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Article

Downregulation of lncRNA PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 Promotes Hydrogen Cyanamide-Induced Endodormancy Release through the PP2C-H2O2 Pathway in Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

by
Liang Li
1,2,
Jinhang Liu
1,
Qin Liang
1,
Yu Feng
1,
Chao Wang
1,
Shaohua Wu
1 and
Yongyu Li
1,*
1
College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
2
Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan District, Fuzhou 350013, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(21), 11842; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111842
Submission received: 13 October 2021 / Revised: 28 October 2021 / Accepted: 29 October 2021 / Published: 31 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemical and Molecular Regulations of Priming: How Plants Enhance Their Defence against Environmental Pressures)
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Abstract

:
Bud endodormancy is an important, complex process subject to both genetic and epigenetic control, the mechanism of which is still unclear. The endogenous hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and its signaling pathway play important roles in the endodormancy process, in which the type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) is key to the ABA signal pathway. Due to its excellent effect on endodormancy release, hydrogen cyanamide (HC) treatment is considered an effective measure to study the mechanism of endodormancy release. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis was conducted on endodormant floral buds of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) with HC treatment, and the HC-induced PP2C gene PpPP2C1 was identified. Next, software prediction, expression tests and transient assays revealed that lncRNA PpL-T31511-derived Pp-miRn182 targets PpPP2C1. The expression analysis showed that HC treatment upregulated the expression of PpPP2C1 and downregulated the expression of PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182. Moreover, HC treatment inhibited the accumulation of ABA signaling pathway-related genes and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Furthermore, overexpression of Pp-miRn182 reduced the inhibitory effect of PpPP2C1 on the H2O2 content. In summary, our study suggests that downregulation of PpL-T31511-derived Pp-miRn182 promotes HC-induced endodormancy release in pear plants through the PP2C-H2O2 pathway.

1. Introduction

To cope with cyclic periods of environmental stress such as cold winters, perennial deciduous trees developed a strategy of going dormant during evolution [1]. Based on different stress contexts, plant dormancy was classified into three categories: paradormancy, endodormancy and ecodormancy [2]. Paradormancy occurs only in lateral buds after elongation has stopped, which is imposed by apical dominance. In autumn, perennial deciduous trees shed leaves, and the buds enter endodormancy, which is induced by cold temperatures, short photoperiods or both [3,4]. Within the family Rosaceae, the endodormancy of pear buds is induced by low temperatures [5]. Under natural conditions, the release of buds from endodormancy is a temperature-dependent process, where a genetically determined amount of accumulative chilling is required to break endodormancy [6]. The endodormant buds cannot break endodormancy under insufficient chilling accumulation during winter, which leads to unsuccessful flowering and reduced fruit production [7]. When this chilling requirement is met, pear buds shift to ecodormancy. In ecodormancy, pear buds are still repressed due to temporary environmental stresses, but this state is released once the stressful conditions cease [3]. Due to global abnormal weather, unstable chilling accumulation has seriously affected endodormancy establishment and release in many perennial deciduous trees, including pear trees, resulting in production instability and economic losses. Therefore, identifying the molecular mechanism regulating endodormancy may provide the basis for solving this key problem in agriculture.
Bud endodormancy in winter is of economic importance and widely studied. As an effective chemical agent that could replace chilling accumulation and rapidly release buds from endodormancy, 1.0% w/v hydrogen cyanamide (HC) has been widely applied to many deciduous fruit trees such as grape (Vitis vinifera L.) [8], blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) [9], peach (Prunus persica) [10] and pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) [11]. Additionally, HC treatment combined with transcriptome analysis has been used as an effective method to reveal the mechanism of bud endodormancy [12,13]. Phytohormones are physiological factors that have been associated with bud growth and development. Metabolic pathways involved in endodormancy induction associated with abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and auxin were identified by transcriptome analysis [14,15]. Gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin, jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroid (BR) also participated in endodormancy [15]. Among then, ABA has proved to be a crucial promoter involved in bud endodormancy [16]. It was reported that the application of ABA inhibits endodormancy release and attenuates the advancing effect of HC in grape buds [17]. HC treatment also decreased ABA levels, which coincided with the expression trends of the genes involved in the ABA metabolism and signaling pathways, according to transcriptome analysis [13,18]. Nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is a rate-limiting gene for ABA biosynthesis. The cytochrome P450 CYP707A family is thought to be the key regulator in ABA metabolization. NCED was upregulated prior to the onset of endodormancy along with an increase in ABA levels. With endodormancy release, the expression of CYP707A was upregulated and the levels of ABA content and NCED expression were decreased [11,19]. The dormancy-associated MADS-box gene (DAM), a key factor involved in dormancy regulation in Rosaceae species [7,20,21], has been reported to activate NCED expression by binding to the CArG motif in the NCED promoter [11]. As major components of the ABA signaling mechanism, type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) negatively regulate the ABA signaling pathway [22]. PP2Cs involved in seed dormancy have been reported [23]. Both PYL/RCAR ABA receptors [24] and protein DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) [25] could form a complex with PP2Cs that inhibits the activities of PP2Cs, resulting in seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Ectopic expression of wheat PP2C-a10 in Arabidopsis promoted seed germination [26]. In pear buds, the levels of expression of PpPP2Cs decreased in endodormancy and then increased in endodormancy release. PpPP2C-12 expression was inhibited in ABA-treated buds [18]. One week after HC treatment, PpPP2C was upregulated and reached the highest levels compared with water treatment [11]. Those results suggested that the upregulation of PP2C was associated with endodormancy release.
In addition, energy metabolism was considered to be a key regulatory mechanism involved in bud endodormancy release [8]. Oxidation and respiratory metabolism, which provide energy for metabolic activities, were suggested to be involved in the release of floral buds from endodormancy [27]. Under HC treatment, respiration intensity suddenly decreased and then increased significantly one day later in dormant peach floral buds [28]. In addition, metabolites related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) [9] and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) [28] were induced by HC treatment. Oxidation and respiratory stresses trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which play a key role in plant growth and development [29]. In plants, ROS act as signaling molecules of ABA and participate in calcium channels and stomatal movement [30]. H2O2 accumulates during endodormancy and decreases during dormancy release in endodormant floral buds of many plants [31]. This change in H2O2 content during periods of endodormancy suggests that H2O2 acts as an important signaling molecule [32]. A transient increase in H2O2 levels was detected following the application of HC [33], and considered the main reason for accelerated endodormancy release. Interestingly, the relationship between PP2Cs and H2O2 has been shown during stomatal movement [34]. As a major producer of ROS under stress in plants, plasma membrane-bound NADPH oxidase (RBOH) is suppressed by PP2Cs through SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK2) [35]. Although it is known that the ABA signaling pathway plays an important role in bud dormancy, specific regulatory networks, such as the PP2C-H2O2 network, have not been well studied.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently attracted much attention because of their ability to fine-tune gene expression at the transcriptional or epigenetic level [36]. As one of the main types of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely identified during bud dormancy release by high-throughput sequencing in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) [37], Lilium pumilum [38] and Japanese pear (P. pyrifolia “Kosui”) [39]. In kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), miR172 interacts with APETALA2 (AP2) and is involved in dormancy release [40]. In pear, miR6390 [41] and miR156 [42] were predicted to participate in endodormancy release. As another major type of ncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs, over 200 nucleotides in length) have been suggested to play important roles in developmental stages and stress responses in plants [43]. Interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs are also widespread. LncRNAs can function as precursors or targets of miRNAs to regulate plant metabolic processes [44]. Although little is known regarding the characteristic features of dormancy-related lncRNAs, the publication of lncRNA data affecting floral bud dormancy in pear plants provides an opportunity for further study of the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs during endodormancy release [45]. LncRNAs are considered to interact with miRNAs and affect the expression of glutathione peroxidase genes, causing them to participate in the ROS scavenging system during pear bud endodormancy [45]. In plants, ROS are crucial signaling molecules in the ABA-PP2C signaling pathway. Therefore, whether lncRNAs are involved in the regulation of PP2C-H2O2 network during endodormancy is worth exploring.
In this study, HC-induced PP2C genes during endodormancy in pear floral buds were identified by RNA-Seq analysis. Through software analysis, the lncRNA PpL-T31511 was predicted to potentially function as the precursor of Pp-miRn182, which targets HC-induced PpPP2C1. We investigated this possible lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulation mode via fluorescence assays and expression tests. In addition, the promoting effect of ABA treatment on H2O2 content was found, leading to our investigation of the effect of PpPP2C1 and PpL-T31511 on H2O2 content via transient transfection assay. The results indicated a possible regulatory mechanism of lncRNA PpL-T31511 in the PP2C-H2O2 network in pear floral buds during endodormancy, for which we provide a model.

2. Results

2.1. HC Treatment Induces Endodormancy Release

In this study, the dormancy status of lateral floral buds was measured on excised one-year-old shoots of “Huanghua” pear (P. pyrifolia) cultivated in cold storage for 0 days, 15 days, 30 days and 45 days. Lateral floral buds of shoots, cultivated in cold storage for 15 days, had transitioned to endodormancy (10.48% bud breakage was observed under forcing conditions). After adequate chilling accumulation, more than 50% of floral buds had broken on shoots cultivated in cold storage for 45 days (Figure S1). Thus, lateral floral buds of shoots cultivated in cold storage for 45 days were determined to be ecodormant. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), HC treatment was conducted on endodormant floral buds (cultivated in cold storage for 15 days). Twenty-one days post HC treatment, the bud break rate was 93.05% (significantly higher than that in the H-CK group), suggesting that floral buds were induced to endodormancy release (Figure 1a). The bud break rates of ecodormant floral buds (cultivated in cold storage for 45 days) were 29.07% and 50.23% in the ABA treatment group and water treatment group (A-CK), respectively. The results showed that HC treatment effectively stimulated endodormancy release and floral bud breakage in pear plants (Figure 1b). It was noted in the experiment that some pear floral buds began to expand, and even proceeded to burst, under HC treatment after 9 days. Therefore, samples from untreated buds, and those under HC treatment for 0.5 days and 3 days, were selected for subsequent RNA sequencing. Samples treated with water for 0.5 days and 3 days were utilized as controls.

2.2. Characterization of the HC-Treated Pear Floral Bud Transcriptome

To search for key genes involved in pear floral buds in response to HC, we performed RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 15 samples, including three biological replicates at each of the three time points (before treatment and 0.5 days and 3 days after treatment) from the HC and H-CK treatment groups, were analyzed. A total of 646,715,158 clean reads were retained after stringent quality assessment and data filtering. By filtering low-quality sequences and those with residual rRNA, approximately 77.04 to 78.66% high-quality clean reads were successfully mapped to the pear genome (Table S1).
FPKM (fragments per kilobase exon per million mapped fragments) was used to measure gene expression levels in pear floral buds. To confirm the reliability of those expression levels, ten differentially expressed genes were randomly selected for validation and the results were highly consistent with the RNA-Seq data (Figure S2). To explore the HC-responsive genes in pear floral buds, DEGs were screened with absolute fold change value of |log2FC| ≥ 0.5 and false discovery rate (FDR) of ≤0.05. The DEGs that were only induced by HC at 0.5 days (not induced by water treatment) were defined as early HC-induced DEGs, and those that were only induced by HC at 3 days were defined as late HC-induced DEGs. In total, 2336 early and 3527 late HC-induced DEGs were identified (Table 1, Figure S3). It was noted that the number of late HC-induced DEGs was greater than that of early HC-induced DEGs (details for the DEGs can be found in Table S2).
To further identify the function of HC-induced DEGs, Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the identified DEGs were carried out. The results showed that large numbers of DEGs were enriched in GO nodes associated with oxidoreductase activity (Figure 2a and Figure S4). Based on KEGG analysis, the “Flavonoid biosynthesis” pathway was identified as one of the top ten enriched pathways in the “Metabolism” category (Figure S4, Table S3). In addition, ROS scavenging system-related DEGs such as the glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTs) and ascorbate peroxidase genes (APXs) were found in the glutathione metabolism pathway (top 20 pathways), suggesting that ROS might be involved in the dormancy release process in pear floral buds.
Another notable observation was that PP2C genes were identified in the highly enriched “Plant hormone signal transduction” pathway (in the “Environmental Information Processing” category), and the highly enriched “cation binding” GO term. Based on this observation, we screened PP2C genes from the HC-induced DEG set, and a total of 27 PP2C genes were identified. According to the expression trend from the RNA-Seq data, most HC-induced PP2C genes were upregulated by HC treatment (Figure 2b). We also checked the expression of those genes during the dormancy process. The expression heatmap showed that nearly half of the HC-induced PP2C genes were downregulated in endodormancy status and upregulated in endodormancy release status (Figure 2c). Next, we focused on these PP2C genes and studied their possible regulatory relationships with miRNAs or lncRNAs.

2.3. LncRNA PpL-T31511-Derived Pp-miRn182 Targets PpPP2C1 Directly

To identify the regulatory relationships between HC-induced PP2C genes and miRNAs in pear plants, the sequences of HC-induced PP2C genes were submitted to the psRNATarget program (Expect ≤ 5) (http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNATarget/ accessed on 26 October 2021) [46] to predict the target genes of miRNAs (the pear miRNA data were obtained from our previous study [42]). PpPP2C1 (XM_009364194.2, a transcript of ncbi_103952578) was predicted as the potential target gene of Pp-miRn182 (a novel pear miRNA, AAUUUUGCAAACUAAAUGACAUG) (Figure 3a). More interestingly, the lncRNA PpL-T31511 (identified in our previous study [45], NCBI: MW856021) was predicted to contain the functional unit pri-Pp-miRn182 (Figure 3b). In other words, PpL-T31511 (pri-Pp-miRn182) could be digested properly to form the precursor to Pp-miRn182 (pre-Pp-miRn182, or Pp-MIRn182), and eventually to form the mature Pp-miRn182. Therefore, we decided to focus our investigation on the interaction between PpPP2C1, Pp-miRn182 and PpL-T31511.
We constructed p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-GFP-PpPP2C1 vectors. The expression of Pp-miRn182 was successfully detected in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves overexpressing PpL-T31511, but not in wild Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We co-infected these two plasmids into onion epidermal cells using the transient transfection assay and detected the fluorescence intensity of the GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein. Confocal microscopic examination revealed lower green fluorescence signals of the GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein in onion epidermis cells with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 overexpression than in onion epidermis cells with p1304-35S-empty (control vectors) (Figure 4). This result indicated that the lncRNA PpL-T31511-drived Pp-miRn182 inhibits the expression of the GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein. Next, the expression patterns of PpPP2C1, Pp-miRn182 and PpL-T31511 in pear floral buds were analyzed. The expression of PpPP2C1 appeared to increase during endodormancy release, and it could also be induced by HC treatment for 3 days (Figure 3c,d). The expression trends of Pp-miRn182 and PpL-T31511 were completely opposite from that of PpPP2C1, which was in line with the predicted relationship among them. These results suggested that PpL-T31511-derived Pp-miRn182 targets PpPP2C1 directly.

2.4. Pp-miRn182-Mediated PpPP2C1 Is Involved in the ABA-PP2C-H2O2 Pathway

PP2Cs are key negative regulatory factors in the ABA signaling network, and form exclusive interactions with PYL (ABA receptors) and SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK2) [47]. SnRK2 promotes ROS generation by interacting directly with NADPH oxidase (RBOHD) [34]. The ROS scavenging system-related DEGs identified in this study also suggested the possible role of ROS in the endodormancy release response to HC treatment. Therefore, we focused on the ABA-ROS signaling pathway. We first checked the expression of ABA-ROS signaling-related genes in pear plants from the RNA-Seq data. PpPYL, PpSnRK2 and PpRBOHD were all downregulated by HC treatment after 3 days, which was opposite that of PpPP2C1 under HC treatment (Figure 5a). The results indicated a negative interaction between PpPP2C1 and the ABA signal transduction pathway-related genes.
We subsequently determined the expression of PpPP2C1, Pp-miRn182 and PpL-T31511 in pear floral buds under ABA treatment. All three were suppressed significantly by ABA, which revealed a more complex regulation of PpPP2C1 (Figure 5b). Additionally, H2O2 content was measured in floral buds treated with HC and ABA. The level of H2O2 increased significantly after 0.5 days of HC treatment and decreased rapidly thereafter. However, the level of H2O2 in the H-CK group remained stable (Figure 5c). Under ABA treatment, H2O2 content was maintained at a high level, while it was significantly reduced in the A-CK group at 0.5 days (Figure 5c). These results further validated that ABA inhibits the expression of PpPP2C1 and enhances the accumulation of H2O2.
To check the regulation of Pp-miRn182 in the PP2C-H2O2 pathway, we constructed p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1 and p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 vectors and co-infected them into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using the transient transfection assay. Then, the H2O2 content was detected. Compared with CK group leaves (co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-MCS35S-empty), the H2O2 contents in group 1 leaves (co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1) and group 2 leaves (co-infected with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1) were significantly decreased. In addition, the H2O2 content in group 2 leaves was higher than that in group 1 leaves (Figure 5d). The results indicated that PpPP2C1 has a significant inhibitory effect on H2O2, and PpL-T31511-drived Pp-miRn182 could promote the accumulation of H2O2 by interacting with PpPP2C1.

3. Discussion

Bud endodormancy plays a decisive role in the phenology and yield of most plants, especially temperate fruit trees. Insufficient endodormancy in warm winters will result in poor bud quality and lower production in the next growing season [48]. HC is widely used in perennial deciduous fruit trees in warm winter areas as a partial replacement for chilling to effectively release bud endodormancy and promote bud bursting [13]. In addition, HC treatment combined with transcriptome or metabonomics techniques are excellent ways to provide new insights into the mechanism of bud endodormancy release [49,50]. As a result of RNA-Seq analysis, HC was found to induce transient oxidative stress-related genes in peach plants [10]. The increase in TCA metabolites was suggested to be crucial in HC-promoted bud breaking in blueberry plants [9]. The cytokinin pathway was identified as the most upregulated pathway in response to HC during bud dormancy in sweet cherry plants [12]. In this study, HC treatment on endodormant pear floral buds resulted in faster endodormancy release and a higher bud break rate (Figure 1a), as expected, which is similar to the results found in “Kosui” pear plants [11]. During RNA-Seq analysis, 3136 upregulated HC-induced DEGs and 2727 downregulated DEGs were identified. The number of upregulated DEGs is comparable to that of other plants [31]. It can be speculated that more genes participate in bud endodormancy release and bud bursting. Further expression and functional analyses of these DEGs will deepen our understanding of the regulatory network of bud endodormancy.
Oxidative stress is considered an imperative component of the endodormancy release process [8]. We found that early HC-induced DEGs were more enriched in “oxidoreductase activity”, “oxidation-reduction process” and “oxygen binding” GO terms. In plants, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes, the important genes related to oxidoreductase activity, converts acetaldehyde to acetic acid with the byproduct nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) [51]. ALDH genes were abundant in the HC-induced DEGs in this study. ALDH is involved in pyruvate metabolism and converts pyruvate during the TCA cycle [52]. The pathways involved in carbohydrate and ATP metabolism in the TCA cycle were stimulated during the endodormancy release phase or by HC treatment to produce enough energy for bud bursting [10,53,54]. It can be speculated that ALDH may accelerate the TCA cycle and endodormancy release by promoting the expression of genes related to these pathways. The TCA cycle-related genes, such as glutamate decarboxylase, aspartate aminotransferase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Table S2), identified in this study may support this. However, what signals or genes control energy metabolism during bud endodormancy? We think that determining this will help us better understand endodormancy. As a proven endogenous hormone that promotes dormancy establishment and maintenance, ABA inhibits TCA cycle isozymes in peach floral buds and affects respiration processes [27]. Reduced TCA cycle enzyme activity and reduced mitochondrial respiration were also found in other plants during endodormancy [55,56]. Notably, ROS production was induced under hypoxic conditions [29]. During dormancy, the increase in the ROS content in buds was attributed to hypoxia and the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration [57]. In our previous study, the decrease in respiratory intensity during endodormancy was examined. We detected a significant decrease in H2O2 levels after 3 days of HC treatment in this study. However, the balance between TCA cycle activity and ROS production during endodormancy remains unknown. We speculate that the activity of ALDH under HC treatment promotes the TCA cycle, which in turn enhances mitochondrial respiratory intensity, reduces the accumulation of ROS, and ultimately promotes endodormancy release. Therefore, further exploration of the interaction between the TCA cycle and ROS will provide a clearer understanding of the function of oxidative metabolism during endodormancy in plants.
H2O2 is regarded as a signaling molecule that regulates the dormancy process [58]. The H2O2 level in dormant buds gradually increased with dormancy onset and decreased rapidly with dormancy release in perennial deciduous trees [31]. Spraying H2O2 on dormant buds promoted dormancy release in pear [59] and grape [60] plants. Interestingly, a high level of H2O2 was detected in endodormant and ecodormant buds (A-CK for 0 days, Figure 5c) in this study. The transient increase in H2O2 levels was attributed to the inhibition of catalase (CAT) by HC treatment [61]. CAT is a crucial enzyme in the ROS scavenging system. This transient increase in the H2O2 level and inhibition of CAT activity under HC treatment for 0.5 days were detected in our study (Figure S5). After 3 days of HC treatment, H2O2 content decreased as CAT activity increased. Based on this evidence, we speculated that an appropriately high level of H2O2 inhibited bud sprouting rather than endodormancy release. The transient increase in H2O2 levels caused some defense responses in endodormant buds, which accelerated the scavenging of H2O2 and led to dormancy release and bud sprouting. More evidence is needed to support this hypothesis.
NADPH oxidase (RBOH) is a major producer of ROS in the context of the defense response [62]. ABA promoted the accumulation of H2O2 by enhancing RBOH activity in the guard cells of leaves. Interestingly, this relationship between ABA and ROS has been reported not only in guard cells but also in dormant seeds [27]. Our study also showed that ABA enhances the accumulation of H2O2 in endodormant buds. ABA treatment resulted an increase in ABA content (data unpublished) and H2O2 content (Figure 5c) in pear buds. HC treatment caused a temporary increase followed by a decrease in ABA and H2O2 content (Figure 5c). This trend also coincided with the expression trends of PpNCED and PpROBH (Figure 5c and Figure S6). DAM was shown to promote ABA content in dormant buds by upregulated expression of NCED [11]. We found that the expression of PpDAM was continuously inhibited by HC treatment (Figure S6). This inconsistent expression trend of PpDAM and PpNCED was also observed in “Kousui” pear plants [11]. It could be speculated that the interaction between PpDAM and PpNCED was conditional. Further study of the relationship between DAM and ABA is required. PP2C is a key negative regulatory factor in the ABA-H2O2 pathway. The relationship between PP2C and ROS in dormant buds is still unclear. Our results indicated that PpPP2C1 could act as an RBOH inhibitor, leading to decreased H2O2 production, and that lncRNA PpL-T31511-derived Pp-miRn182 participated in the regulation of the PP2C-H2O2 pathway. In addition, we identified a novel miRNA, Pp-miRn182, which was formed from the novel lncRNA PpL-T31511, and targets PpPP2C1. Phytohormone balance was also involved in the induction of endodormancy. Some reports have suggested that a transient spike in ethylene may be a pre-requisite to induction of endodormancy by inducing NCED1 [63]. The dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB)/C-repeat binding factor (CBF) family was identified as a key regulator involved in endodormancy and breakage [63]. DREBs have been reported to positively and negatively mediate ABA responses [64]. A DREB homologous gene was induced by ethylene treatment in leafy spurge, suggesting that the impact of ethylene on DREB family members could play a role in ABA-mediated signaling leading to endodormancy induction [14]. Overexpression of some members of the DREB1 class of AP2/ERF has been shown to result in dwarfed phenotypes through regulating GA metabolism [65]. In this study, some DERBs induced by HC were identified. Further study of the regulatory network of phytohormone balance will deepen our understanding of endodormancy. Based on the above results, we propose a hypothetical network model in endodormant pear floral buds (Figure 6). In winter, the accumulation of both ABA and H2O2 in floral buds is induced under chilling. ABA also upregulates the level of H2O2 by inhibiting PP2Cs. PpL-T31511 is induced under chilling and acts as the precursor of Pp-miRn182 to reduce the expression of PpPP2C1. Then, the H2O2 content in buds reaches a high level, resulting in the establishment of endodormancy. After sufficient chilling accumulation, ABA and PpL-T31511 are suppressed, and the expression of PpPP2C1 is upregulated. HC treatment could also inhibit ABA content and promote the expression of PpPP2C1, resulting in a rapid decrease of H2O2 content. In addition, HC induces a transient increase in H2O2 levels and causes some defense responses in endodormant buds, which accelerates the scavenging of H2O2. With the decrease in H2O2, floral buds release from endodormancy.
While this proposed network model needs more experimental evidence, it suggests a possible role of lncRNAs in the PP2C-H2O2 pathway during endodormancy release. In future work, the establishment of a suitable genetic transformation system for pear plants will enable exploration of the function of lncRNAs. In addition, miRNA Pp-miRn182 was specifically upregulated during endodormancy in pear floral buds, suggesting an important role in the endodormancy process. A total of 160 transcripts were identified as target genes for Pp-miRn182 in pear plants, including glutamate dehydrogenase, galactosyltransferase and MYB (Table S4). Thus, the study of more Pp-miRn182 target genes will help to fully reveal the regulatory network of Pp-miRn182 in the endodormancy process. Furthermore, the specific roles of lncRNA PpL-T31511, except for its role as a precursor of Pp-miRn182, in endodormant pear buds are still unknown. Further study on PpL-T31511 would be helpful to explore the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs during the dormancy process.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we performed RNA-Seq analysis on pear endodormant floral buds under HC treatment and found 27 HC-induced PP2C genes. LncRNA PpL-T31511 was identified as the precursor of Pp-miRn182, which targets the HC-induced PP2C gene PpPP2C1. Expression analysis demonstrated that PpPP2C1 was induced by HC treatment. Transient assays showed that overexpression of PpPP2C1 repressed the production of H2O2. Moreover, a high level of H2O2 was shown to be an inhibitor of bud sprouting. Our study suggests that the PpL-T31511-PpPP2C1-H2O2 may play an important role in the endodormancy process and bud bursting.

5. Materials and Methods

5.1. Plant Material and Treatment

Ten-year-old pear trees (“Huanghua”, P. pyrifolia) were grown in an experimental orchard in Gaozhen Village, Jianning Town, Sanming City, Fujian Province, China (altitude, 318 m; latitude, 26°84′37″ N; and longitude, 116°81′19″ E). The yields of these pear trees were stable, and they were regarded as being in the adult phase. These trees were not pruned or chemically treated for more than a month before sampling. One-year-old shoots (approximately 50–80 cm long and bearing 8–15 lateral floral buds) of pear trees were collected on 27 November 2019 (based on production experience, lateral floral buds were in paradormancy during this period) and placed in water in vials in cold storage (temperature: 4 ± 1 °C relative humidity: 75%). The water in the vials was changed every seven days. After 15 days, 30 days and 45 days, the shoots were removed from cold storage in batches in order to estimate the dormancy status of lateral floral buds and the follow-up treatments.
Forty-five shoots each cultured in cold storage for 15 days, 30 days, and 45 days were collected, and placed in water in vials in a phytotron (kept under conditions of day/night: 14 h/10 h, temperature: 25 ± 1/20 ± 1 °C relative humidity 75%). The base of the shoot was trimmed, and the water in the vials was changed every 3–5 days. After 21 days, the percentage of bud breakage was determined to evaluate the dormancy status (Figure S7). Green leaf tips enclosing visible flowers were used as a sign of bud breakage [66]. Lateral floral buds of shoots after 21 days of cultivation with bud break rates ≥ 50% were defined as being in the endodormancy release stage [67].

5.2. HC and ABA Treatments

Based on our previous study [45] and the results of this study (Figure S1), the lateral floral buds cultivated in water in cold storage for 15 days were determined as being in the endodormancy phase. Accordingly, the shoots cultivated in water in cold storage for 15 days were transferred to the lab. 1% w/v HC solution (Shengruisibio, Qingdao, China) or water (defined as the H-CK group) was applied to lateral floral buds. After treatments, the shoots were placed in water in a phytotron (kept under a day/night: 14 h/10 h, temperature: 25 ± 1/20 ± 1 °C, relative humidity 75%). Three replicates were performed for each treatment. Each biological replicate contained about 300 shoots. The base of the shoot was trimmed, and the water in the flask was changed every 3–5 days. The percentage of bud breakage was determined at 21 days after treatment. Forty-five shoots from each treatment were selected for the bud break test. Lateral floral buds were collected from HC-treated and water-treated shoots at 0.5 days, 3 days and 9 days after treatment. Lateral floral buds before treatment were also sampled as a control. At every sampling point, more than 50 shoots (approximately 500 floral buds) were harvested from each replicate group for different measurements. After peeling off the external scales of the buds, floral bud primordium tissues were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until analyzed.
To further study the regulatory network between candidate genes, the shoots cultivated in water in cold storage for 45 days (were determined as being in the ecodormancy phase, see Figure S1) were transferred to the lab and treated with 150 mg/L ABA (Solarbio, Beijing, China) or water (defined as the A-CK group). The cultivation conditions and sampling points were the same as those in the HC treatment above.

5.3. RNA Extraction, Library Construction and Sequencing

For RNA-Seq analysis, three biological replicates from each of the following sample points were selected: the floral buds before HC treatment (named CK), 0.5 days and 3 days after HC treatment (named as T1 and T2), and 0.5 days and 3 days after water treatment (named TCK1 and TCK2). Total RNA from each sample was extracted with a TRIzol reagent kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The stand-specific RNA library was constructed by using the NEB#E7530 Ultra RNA library prep kit from Illumina (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA). Then, the cDNA fragments were purified with a QiaQuick PCR extraction kit (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) and ligated into Illumina sequencing adapters. After agarose gel electrophoresis, suitable fragments were selected as templates for PCR amplification, and sequencing was carried out by Gene Denovo Biotechnology Co. (Guangzhou, China; http://www.genedenovo.com/, accessed on 18 March 2020) on an Illumina HiSeq2500 system (paired-end reads were generated).

5.4. Bioinformatics Analyses

Raw reads obtained from the Illumina HiSeq2500 system were further filtered to exclude low-quality reads and reads containing adaptor sequences. The resulting high-quality clean reads were aligned to pear ribosome data (ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, accessed on 18 March 2020) using Bowtie 2 (2.2.8) (local alignment; E ≤ 10–5), and those that mapped to rRNA were removed. The remaining reads were further aligned to the pear reference genome (from NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/12793, accessed on 18 March 2020) using HISAT2.2.4 with “-rna-strandness RF” and other parameters set to default. The mapped reads of each sample were assembled by using StringTie (version 1.3.1) [68,69] in a reference-based approach. FPKM values were utilized to normalize the expression of each gene. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between pairs of samples (false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 and |log2FC| ≥ 0.5) with DESeq2 software. The DEGs that were only induced by HC at 0.5 days or 3 days were defined as HC-induced DEGs. Sequencing data were uploaded into the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA accession number: PRJNA715605).

5.5. Functional Enrichment Analyses

The HC-induced DEGs in this study were submitted to OmicShare online tools (www.omicshare.com/tools, accessed on 4 April 2020) for GO term and KEGG enrichment analysis. Pear background files of GO terms and KEGG pathways were obtained from the GDR database (The Genome Database for Rosaceae, https://www.rosaceae.org, accessed on 6 April 2020) [70]. The calculated p-value was subjected to FDR correction, taking FDR ≤ 0.05 as a threshold. GO terms and KEGG pathways meeting this condition were defined as significantly enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways.

5.6. Prediction of the Regulatory Relationship between HC-Induced PP2Cs, miRNAs and lncRNAs

The PP2Cs screened from the HC-induced DEG sets were defined as HC-induced PP2Cs. “Huanghua” pear miRNA and lncRNA data were obtained from our previous study [42,45]. The HC-induced PP2Cs and pear miRNA sequences were submitted to the psRNATarget program (Expect ≤ 5) (http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNATarget/, accessed on 23 April 2020) [46] to predict the candidate miRNAs that target HC-induced PP2Cs. The lncRNA sequences were aligned to miRBase (version 21) [71] using BLAST to identify miRNA precursors. Sequences with greater than 90% alignment were considered precursors of miRNAs.

5.7. Vector Construction

Total RNA were extracted (TRIzol reagent kit) from the same samples for RNA-Seq. The sequences of PpPP2C1 and PpL-T31511 were obtained for “Huanghua” pear by using a FastPfu SurperMix clone kit (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China). Different vectors were used for specific purposes. To validate the interaction of miRNA and genes, two vectors pNC-Cam1304-35S (used to overexpress target genes, and does not contain any fluorescently labeled protein) and pNC-Cam1304-SubN (used to construct GFP-target gene fusion protein, target genes can be inserted after GFP protein) were selected. To construct the PpL-T31511 overexpression vector, part of the PpL-T31511 sequence (including the Pp-miRn182 precursor) was inserted into the NC frame of pNC-Cam1304-35S by using a Nimble Cloning kit (Genepioneer, Nanjing, China) [72]. To construct the GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein, the sequence of PpPP2C1 was inserted into the NC frame of pNC-Cam1304-SubN by the same method. The recombinant vectors were designated p1304-35S-Pp-miRn182 and p1304-GFP-PpPP2C1. The vector pNC-Cam1304-MCS35S (used to overexpress target genes, contain GFP and GUS labeled protein) was utilized in transient transgenic plant construction for PpPP2C1 overexpressing (Figure S8). The recombinant vector was designated p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1. The primers used for gene amplification and vector construction were designed with Primer5 software and were synthesized commercially (BioSune, Shanghai, China) (details of the primers can be found in Table S5). All constructs were individually transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 using the heat shock method.

5.8. Transient Assays

Transient assays were performed with Nicotiana benthamiana leaves for Pp-miRn182 validation and H2O2 detection. To confirm precursors of Pp-miRn182, the p1304-35S-Pp-miRn182 construct and p1304-35S-empty (as control) were individually infected into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. At 3 days after infection, the expression of Pp-miRn182 was detected via PCR. To study the regulation between PP2C and H2O2, p1304-35S-Pp-miRn182 + p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1 constructs were co-infected into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and H2O2 content was detected after 3 days. The p1304-35S-empty + p1304-MCS35S-empty constructs and p1304-35S-empty + p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1 constructs were also infected as controls. H2O2 content was measured three times for every experimental condition.
For the fluorescence assay, onion epidermal cells were infected with p1304-35S-Pp-miRn182 and/or p1304-GFP-PpPP2C1. Three days after infection, GFP-PpPP2C1 expression was analyzed using an FV1200 laser scanning microscope (OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan). GFP signals were collected using an emission filter BP505-530 nm with an excitation at 488 nm.

5.9. Measurement of H2O2 Content

H2O2 content was examined using a detection kit (H2O2-1-Y, Comin Biotechnology Co., Suzhou, China) based on appropriate improvements. Approximately 0.05 g of fresh plant tissue was quickly homogenized in acetone solution and centrifuged at 8000× g for 10 min at 4 °C Then, 100 μL of 5% titanium sulfate and 100 μL of concentrated ammonia water were added to the supernatant (with acetone solution as a control) and centrifuged at 4000× g for 10 min at 25 °C. The precipitate was extracted, and 1 mL of 2 mol/L sulfuric acid was added to fully dissolve the precipitate. The solution was held at 25 °C for 5 min, after which absorption was measured at 415 nm. In addition, CAT activity was examined using a detection kit (CAT-1-W, Comin Biotechnology Co., Suzhou, China).

5.10. Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Validation

To confirm the RNA-Seq results, ten differentially expressed genes were randomly selected for validation. The expression levels of PpPP2C1, PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 in pear floral buds under HC and ABA treatment were also analyzed. Total RNA and miRNA from the samples of HC and ABA treatments (including three replicated samples for each treatment) were extracted, respectively. cDNAs synthesis of total RNA and miRNA were performed according to TransScript miRNA First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (TransGen, Beijing, China) Instruction Manual, respectively. Twenty-fold dilutions of cDNAs were used as templates for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). qRT-PCR was performed using a Top Green qPCR SuperMix kit (TransGen, Beijing, China) on a Roche LightCycler 96 system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantification results were calculated using the relative quantification method (2−ΔΔCt). The transcript levels of PpPP2C1, PpL-T31511 and ABA-ROS signaling-related genes were normalized to that of PpActin, which has been widely used as an internal reference gene for pear plants [66]. The transcript levels of Pp-miRn182 was normalized to that of 5S rRNA, which has proved to be highly stable in our previous studies on pear miRNAs [73]. All primers were designed with Primer5 software and were synthesized commercially (BioSune, Shanghai, China) (details of the primers can be found in Table S5).

5.11. Statistical Analyses

Each experiment was repeated at least three times. The significance of between-group differences was analyzed using Tukey’s test. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS software. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms222111842/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.L. and Y.L.; methodology, S.W.; software, L.L.; validation, J.L., Q.L. and Y.F.; investigation, L.L., J.L., Q.L., and Y.F.; resources, S.W. and Y.L.; data curation, L.L., Q.L. and C.W.; writing—original draft preparation, L.L.; writing—review and editing, Y.L.; supervision, Y.L.; project administration, S.W.; funding acquisition, S.W. and Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31501694 and 31902067), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 2011351511011), Science and Technology Innovation Special Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Grant No. cxzx2017170 and cxzx2018083), and Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant No. CXTD2021008-2).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

RNA sequencing data are available from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database (SRA accession number: PRJNA715605; https://trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra/sra.cgi? accessed on 26 October 2021).

Acknowledgments

We thank Chonggao Li (Agricultural Bureau of Jianning Town, Sanming City) for his support with sample collection. We thank Pu Yan, from Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (ITBB, CATAS), for providing the NC over-expression vector used in this study. We thank Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) for providing Nicotiana benthamiana. We also wish to apologize to all the authors whose relevant work was not cited in this article due to space limitations.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Bud break rate of P. pyrifolia “Huanghua” after 21 days of treatment. (a) The bud break rate of endodormant pear floral buds at 21 days after HC and water (H-CK) treatments. The photo on the right shows the floral bud breakage under HC treatment. (b) The bud break rate of ecodormant pear floral buds at 21 days after ABA and water (A-CK) treatments. The photo on the right shows growth arrest of floral buds under ABA treatment. Forty-five shoots from each treatment were selected for bud break tests. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of three biological replicates; and * indicate significant differences (p < 0.05, Tukey’s test) between samples.
Figure 1. Bud break rate of P. pyrifolia “Huanghua” after 21 days of treatment. (a) The bud break rate of endodormant pear floral buds at 21 days after HC and water (H-CK) treatments. The photo on the right shows the floral bud breakage under HC treatment. (b) The bud break rate of ecodormant pear floral buds at 21 days after ABA and water (A-CK) treatments. The photo on the right shows growth arrest of floral buds under ABA treatment. Forty-five shoots from each treatment were selected for bud break tests. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of three biological replicates; and * indicate significant differences (p < 0.05, Tukey’s test) between samples.
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Figure 2. Analysis of DEGs from pear floral buds induced by HC treatment. (a) GO analysis of HC responsive DEGs. The most relevant oxidoreductase activity for DEGs is shown; the x-axis represents the number of DEGs. (b) The expression heatmap of HC-induced PP2C genes with HC treatment in pear floral buds. (c) The expression heatmap of HC-induced PP2C genes during the dormancy process; pear floral buds collected on 27 November 2019 were considered to be pre-dormant, those treated with 4 °C (low temperature) for 15 and 30 days were considered to be endodormant, and those treated with 4 °C (low temperature) for 45 days were considered to be ecodormant.
Figure 2. Analysis of DEGs from pear floral buds induced by HC treatment. (a) GO analysis of HC responsive DEGs. The most relevant oxidoreductase activity for DEGs is shown; the x-axis represents the number of DEGs. (b) The expression heatmap of HC-induced PP2C genes with HC treatment in pear floral buds. (c) The expression heatmap of HC-induced PP2C genes during the dormancy process; pear floral buds collected on 27 November 2019 were considered to be pre-dormant, those treated with 4 °C (low temperature) for 15 and 30 days were considered to be endodormant, and those treated with 4 °C (low temperature) for 45 days were considered to be ecodormant.
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Figure 3. Prediction of the interaction between Pp-miRn182 and PpPP2C1. (a) Cleavage site mapping of the Pp-miRn182 target gene PpPP2C1. (b) The predicted secondary structure of the PpL-T31511 (pri-Pp-miRn182) and pre-Pp-miRn182 (Pp-MIRn182) sequences. (c) The relative expression of PpL-T31511, Pp-miRn182 and PpPP2C1 during the dormancy process in pear floral buds. (d) The relative expression of PpL-T31511, Pp-miRn182 and PpPP2C1 in pear floral buds treated with HC. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of three biological replicates; different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05, Tukey’s test) between samples.
Figure 3. Prediction of the interaction between Pp-miRn182 and PpPP2C1. (a) Cleavage site mapping of the Pp-miRn182 target gene PpPP2C1. (b) The predicted secondary structure of the PpL-T31511 (pri-Pp-miRn182) and pre-Pp-miRn182 (Pp-MIRn182) sequences. (c) The relative expression of PpL-T31511, Pp-miRn182 and PpPP2C1 during the dormancy process in pear floral buds. (d) The relative expression of PpL-T31511, Pp-miRn182 and PpPP2C1 in pear floral buds treated with HC. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of three biological replicates; different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05, Tukey’s test) between samples.
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Figure 4. Confirmation of the interactions between PpPP2C1, PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 from transient expression analysis in onion epidermal cells. In onion epidermal cells co-infected with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-GFP-empty vectors, it was found that green fluorescence signals appeared in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, indicating that GFP protein could be expressed in the case of overexpression of PpL-T31511. In onion epidermal cells co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-GFP-PpPP2C1 vectors, green fluorescence signals were detected in the cell nucleus, indicating that the GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein could be successfully expressed. Few green fluorescence signals were detected in onion epidermal cells co-infected with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-GFP-PpPP2C1 vectors, indicating a significant inhibitory effect of PpL-T31511-drived Pp-miRn182 on GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein. Scale bars, 100 µm.
Figure 4. Confirmation of the interactions between PpPP2C1, PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 from transient expression analysis in onion epidermal cells. In onion epidermal cells co-infected with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-GFP-empty vectors, it was found that green fluorescence signals appeared in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, indicating that GFP protein could be expressed in the case of overexpression of PpL-T31511. In onion epidermal cells co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-GFP-PpPP2C1 vectors, green fluorescence signals were detected in the cell nucleus, indicating that the GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein could be successfully expressed. Few green fluorescence signals were detected in onion epidermal cells co-infected with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-GFP-PpPP2C1 vectors, indicating a significant inhibitory effect of PpL-T31511-drived Pp-miRn182 on GFP-PpPP2C1 fusion protein. Scale bars, 100 µm.
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Figure 5. Pp-miRn182-mediated PpPP2C1 is involved in the ABA-H2O2 pathway. (a) The expression of genes related to the ABA signal transduction pathway in pear floral buds with HC treatment from RNA-Seq data. (b) qRT-PCR analysis of PpPP2C1, Pp-miRn182 and PpL-T31511 in pear floral buds under ABA treatment. (c) Changes in H2O2 content after HC and ABA treatments in pear floral buds. (d) H2O2 content in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana leaves overexpressing PpPP2C1 and/or PpL-T31511. CK group represents leaves transiently co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-MCS35S-empty constructs; group 1 represents leaves transiently co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1 constructs; group 2 represents leaves transiently co-infected with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1 constructs. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of three biological replicates; different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05, Tukey’s test) between samples.
Figure 5. Pp-miRn182-mediated PpPP2C1 is involved in the ABA-H2O2 pathway. (a) The expression of genes related to the ABA signal transduction pathway in pear floral buds with HC treatment from RNA-Seq data. (b) qRT-PCR analysis of PpPP2C1, Pp-miRn182 and PpL-T31511 in pear floral buds under ABA treatment. (c) Changes in H2O2 content after HC and ABA treatments in pear floral buds. (d) H2O2 content in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana leaves overexpressing PpPP2C1 and/or PpL-T31511. CK group represents leaves transiently co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-MCS35S-empty constructs; group 1 represents leaves transiently co-infected with p1304-35S-empty and p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1 constructs; group 2 represents leaves transiently co-infected with p1304-35S-PpL-T31511 and p1304-MCS35S-PpPP2C1 constructs. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of three biological replicates; different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05, Tukey’s test) between samples.
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Figure 6. Proposed model of PpL-T31511-derived Pp-miRn182 involvement in the PP2C-H2O2 pathway in pear endodormant floral buds under HC treatment. Arrows indicate a promoting interaction; T-ends indicate an inhibiting interaction. Dashed lines denote an indirect interaction.
Figure 6. Proposed model of PpL-T31511-derived Pp-miRn182 involvement in the PP2C-H2O2 pathway in pear endodormant floral buds under HC treatment. Arrows indicate a promoting interaction; T-ends indicate an inhibiting interaction. Dashed lines denote an indirect interaction.
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Table
Table 1. Number of HC responsive DEGs.
Table 1. Number of HC responsive DEGs.
DEG SetDEG NumberUpregulatedDownregulated
Early HC-induced DEGs233611191217
Late HC-induced DEGs352720171510
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Li, L.; Liu, J.; Liang, Q.; Feng, Y.; Wang, C.; Wu, S.; Li, Y. Downregulation of lncRNA PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 Promotes Hydrogen Cyanamide-Induced Endodormancy Release through the PP2C-H2O2 Pathway in Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111842

AMA Style

Li L, Liu J, Liang Q, Feng Y, Wang C, Wu S, Li Y. Downregulation of lncRNA PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 Promotes Hydrogen Cyanamide-Induced Endodormancy Release through the PP2C-H2O2 Pathway in Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(21):11842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111842

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Liang, Jinhang Liu, Qin Liang, Yu Feng, Chao Wang, Shaohua Wu, and Yongyu Li. 2021. "Downregulation of lncRNA PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 Promotes Hydrogen Cyanamide-Induced Endodormancy Release through the PP2C-H2O2 Pathway in Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21: 11842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111842

APA Style

Li, L., Liu, J., Liang, Q., Feng, Y., Wang, C., Wu, S., & Li, Y. (2021). Downregulation of lncRNA PpL-T31511 and Pp-miRn182 Promotes Hydrogen Cyanamide-Induced Endodormancy Release through the PP2C-H2O2 Pathway in Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(21), 11842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111842

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