H.; Kim, K.K.; Koh, J.-T.; Kim, N. Bifunctional Role of CrkL during Bone Remodeling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137007

AMA Style

Kim JH, Kim K, Kim I, Seong S, Kook H, Kim KK, Koh J-T, Kim N. Bifunctional Role of CrkL during Bone Remodeling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(13):7007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137007

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Jung Ha, Kabsun Kim, Inyoung Kim, Semun Seong, Hyun Kook, Kyung Keun Kim, Jeong-Tae Koh, and Nacksung Kim. 2021. "Bifunctional Role of CrkL during Bone Remodeling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13: 7007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137007

APA Style

Kim, J. H., Kim, K., Kim, I., Seong, S., Kook, H., Kim, K. K., Koh, J. -T., & Kim, N. (2021). Bifunctional Role of CrkL during Bone Remodeling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(13), 7007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137007

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