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Article

Genome-Wide Characterization and Function Analysis of ZmERD15 Genes’ Response to Saline Stress in Zea mays L.

by
Huaming Duan
,
Qiankun Fu
,
Hong Lv
,
Aijun Gao
,
Xinyu Chen
,
Qingqing Yang
,
Yingge Wang
,
Wanchen Li
,
Fengling Fu
* and
Haoqiang Yu
*
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 15721; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415721
Submission received: 28 October 2022 / Revised: 5 December 2022 / Accepted: 8 December 2022 / Published: 11 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Aspects of Plant Salinity Stress and Tolerance 2.0)
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Abstract

:
Early responsive dehydration (ERD) genes can be rapidly induced by dehydration. ERD15 genes have been confirmed to regulate various stress responses in plants. However, the maize ERD15 members have not been characterized. In the present study, a total of five ZmERD15 genes were identified from the maize genome and named ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e. Subsequently, their protein properties, gene structure and duplication, chromosomal location, cis-acting elements, subcellular localization, expression pattern, and over-expression in yeast were analyzed. The results showed that the ZmERD15 proteins were characterized by a similar size (113–159 aa) and contained a common domain structure, with PAM2 and adjacent PAE1 motifs followed by an acidic region. The ZmERD15 proteins exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship with OsERD15s from rice. Five ZmERD15 genes were distributed on maize chromosomes 2, 6, 7, and 9 and showed a different exon–intron organization and were expanded by duplication. Besides, the promoter region of the ZmERD15s contained abundant cis-acting elements that are known to be responsive to stress and hormones. Subcellular localization showed that ZmERD15b and ZmERD15c were localized in the nucleus. ZmERD15a and ZmERD15e were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. ZmERD15d was localized in the nucleus and cell membrane. The results of the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression of the ZmERD15 genes was regulated by PEG, salinity, and ABA. The heterologous expression of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, and ZmERD15d significantly enhanced salt tolerance in yeast. In summary, a comprehensive analysis of ZmERD15s was conducted in the study. The results will provide insights into further dissecting the biological function and molecular mechanism of ZmERD15s regulating of the stress response in maize.

1. Introduction

Abiotic stresses, such as drought, high salinity, heat, and freezing, are common environmental factors that affect crop growth and productivity [1,2,3]. However, due to climate change and the increasing population, there is an urgent need to produce high-yield crops [2]. In order to cope with these stimuli, plants have evolved a series of changes at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels to balance environmental stress and growth [1,3,4].
Early responsive-to-dehydration (ERD) proteins are rapidly induced in response to dehydration stress and play crucial roles in plant growth and stress response. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 16 groups of ERD have been isolated from Arabidopsis cDNAs induced by 1 h dehydration treatment [5]. ERD can be induced by multiabiotic stresses and acts as a diverse player in plants. For instance, Arabidopsis AtERD2 and AtERD8 and maize ZmERD2 are reported as heat shock proteins (HSPs) that are regulated by drought and abscisic acid (ABA) [5,6]. Maize ZmERD3 and Arabidopsis AtERD3 both encode methyltransferase [7,8]. The ERD4 of Salicornia brachiata, Brassica juncea, and Arabidopsis are membrane-bound proteins [8,9,10]. AtERD6 encodes a sugar transporter that can be induced by cold and drought stress [11]. AtERD7 acts as a lipid droplet protein and remodels cell membrane lipid composition during cold stress in Arabidopsis [12,13]. AtERD9, AtERD11, and AtERD13 encode glutathione-S-transferase [8,14]. AtERD10 and AtERD14 belong to the type II LEA proteins [15]. AtERD5, AtERD12, and AtERD16 encode proline dehydrogenase, allene oxide cyclase, and ubiquitin 60S ribosomal protein, respectively [8].
In plants, the ERD15s have been reported as transcription factors and can be induced by a diversity of stresses. ERD15 proteins are characterized by a PABP interacting Motif 2 (PAM2), the PAM2-Associated Element1 (PAE1) domain, and an IqQPR sequence at the C-terminal end [16]. In Arabidopsis, AtERD15 is highly induced by dehydration and ABA and negatively regulates stomatal aperture, drought, and freezing tolerance but positively improves resistance to the bacterial necrotroph Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora [16,17,18]. On the contrary, some ERD15s function as positive regulators in stress response. The GmERD15B of Glycine max positively enhances salt tolerance in transgenic soybean by increasing the expression levels of those genes related to ABA-signaling, proline content, catalase-peroxidase, the dehydration response, and cation transport [19]. Another GmERD15 is induced by ER stress and osmotic stress to activate the expression of N-rich protein (NRP) genes and connect ER stress with the osmotic stress-induced cell death signal [20]. The VaERD15 of Vitis amurensis is upregulated by low-temperature treatment and improves the cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis [21]. The expression of ERD15 from Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii, and Ipomoea batatas is regulated by NaCl, drought, and ABA [22,23,24]. The overexpression of SpERD15 in Solanum pennellii increases drought tolerance in tobacco [24]. However, little is known about ERD15 in crops.
As one of the most important crops, maize acts as a key factor in the development of the economy and in maintaining food security [25]. So far, ZmERD2, ZmERD3, and ZmERD4 have been cloned and confirmed to be regulated by multiple stresses, including drought and salinity [6,7,26]. However, the maize ZmERD15 remains obscure. In this study, the ZmERD15 family members were identified in the maize genome and characterized for their protein characteristics, gene structure and duplication, chromosomal location, cis-acting elements, subcellular localization, expression pattern under osmotic, salt, and ABA treatments. Moreover, their potential roles in regulating tolerance were validated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303a cells. The study provides insights for further underlying the function of ZmERD15 in stress response.

2. Results

2.1. The ZmERD15 Members in Maize

Using AtERD15 as a reference, a total of five ZmERD15 members were identified from the maize genome and named ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e. Five ZmERD15 genes were distributed on maize chromosomes 2, 6, 7, and 9, of which, ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, and ZmERD15c were located on chromosomes 2, 6, and 7, respectively. ZmERD15d and ZmERD15e were distributed on chromosome 9. The coding sequence (CDS) of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e were amplified from the cDNA of maize B73 and sequenced with 480, 342, 477, 417, and 423 bp (in length), encoding 159, 113, 158, 138, and 140 amino acids (aa), respectively, with a molecular weight (MW) ranging from 15.28 to 17.74 KDa. The five ZmERD15 were hydrophilic and unstable proteins with grand average hydropathy (GRAVY) < 0 and instability indices (II) > 40. Only ZmERD15b was neutral, with a theoretical isoelectric point (PI) = 7.73, and the other ZmERD15s were acidic proteins (PI < 7.0) (Table 1). The CDSs and amino acid sequences of the ZmERD15s are listed in Table S1.

2.2. Multiple Sequence Alignment and Evolutionary Analysis

In order to explore the sequence features, the protein sequences of the five ZmERD15 were aligned with the ERD15s from other plants. The results showed that all ZmERD15s had a characterized PAM2, PAE1 domain, and an IqQPR sequence at the C-terminal end (Figure 1). The phylogenetic tree exhibited that the ZmERD15s had a higher sequence identity with OsERD15s than those of the dicotyledonous species. The pair of ZmERD15a and ZmERD15b and the pair of ZmERD15d and ZmERD15e were genes that were duplicated in maize after the separation of maize and rice. ZmERD15c was most similar to OsERD15c, and the pair ZmERD15a and ERD15b were most similar to OsERD15b, and the pair ZmERD15d and ZmERD15e were most similar to OsERD15a. (Figure 2).

2.3. Gene Structure and Motif

In order to unravel the exon–intron organization of the ZmERD15 genes, the CDS and genomic DNA (gDNA) of ZmERD15 were analyzed by the GSDS tool. As shown in Figure 3, the ZmERD15a and ZmERD15b had one exon but no intron. ZmERD15c, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e had one intron and two exons. One conserved motif was predicted in the ZmERD15s and contributed to the composition of the PAM2 and PAE1 domain.

2.4. Cis-Acting Elements in ZmERD15s Promoter

In order to better explore the potential function of ZmERD15s, the 2000 bp promoter sequence of every ZmERD15 was analyzed to detect the cis-elements by PlantCARE. The results showed that abundant cis-elements were predicted in the ZmERD15s promoter (Table 2). Among these elements, many TATA-box and CAAT-box elements were found, and they were core elements for the promoter. In addition, many cis-elements involved in the stress and hormone response were also revealed. For example, there were 5, 2, 4, 5, and 2 ABRE elements (ABA-responsive elements) in the promoters of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e, respectively, indicating their potential roles in ABA response. Likewise, the MBS element (MYB binding site) involved in the drought response was found in the promoters of ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, and ZmERD15d, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that the ZmERD15 genes possibly participate in regulating plant stress responses.

2.5. Subcellular Localization of ZmERD15s

In order to dissect the subcellular localization of the ZmERD15s, five ZmERD15 genes were transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. The results showed green fluorescence was observed in the whole cells expressed by the 35S–eGFP plasmid. Similarly, green fluorescence was also observed throughout the cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane in the tobacco leaves transformed with each 35S–ZmERD15–eGFP (Figure 4A). In order to validate the results, every 35S–ZmERD15–eGFP plasmid was transferred into maize protoplasts to express the ZmERD15–eGFP fusion protein. The results showed that the fluorescence signal of GFP was observed in the whole cells, including the nucleus and cytoplasm, expressed by the 35S–eGFP, 35S–ZmERD15a–eGFP, and 35S–ZmERD15e–eGFP plasmids, respectively. However, the GFP signal was only found in the nucleus in the leaves expressed by 35S–ZmERD15b–eGFP and 35S–ZmERD15c–eGFP, respectively. Moreover, the ZmERD15d–eGFP protein was localized in the membrane and nucleus (Figure 4B).

2.6. Expression Profiles of ZmERD15s under Drought, Salt, and ABA Treatment

ERD has been proven to be regulated by multiple stresses in previous studies, and gene expression patterns can reveal their potential function. Consequently, the expression of ZmERD15s under the osmotic stress of 16% PEG-6000, salinity of 100 mM NaCl, and 100 μM ABA treatment at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h were analyzed by qRT-PCR, respectively. As shown in Figure 5, under drought stress, the expression level of ZmERD15c was significantly up-regulated by 16% PEG-6000 by about three-fold compared to the control at 12 h of treatment, although it was inhibited after 24 h of treatment. However, the expression of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e was significantly down-regulated by 16% PEG-6000 and reached the lowest level at 24, 9, 24, and 9 h of treatment, respectively. In response to salinity, ZmERD15c and ZmERD15d showed significantly increased expression under 100 mM NaCl stress, and their expression levels reached a peak at 6 and 9 h of treatment, respectively. The expression of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, and ZmERD15e was significantly down-regulated and reached the lowest valley at 24, 12, and 24 h of treatment (Figure 6), respectively. Under the 100 μM ABA treatment, the expression of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15c, and ZmERD15d was significantly up-regulated and reached a peak at 24, 9, and 9 h of treatment, respectively. Whereas the expression of ZmERD15b was significantly down-regulated and reached the lowest level at 12 h. Only ZmERD15e showed no significant difference compared to the control (Figure 7). These results indicate that ZmERD15 genes may be involved in stress response via different modes due to their expression diversity.

2.7. Heterologous Expression of ZmERD15s Enhances Salt Tolerance in Yeast

In order to explore the function of ZmERD15s in stress responses, they were over-expressed in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303a strain for phenotyping under osmotic and salt stresses. The results exhibited that there were no significant differences between the yeast cells expressing pYES2–ZmERD15 and the empty pYES2 vector under the osmotic stress of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 M mannitol (Figure S1). Under salinity stress, the growth of yeast cells was significantly inhibited by 1.0 and 1.5 M NaCl, although there was no difference between the yeast stain carrying pYES2-ZmERD15 and the empty pYES2 vector on the plates with 0.5 M NaCl. However, the yeast strain transformed by pYES2–ZmERD15a, pYES2–ZmERD15b, pYES2–ZmERD15c, and pYES2–ZmERD15d showed higher growth vigor and more colonies than that of the yeast expressing the empty vectors pYES2 and pYES2–ZmERD15e, respectively. The yeast carrying pYES2–ZmERD15e showed no significant difference compared to the pYES2 control (Figure 8A). Hereafter, the growth curve of the yeast cells harboring pYES2–ZmERD15a, pYES2–ZmERD15b, pYES2–ZmERD15c, and pYES2–ZmERD15d during salinity stress using 1.5 M NaCl were monitored. The results showed that the yeast strains with pYES2–ZmERD15a, pYES2–ZmERD15b pYES2–ZmERD15c, and pYES2–ZmERD15d exhibited higher growth rates than that of pYES2 between 12 and 24 h of treatment. The OD600 of the yeast strains with the ZmERD15s was significantly higher than the control after 1.5 M NaCl treatment (Figure 8B). These results confirm that the expression of the ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, and ZmERD15d genes enhance the tolerance of yeast to saline stress, respectively.

3. Discussion

Environmental stimuli frequently restrict plant growth, development, and productivity [1,2,3]. In order to overcome these stresses, plants have evolved various strategies at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels, including regulating the expression of the associated stress-responsive genes [1]. In Arabidopsis, a certain kind of protein containing 16 groups can be rapidly induced by 1 h dehydration treatment, and they are named early responsive dehydration genes (ERD1 to 16) [5]. Subsequently, ERD families have been confirmed to play crucial roles in stress response, such as drought, cold, and salinity [9,12,18,19]. To date, however, ERD15s have been cloned from a few species, including Arabidopsis, Glycine max, Vitis amurensis, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii, and Ipomoea batatas [17,19,20,21,22,23,24]. In addition, other ERD15s in other crop species have not been characterized.
Herein, in the present study, five ZmERD15 genes were identified from the maize genome and defined as ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e (Table 1). The CDSs of the ZmERD15s were successfully cloned from the cDNA of maize B73, with lengths of 480, 477, 342, 417, and 423 bp, respectively (Figure S2). They were predicted to be acidic, hydrophilic, and unstable proteins, which was consistent with previous studies [16]. Usually, the ERD15 family proteins are characterized by a similar size (120–170 aa) and common domain structures, with PAM2 and adjacent PAE1 motifs [16]. Here, the ZmERD15s possessed 113–159 aa and shared a similar motif composition with PAM2 and the adjacent PAE1 motifs (Table 1 and Figure 1). The PAM2 motif is a highly conserved amino acid domain that interacts with Poly(A)–binding proteins (PABP), controlling mRNA stability and protein translation [27]. The PAE1 motif is adjacent to PAM2, which is an evolutionarily conserved motif, the function of which is not clear. The acidic region is also found in ZmERD15s and contributes to forming interaction surfaces (Figure 1) [16]. These findings suggest that the five ZmERD15s are typical ERD15s.
Indeed, the ERD15 members can be found in photosynthetic organisms and appear ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, with typically two to three members present in each species [16]. However, we identified five ZmERD15s in maize. Gene families generally originate from the same ancestor and produce more copies through duplication [28]. Meanwhile, the ZmERD15s showed diversity in their gene structure and were divided into three subgroups (Figure 2 and Figure 3), which was a similar phenomenon found in the previous study and suggested some diversification in the function among the proteins of the ERD15 family, although they were evolutionarily highly conserved [16]. In previous studies, ERD15s were identified as transcription factors to regulate other genes’ expression [8,18,19,21]. In the study, ZmERD15b and ZmERD15c were only localized in the nucleus in the maize protoplast. In addition to nucleus localization, they were also localized in the cytoplasm and cell membrane in tobacco leaves (Figure 4). It was previously found that soybean GmERD15 was located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus and that AtERD15 did not exhibit transactivation activity or DNA binding activity in yeast [19,29], which does not support its designation as a transcription factor. This is perhaps due to the post-translational modification of ERD15 proteins or the recruiting of interacting factors. The phenomenon is also found in the ZmBES1/BZR1 transcription factor family [30,31].
The stress-associated transcription factors can be activated through signaling transduction and binding to the cis-acting elements of downstream gene promoters to regulate their expression. The presence and type of the cis-acting elements in the gene promoter region can be used to predict gene expression, which provides information about gene function [32]. In the promoter region of the ZmERD15 genes, abundant hormone- and stress-responsive cis-elements, including MBS and ABRE elements, were predicted (Table 2), indicating that the ZmERD15 gene might be involved in stress response. The results of the qRT-PCR confirmed that the ZmERD15 members were regulated by osmotic stress, salinity, and ABA. However, the ZmERD15s showed diversity in their response to stress. For instance, the expression of ZmERD15b and ZmERD15c was significantly up-regulated and down-regulated by osmotic stress and salinity, as well as ABA, respectively (Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7). Furthermore, the over-expression of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, and ZmERD15d significantly improved saline tolerance in yeast, but there was no significant difference under osmotic stress (Figure 8 and Figure S1). It is proposed that ZmERD15s regulate different genes in yeast. Previous studies show that plant transcription factors can enhance stress tolerance in yeast, although there are no homologs in yeast. For instance, the exotic expression of JrWRKY6 and JrWRKY53 from Juglans regia, EsDREB2B from Eremosparton songoricum, and CaCAP2 from Cicer arietinum improves multiple abiotic stress tolerances in yeast cells, including saline, osmotic, heat, and cold stresses [33,34,35,36]. In Arabidopsis, AtERD15 is induced by biotic and abiotic factors but acts as a negative regulator in ABA signaling to negatively regulate drought and freezing tolerance [18]. However, GmERD15, VaERD15, and SpERD15 from Glycine max, Vitis amurensis, and Solanum pennellii positively regulate salt, cold, and drought tolerance, respectively [19,21,24]. When taken together, the existing data implicate that ZmERD15s play crucial roles in stress response via different pathways.
In summary, five ZmERD15 genes were identified from the maize genome and defined as ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, ZmERD15d, and ZmERD15e. The ZmERD15 proteins were characterized by a similar size (113–159 aa) and contained a common domain structure with PAM2 and adjacent PAE1 motifs followed by an acidic region. The ZmERD15 proteins exhibited nuclear, as well as other cellular localizations. The five ZmERD15 genes were distributed on maize chromosomes 2, 6, 7, and 9 and showed different exon–intron organization and were expanded by duplication. Besides, the promoter region of the ZmERD15s contained abundant stress- and hormone-response cis-acting elements. The expression of the ZmERD15s was regulated by drought, salinity, and ABA. The heterologous expression of ZmERD15a, ZmERD15b, ZmERD15c, and ZmERD15d significantly enhanced salt tolerance in yeast, respectively. The study provides insights into revealing the function and molecular mechanism of ZmERD15s in stress response in plants.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions

The seeds of the maize-inbred line B73 were germinated in filter paper and then transplanted into Hogeland nutrient solution for hydroponic culture under 16 h of light at 28 °C and 8 h of dark at 25 °C, as described by Sun et al. [37]. At the three-leaf stage, seedlings of the same size were divided into four groups. The first group of seedlings were used as a control without treatment. The other three groups of seedlings were subjected to osmotic stress, including 16% PEG–6000 and 100 mM NaCl, as well as 100 μ mol/L ABA induction, respectively. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h of treatment, the leaves were collected, ground in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C for RNA extraction.

4.2. Identification of ZmERD15 Genes in Maize

To identify the ZmERD15 genes, the maize cDNA and protein database of B73 (Zm-B73-REFERENCE-GRAMENE-4.0) were downloaded from the MaizeGDB database (https://download.maizegdb.org/Zm-B73-REFERENCE-GRAMENE-4.0/, accessed on 5 January 2022). Subsequently, the CDSs and amino acid sequences of the two Arabidopsis AtERD15s (AtERD15, AT2G41430; AtERD15L, AT4G14270) and the three rice OsERD15s (OsERD15a, Q7XXS2; OsERD15b, Q7EZY8; OsERD15c, Q5W6M4) (Table S1) were retrieved from the Arabidopsis information resource (TAIR) (https://www.arabidopsis.org/, accessed on 5 January 2022) and the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, accessed on 5 January 2022) [16] and were used as queries to perform local BLASTn and BLASTp (E-value < 1 × 10–6) to obtain ZmERD15. The amino acid sequences of the candidates were analyzed by using the hidden Markov model (HMM) profiles of the PAM2 motif (PF07145) from the Pfam database (https://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 7 January 2022). After removing the redundant sequences, the candidates were identified as the ZmERD15s and used in subsequent analysis.

4.3. Analysis of ZmERD15 Protein Properties

The protein properties of the ZmERD15s, including their molecular weight, instability coefficient, grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY), and theoretical isoelectric point, were analyzed using ProtParam tool from the Expasy database (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 15 January 2022). The secondary structures of the ZmERD15s were analyzed by using a secondary structure prediction tool provided by PRABI-Lyon-Gerland (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_sopma.html, accessed on 15 January 2022). The conserved domains and motifs were analyzed using the Conserved Domain Database (CDD, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi, accessed on 15 January 2022) and Multiple EM for motif elicitation (MEME, https://meme-suite.org/meme/doc/meme.html, accessed on 15 January 2022), respectively [38].

4.4. Multialignment and Phylogenetic Analysis of the ZmERD15s

The amino acid sequences of the ERD15 of Oryza Sativa (OsERD15a, OsERD15b, and OsERD15c), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtERD15 and AtERD15L), Capsicum annuum (CaERD15), Helianthus annuus (HaERD15), Solanum lycopersicum (SlERD15), Brassica rapa (BrERD15), Nicotiana attenuate (NaERD15), Glycine max (GmERD15a, GsERD15b, GmERD15c, and GmERD15d), Vitis amurensis (VaERD15), Ipomoea batatas (IbERD15) and Solanum tuberosum (StERD15) were obtained from the NCBI database and used to multialign with the five ZmERD15s using DNAMAN software. The phylogenetic tree was built in MEGA7.0 software using the Neighbor-Joining method with a step size of 1000. The amino acid sequences of these ERD15s are listed in Table S1.

4.5. Analysis of Gene Structure and Cis-Elements

The chromosome location of the ZmERD15 genes was obtained from the maizeGDB database. The CDS and gDNA sequence of the ZmERD15s were obtained from maizeGDB and used for exon–intron analysis using Gene Structure Display Server (GSDS, http://gsds.gao-lab.org/, accessed on 5 February 2022). The 2000 bp upstream sequence of the transcription start site (TSS) of every ZmERD15 was downloaded from maizeGDB and used for cis-acting-element analysis using plantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 10 February 2022) [39].

4.6. Subcellular Localization of ZmERD15s

The specific primers (Table S2) were designed using Primer 5, synthesized at TSINGKE (Chengdu, China), and used to amplify the CDS of each ZmERD15 from B73 cDNA by PCR amplification. The stop codon in each reverse primer was removed. The pCAMBIA2300-35S-eGFP plasmid was linearized using BamHI and XbaI (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). The PCR product of each full length of the CDS of ZmERD15 was cloned into linearized pCAMBIA2300-35S-eGFP using the ClonExpress® II One Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) to generate the 35S-ZmERD15-eGFP plasmid. Hereafter, every 35S-ZmERD15-eGFP construct was transferred into Agrobacterium GV3101 and used for transforming the tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves by infiltration, according to the method described by Sun et al. [37]. After injection, the tobacco seedlings were cultured for 36–48 h at 28 °C in the dark; then, the leaves were collected and used for imaging fluorescence by a confocal microscope LSM800 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
Meanwhile, the maize protoplasts were isolated from the etiolated maize seedlings, as described by Fu et al. [40], with minor modification. The leaves were cut into thin strips of about 0.5 mm and enzymatically hydrolyzed for 6 h at 28 °C. The protoplasts were collected by centrifuging at 150× g, resuspended using a W5 solution (154 mM NaCl, 125 mM CaCl2, 5 mM KCl and 2 mM MES, pH 5.7), diluted to 2 × 105 cells/mL using MMG solution (15 mM MgCl2, 0.4 M mannitol and 4 mM MES, pH 5.7), and used for transiently expressing the 35S-ZmERD15-eGFP and 35S-eGFP plasmids (control), respectively. Subsequently, the protoplasts were incubated at 28 °C in the dark for 12–16 h and used for GFP fluorescence imaging using a confocal microscope LSM800 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).

4.7. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted and reversely transcribed into cDNA by using RNAiso Plus kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and PrimeScript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), respectively. The specific primers were designed using the Primerblast (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/, accessed on 5 April 2022), synthesized at TSINGKE (Chengdu, China), and used to perform qRT-PCR (Table S2). The ZmEFLA was also amplified by its specific primers (Table S2) and used as a reference gene. The qRT-PCR was performed using the SYBR Green I kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) in the CFX-96 system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) as described by Yu et al. [30]. The relative quantification of each ZmERD15 was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method [41]. The data are presented as the mean values ± standard deviation (SD). The statistical significance among three biological replicates was tested by Student’s t-tests.

4.8. Yeast Expressing Vector Construction and Transformation

The specific primers were designed (using primer 5), synthesized, and used to amplify the CDS of each ZmERD15 (Table S2). The pYES2 plasmid was linearized using BamHI and XhoI (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). The B73 cDNA was used as the template for PCR amplification. The PCR products were subcloned into pYES2 to create the pYES2-ZmERD15 plasmid. Each pYES2-ZmERD15 and pYES2 empty vector was transferred into Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303a cells via the lithium acetate method [42]. After transformation, the yeast cells were spread on yeast nitrogen plates lacking uracil (YNBUra−) and were cultured for 2–3 days at 28 °C for screening the positive transformants. Subsequently, the positive transformants of each ZmERD15 were transferred into YNBUra− with 2% galactose liquid medium and incubated overnight to an OD600 ≈ 1.0. The cultures were diluted to 100, 10−1,10−2,10−3, and 10−4 using sterilized water. Thereafter, 8 μL of each diluted solution was spotted onto YNBUra− with 2% galactose solid medium containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 M NaCl and 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 M mannitol, respectively, and incubated for 2–3 days at 28 °C and used for phenotyping. Moreover, the 1 mL yeast cells with an OD600 ≈ 0.2 were added into 30 mL liquid YNBUra− with 2% galactose, with 1.5 M NaCl, and incubated at 28 °C. At 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, the OD600 was measured and used for monitoring the growth curve of the three replicates. The pYES2 vector was used as a control. The 2% galactose was used to induce the expression of the ZmERD15s under the control of the galactose gene promoter.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms232415721/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.D. and H.Y.; methodology, H.D. and Q.F.; software, H.D.; formal analysis, H.D.; investigation, H.L., A.G., X.C., Q.Y. and Y.W.; writing—original draft preparation, H.D.; writing—review and editing, H.Y.; supervision, W.L. and H.Y.; project administration, F.F. and H.Y.; funding acquisition, H.Y. and Y.W.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2022YFH0067), the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFF1000303), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32102226).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in the Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, for its technical support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment of ERD15s. The PAM2 and PAE1 are marked by black boxes. The acidic region and IqQPR sequence are marked with black underlining and a red box, respectively. The mazarine, pink, and light-blue backgrounds indicate perfect (100%), high (75%), and low (50%) conservation, respectively.
Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment of ERD15s. The PAM2 and PAE1 are marked by black boxes. The acidic region and IqQPR sequence are marked with black underlining and a red box, respectively. The mazarine, pink, and light-blue backgrounds indicate perfect (100%), high (75%), and low (50%) conservation, respectively.
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Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of ERD15s. The ERD15 of Oryza Sativa (OsERD15a, Q7XXS2; OsERD15b, Q7EZY8; OsERD15c, Q5W6M4), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtERD15, NM_180019; AtERD15L, NM_001340912), Capsicum annuum (CaERD15, XP_016571847), Helianthus annuus (HaERD15, XP_022036113), Solanum lycopersicum (SlERD15, NM_001247532), Brassica rapa (BrERD15, NP_001288839), Nicotiana attenuate (NaERD15, XP_019228175), Glycine max (GmERD15a, XM_006577701; GmERD15b, XM_028335480; GmERD15c, NM_001354922; GmERD15d, XM_028344630), Vitis amurensis (VaERD15, JQ687321.1), Ipomoea batatas (IbERD15, KF723428.1) and Solanum tuberosum (StERD15, XP_006351285) were obtained from NCBI database and used for evolutionary phylogenetic analysis.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of ERD15s. The ERD15 of Oryza Sativa (OsERD15a, Q7XXS2; OsERD15b, Q7EZY8; OsERD15c, Q5W6M4), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtERD15, NM_180019; AtERD15L, NM_001340912), Capsicum annuum (CaERD15, XP_016571847), Helianthus annuus (HaERD15, XP_022036113), Solanum lycopersicum (SlERD15, NM_001247532), Brassica rapa (BrERD15, NP_001288839), Nicotiana attenuate (NaERD15, XP_019228175), Glycine max (GmERD15a, XM_006577701; GmERD15b, XM_028335480; GmERD15c, NM_001354922; GmERD15d, XM_028344630), Vitis amurensis (VaERD15, JQ687321.1), Ipomoea batatas (IbERD15, KF723428.1) and Solanum tuberosum (StERD15, XP_006351285) were obtained from NCBI database and used for evolutionary phylogenetic analysis.
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Figure 3. Gene structure (A) and motif composition (B).
Figure 3. Gene structure (A) and motif composition (B).
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Figure 4. Subcellular localization. (A) Localization of ZmERD15s in tobacco leaves. The scale bar is 20 μm. (B) Localization of ZmERD15s in maize protoplast. The scale bar is 50 μm. Each ZmERD15 was amplified by PCR without a stop codon and fused to eGFP under the control of a 35S promoter. 35S-eGFP was used as the control.
Figure 4. Subcellular localization. (A) Localization of ZmERD15s in tobacco leaves. The scale bar is 20 μm. (B) Localization of ZmERD15s in maize protoplast. The scale bar is 50 μm. Each ZmERD15 was amplified by PCR without a stop codon and fused to eGFP under the control of a 35S promoter. 35S-eGFP was used as the control.
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Figure 5. Expression of ZmERD15s in response to osmotic stress using 16% PEG-6000. * and ** indicate significant differences from the level of expression at time 0 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
Figure 5. Expression of ZmERD15s in response to osmotic stress using 16% PEG-6000. * and ** indicate significant differences from the level of expression at time 0 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
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Figure 6. Expression of ZmERD15s in response to salinity. The seedlings were subjected to 100 mM NaCl for saline stress. * and ** indicate significant differences from the level of expression at time 0 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
Figure 6. Expression of ZmERD15s in response to salinity. The seedlings were subjected to 100 mM NaCl for saline stress. * and ** indicate significant differences from the level of expression at time 0 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
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Figure 7. Expression of ZmERD15s in response to 100 μM ABA. * and ** indicate significant differences from the level of expression at time 0 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
Figure 7. Expression of ZmERD15s in response to 100 μM ABA. * and ** indicate significant differences from the level of expression at time 0 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
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Figure 8. Phenotype of yeast strain expressing ZmERD15 under salt stress. (A) Phenotype of yeast strains on YNBUra− with 2% galactose plates supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 M NaCl, respectively. Photographs were taken after 3 days of incubation at 28 °C in an incubator. (B) The growth curve of yeast cells in YNBUra− with 2% galactose liquid medium supplemented with 1.5 M NaCl for 3 days at 28 °C. ** indicates a significant difference at p < 0.01.
Figure 8. Phenotype of yeast strain expressing ZmERD15 under salt stress. (A) Phenotype of yeast strains on YNBUra− with 2% galactose plates supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 M NaCl, respectively. Photographs were taken after 3 days of incubation at 28 °C in an incubator. (B) The growth curve of yeast cells in YNBUra− with 2% galactose liquid medium supplemented with 1.5 M NaCl for 3 days at 28 °C. ** indicates a significant difference at p < 0.01.
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Table
Table 1. The ZmERD15 members in maize.
Table 1. The ZmERD15 members in maize.
Gene IDGene NameChromosome Distribution CDS (bp)Protein PropertiesSecond Structure (%)
Number of aaMW
(KDa)		PIGRAVYIIα-Helixβ-TurnRandom Coil
Zm00001d007097ZmERD15a248015917.645.94−0.35153.0645.916.2937.11
Zm00001d022416ZmERD15b734211316.257.73−0. 63565.4447.187.7537.32
Zm00001d038003ZmERD15c647715817.745.04−0. 75156.7035.445.7050.00
Zm00001d047470ZmERD15d941713815.285.47−0.44651.8645.652.9049.28
Zm00001d048165ZmERD15e942314015.464.97−0.56247.7061.64038.36
Table
Table 2. The cis-acting elements of ZmERD15s promoter region.
Table 2. The cis-acting elements of ZmERD15s promoter region.
Cis-Acting ElementsFunctionThe Number of cis-Elements
ZmERD15aZmERD15bZmERD15cZmERD15dZmERD15e
TATA-boxcore promoter element around −30 of transcription start5453222916
CAAT-boxcommon cis-acting element in promoter and enhancer regions14712157
TC-rich repeatsdefense and stress responsiveness11000
MBSMYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility03110
LTRlow-temperature responsiveness00200
GC-motifanoxic specific inducibility20001
AREanaerobic induction23005
ABREABA-responsive52452
CGTCA-motifMeJA-responsiveness31612
TGACG-motif31612
TCA-motif salicylic acid responsive01000
TGA-elementAuxin-responsive element22110
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Duan, H.; Fu, Q.; Lv, H.; Gao, A.; Chen, X.; Yang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Li, W.; Fu, F.; Yu, H. Genome-Wide Characterization and Function Analysis of ZmERD15 Genes’ Response to Saline Stress in Zea mays L. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415721

AMA Style

Duan H, Fu Q, Lv H, Gao A, Chen X, Yang Q, Wang Y, Li W, Fu F, Yu H. Genome-Wide Characterization and Function Analysis of ZmERD15 Genes’ Response to Saline Stress in Zea mays L. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):15721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415721

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Duan, Huaming, Qiankun Fu, Hong Lv, Aijun Gao, Xinyu Chen, Qingqing Yang, Yingge Wang, Wanchen Li, Fengling Fu, and Haoqiang Yu. 2022. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Function Analysis of ZmERD15 Genes’ Response to Saline Stress in Zea mays L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 15721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415721

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Duan, H., Fu, Q., Lv, H., Gao, A., Chen, X., Yang, Q., Wang, Y., Li, W., Fu, F., & Yu, H. (2022). Genome-Wide Characterization and Function Analysis of ZmERD15 Genes’ Response to Saline Stress in Zea mays L. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24), 15721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415721

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