Next Article in Journal
Metabolomics Reveals Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance-Associated Metabolic Events in Human Metastatic Renal Cancer Cells
Previous Article in Journal
Prognostic and Predictive Potential of CCL5 Expression in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 25
Issue 12
10.3390/ijms25126327
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Superelectrophilic Activation of Phosphacoumarins towards Weak Nucleophiles via Brønsted Acid Assisted Brønsted Acid Catalysis

by
Alena V. Zalaltdinova
1,
Yulia M. Sadykova
1,
Almir S. Gazizov
1,*,
Atabek K. Smailov
2,
Victor V. Syakaev
1,
Daria P. Gerasimova
1,
Elena A. Chugunova
1,
Nurgali I. Akylbekov
3,4,
Rakhmetulla U. Zhapparbergenov
3,5,
Nurbol O. Appazov
3,4,*,
Alexander R. Burilov
1,
Michail A. Pudovik
1,
Igor V. Alabugin
6 and
Oleg G. Sinyashin
1
1
FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Arbuzova Str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
2
Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Russia
3
Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aitekebie Str., 29A, Kyzylorda 120014, Kazakhstan
4
“CNEC” LLP, Dariger Ali Str., Kyzylorda 120001, Kazakhstan
5
“DPS Kyzylorda” LLP, Amangeldy Imanov Str., 112A, Kyzylorda 120008, Kazakhstan
6
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126327
Submission received: 18 April 2024 / Revised: 30 May 2024 / Accepted: 31 May 2024 / Published: 7 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The electrophilic activation of various substrates via double or even triple protonation in superacidic media enables reactions with extremely weak nucleophiles. Despite the significant progress in this area, the utility of organophosphorus compounds as superelectrophiles still remains limited. Additionally, the most common superacids require a special care due to their high toxicity, exceptional corrosiveness and moisture sensitivity. Herein, we report the first successful application of the “Brønsted acid assisted Brønsted acid” concept for the superelectrophilic activation of 2-hydroxybenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxides (phosphacoumarins). The pivotal role is attributed to the tendency of the phosphoryl moiety to form hydrogen-bonded complexes, which enables the formation of dicationic species and increases the electrophilicity of the phosphacoumarin. This unmasks the reactivity of phosphacoumarins towards non-activated aromatics, while requiring only relatively non-benign trifluoroacetic acid as the reaction medium.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The concept of superelectrophilic activation was first introduced by Staskun in 1964 to explain the mechanism of the acid-promoted cyclizations of β-ketoamides [1]. Later, it was popularized by Olah in the classic studies of stable carbocations [2] and heteroatom-containing ions [3] in highly acidic media. Since these pioneering studies, significant progress has been achieved in this area. Various synthetic methodologies have been developed, which utilize these superelectrophilic species [4]. A number of reviews summarize various aspects of superelectrophile chemistry [5,6,7,8] and the closely related chemistry of superacids [9].
The concept of superelectrophilic activation is often associated with the formation of doubly protonated dicationic species in strongly acidic (superacidic) media, which are capable of reacting with exceptionally weak nucleophiles. Some examples of dicationic superelectrophiles are presented in Scheme 1A. The generation of superelectrophilic species may be achieved via the diprotonation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [10,11], 1,2- [12,13] and 1,3-dicarbonyls [14] and related compounds. This methodology has also been extended to other groups capable of being protonated in acidic media, such as nitrogen-containing heterocycles [15], aminoacetals [16,17] and even nitroarylureas [18] and nitroarylsulfamides [19]. Despite the growing number of compounds employed as precursors of superelectrophiles, the superelectrophilic activation of organophosphorus compounds has received little attention and examples of such reactions are still rare (Scheme 1B). In particular, Krawczyk and coworkers reported the triflic acid-catalyzed condensation of 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acrylic acid derivatives with electron-rich hydroxyarenes [20]. The reactions of vinyl type carbocations derived from ethynylphosphonates with substituted benzenes in fluorosulfonic acid have been described by Vasil’ev and coworkers [21,22]. Later, the same group reported a series of transformations of 1-(phosphoryl)allenes in superacidic media, which furnished various phosphorus heterocycles [23,24,25,26,27]. Thus far, these are the only known reactions of organophosphorus superelectrophiles.
Generally, dicationic intermediates are generated in strong acids, with trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) [28], fluoroantimonic [29] and “magic acid” (HSO3F/SbF5) being the representative examples. Other prominent examples of superacids include the carborane acids reported by Reed and coworkers [30,31,32], which are presumably the strongest acids obtained thus far. In spite of being a versatile tool in organic chemistry, traditional superacids are not free from drawbacks. The toxicity of the reagents (e.g., HF and SbF5), their highly corrosive nature and sensitivity to water and residual moisture, as well their cost, somewhat limit their application in daily lab work.
Meanwhile, an acid-assisted acid catalysis, particularly Brønsted acid assisted Brønsted acid catalysis (BBA), has emerged as a useful tool for the design of highly reactive and selective acidic catalysts [33,34]. Earlier, we reported the acid-catalyzed arylation of 2-hydroxybenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxides (phosphacoumarins) with some electron-rich phenols [35]. However, this transformation was limited to the most reactive phenols only, other aromatics being inert under the reported conditions (Scheme 1C). We speculated that the BBA concept could be applied to enhance the reactivity of phosphacoumarins, thus expanding the scope of suitable substrates. As a result of our studies, herein we report the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)-assisted arylation of phosphacoumarins, where phosphacoumarin acts both as the substrate and the Bronsted acid and TFA serves as a reaction media. The key to the successful reaction is the strong hydrogen-bonding ability of the phosphoryl group, which facilitates its complexation with TFA. This increases the acidity of the phosphacoumarin’s phosphonic acid moiety and simultaneously enables the formation of the superelectrophilic species. As a result of this dual activation, even weak nucleophiles can be subjected to the reaction in mild conditions (Scheme 1D).

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of 4-(aryl)phosphaflavanoids in TFA Medium

We initiated our studies by carrying out the reaction of the phosphacoumarin 1 with toluene using TFA as a solvent. The reaction did not proceed at room temperature regardless of the reagents’ ratio. Pleasingly, simply by increasing the temperature up to 70 °C the equimolar mixture of toluene and the phosphacoumarin 1 provided the mixture of o- and p-arylated products, from which the p-isomer 2a was isolated in a 50% yield (Scheme 2). Benzene, a less nucleophilic substrate, proved to be unreactive under these conditions, whereas o- and m-xylenes furnished the target compounds 2b and 2c in 36% and 24% isolated yields, accordingly. The structures of the compounds 2b and 2c were elucidated using X-ray diffractometry (see Supplementary Materials for the detailed X-ray data). Encouraged by these “proof-of-concept” reactions, we next switched to other arenes, which were unreactive towards phosphacoumarins in previous studies.
Notably, the 4-(hydroxyarene)-substituted coumarin scaffold is present in many natural biologically active compounds, e.g., flavonoids [36,37,38]. The replacement of a particular fragment of a natural compound by a phosphorus-containing moiety can provide an entry to novel biologically active scaffolds. The remarkable example of this approach is the replacement of a carboxyl group by a phosphoryl group in amino acids. Thus-derived aminophosphonates are well-known bioactive compounds and have found widespread applications in medicinal chemistry [39,40,41]. With this in mind, we aimed at the synthesis of phosphaflavanoids possessing a hydroxyarene moiety. In contrast to the previously reported procedure [35], various phenols with electron-withdrawing groups reacted in TFA media with the compound 1 to give the desired phosphorus analogues of flavonoids 2d,e and 2l. Isolated yields of the compound 2l were considerably lower compared to the phosphaflavanoids 2d,e, which is in accordance with the stronger electron-withdrawing nature of the formyl group. The yields of the alkyl-substituted derivatives 2f–h were lower compared to the other compounds. However, based on the 31P NMR spectra of the reaction mixtures, we attribute this to their higher solubility in organic solvents, which causes significant losses during purification, rather than to the electronic effects of the substituents. The same holds true for the compound 2k with the 4-hydrocoumarin moiety, which could be isolated in a 25% yield only, despite the 31P NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture evidencing its almost quantitative yield.
Interestingly, the reaction of the phosphacoumarin 1 with 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde yielded the bicyclic phosphonate 3 instead of the expected phosphaflavanoid. The structure of the obtained compound was confirmed by X-ray analysis (see the Supporting Materials for the detailed X-ray data). Presumably, the compound 3 is formed via an intermediate phosphaflavanoid, which further undergoes intramolecular cyclisation to give the final product, as was described by us earlier [42].
The compound 2-naphthol and naphthalene-2,3-diol also reacted smoothly to provide the compounds 2i and 2j. Multiple 2D NMR experiments have been carried out for the compound 2j to elucidate the substitution site at the naphthalene core (Figure 1). The NMR signals were assigned on the basis of 1H, 13C, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HMBC and 1H-13C HSQC experiments (see the Supporting Materials). In the 1H-13C HMBC spectrum, a cross-peak is observed between the proton of a methyne group H-C4 and C5 and C8 carbon atoms, as well as a cross-peak between the same proton and the C9 carbon atom. Additionally, two cross-peak are present between the protons ortho to the hydroxyl groups (H-C12 and H-C15) and the C13 and C14 carbon atoms, respectively.
All of the above unequivocally indicates the substitution to Position 6 of the naphthalene ring. This is a somewhat unexpected result, since the position ortho to the hydroxy groups is generally supposed to be the most reactive. Intrigued by this discrepancy, we searched the literature for reactions of 2-naphthol with carbon electrophiles, paying particular attention to the reaction conditions. The analysis of the collected data revealed that the conventional acidic catalysts promote the substitution at Position 1 of 2-naphthol (for typical examples, see [43,44,45]). At the same time, when the reaction with an electrophile is carried out in the presence of superacids or in a sulfuric acid solution, the electrophilic attack preferably occurs at the sixth position (Scheme 3A) [46,47,48].
The compound 2-naphthol is known to undergo exhaustive C1-protonation in superacidic media, as was reported by Olah [49] and Hartmann and Yu [50]. We speculate that this may be the reason for different substitution patterns in the case of acidic and superacidic catalysts. Presumably, the protonation of the C1 atom in the presence of a superacid forces the electrophilic attack to the C6 atom of a fused benzene ring (Scheme 3B). The initial protonation deactivates the hydroxylated aromatic ring against further reactions with electrophiles. This opens up the possibility of directing the substitution at the desired site by regulating the acidity of a reaction media. As far as we know, such a possibility has never been stated for the naphthols before. A separate study is needed to further test this hypothesis; however, this falls out of the scope of the present paper. Nonetheless, this finding also indirectly indicates the superacidic nature of the reaction media in our case.

2.2. Exploration of the Reaction Mechanism by Quantum Chemistry Calculations

As was noted above, a superelectrophilic activation is often associated with the formation of doubly protonated dicationic species. Thus, a comparison of the reaction barriers for the mono- and dicationic species would provide additional insight into the reaction mechanism and further clarify the possibility of the superelectrophilic activation of phosphacoumarin under the reaction conditions. With this in mind, we carried out quantum chemistry calculations. The calculations were performed at the ωB97X-V/def2-TZVPD//PBE/def2-TZVPD theory level with Orca 5.0.3 software (see the Supplementary Materials for additional details on method choice) [51]. The solvent effect was accounted for using the C-PCM [52] model with TFA as a solvent. We have chosen the interaction of the unsubstituted phosphacoumarin PHOS with toluene as the model reaction. Note that due to the complex equilibria between monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, etc., species in TFA [53], it is hard to estimate the most feasible counter-anions. Additionally, the compound 1 is also an acid, and thus may take part in these equilibria, forming complexes with TFA. This complicates the task even more, especially given that its concentration in TFA should also be accounted for. Thus, the effect of the counter-ion was neglected for these calculations.
First, we calculated the energies of the cation Cat and its complexes with TFA (Cat_TFA) and the phosphacoumarin (Cat_PHOS) (Scheme 4). The obtained data suggest that the formation of the TFA complex Cat_TFA is slightly endergonic (2.2 kcal/mol) and the complex Cat_PHOS is more energetically favorable (by 5.2 kcal/mol). Next, we calculated the transition state energies for the reaction of these species with toluene.
The energy of the transition state TS2 for the reaction of the parent cation Cat with benzene was the highest among them all (15.2 kcal/mol). The formation of the hydrogen-bonded complexes Cat_TFA and Cat_PHOS lowers the energy of the transition states TS1 and TS3 by 3.6 kcal/mol and 9.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Complexation with phosphacoumarin lowers the relative energy of the H-bonded cationic intermediate IM3 (0.6 kcal/mol) compared to the energy of the simpler intermediate IM2 (2.5 kcal/mol). On the contrary, the TFA-bonded intermediate IM1 is somewhat higher in energy (2.8 kcal/mol), albeit the difference is rather small.
With all of the above, the energetically most favorable reaction pathway involves the formation of the complex Cat_PHOS and its interaction with the toluene molecule through the transition state TS3 to give the intermediate IM3.
Similarly, we have calculated the relative energies of the dications diCat, diCat_TFA and diCat_PHOS, as well as the energies of their respective transition states TS5, TS4, TS6 and intermediates IM4, IM5 and IM6 (Scheme 5). The complexation of the dication diCat with TFA is accompanied by a considerable energy penalty (5.9 kcal/mol). The complexation with TFA destabilizes both the transition state TS4 and the intermediate IM4 compared to their non-complexed counterparts (energy difference is 6.8 kcal/mol and 8.3 kcal/mol, respectively).
In contrast, the formation of the complex with phosphacoumarin is strongly exergonic (−11.6 kcal/mol). The analysis of the geometry of the optimized complex diCat_PHOS suggests the migration of the proton from the phosphoryl group of diCat to the phosphoryl group of PHOS upon complexation (see the Supplementary Materials, Figure S4 for key bond lengths). This leads to the localization of two positive charges on different molecules, leading to the stabilization of the complex. The same factor results in much lower energies of the transition state TS6 (−1.9 kcal/mol relative to reactants) and the intermediate IM6 (−13.8 kcal/mol) compared to the non-complexed TS5 (5.1 kcal/mol) and IM5 (−6.5 kcal/mol). Consequently, one should assume the formation of the intermediate IM6 via the transition state TS6 to be the most favorable pathway of the reaction. However, there are some points to note here. First of all, these species can be considered a complex of two hydrogen-bonded cations Cat and PHOS_H rather than dications. Moreover, the complex diCat_PHOS is 8.4 kcal/mol higher in energy compared to the cations Cat and PHOS_H (see Scheme 6). Thus, it is more likely to dissociate to the cations Cat and PHOS_H (downhill by 8.4 kcal/mol) rather than react with the toluene molecule (uphill by 9.7 kcal/mol). Taken altogether, these considerations make the formation of the intermediate IM5 from non-complexed dication diCat more feasible.
We have also tried to estimate the relative energies of mono- and dicationic species. Note that multiple positively charged ions are likely to be present in TFA solution, including dimeric, trimeric and polymeric species [53]. Therefore, the accurate prediction of the nature of the protonated species has to account for all of them. This makes such a calculation a non-trivial and computationally demanding task. Herein, we were interested primarily in the relative energies of the cations rather than the elucidation of all possible molecular ensembles. Thus, we utilized the simplest protonated TFA molecule (TFA_Cat) as a proton source. Although not being completely realistic, this can serve as a suitable approximation for our purposes. The protonation of the monocation Cat, as well as the cationic complexes Cat_TFA and Cat_PHOS, appeared to be exergonic by 7.8, 4.1 and 14.1 kcal/mol, respectively (Scheme 6); that is, the proton transfer from the cation TFA_Cat to these cations is favorable. As was mentioned above, the complex diCat_PHOS is likely to undergo further dissociation to the cations Cat and PHOS_H, and thus its presence in the reaction mixture is at least questionable. This suggests that the doubly protonated diCat is the most probable reactive species.
In conclusion, the quantum chemistry calculations suggest that the reaction of phosphacoumarins with aromatics is most likely to proceed via the monocationic complex of C-protonated phosphacoumarin with the second molecule of phosphacoumarin (Cat_PHOS) or TFA (Cat_TFA) or via the doubly protonated phosphacoumarin diCat. The energies of the respective transition states TS1, TS3 and TS5 for the reaction with benzene are 11.6, 5.9 and 5.1 kcal/mol relative to the reactants, which is lower than the energy of the transition state in case of the monocation Cat (15.2 kcal/mol). Additionally, the proton transfer from the protonated form of TFA to the C-protonated phosphacoumarin Cat to create the dicationic intermediate diCat is accompanied by considerable increase in energy (7.8 kcal/mol). Overall, these data support our hypothesis on the superelectrophilic activation of the phosphacoumarin and the important role of the hydrogen-bonded complexes.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Methods

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 600 spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) (operating frequency 600 MHz and 150 MHz, respectively) with respect to the residual proton signals of deuterated solvents (DMSO-d6, CDCl3). 31P spectra were recorded on a Bruker MSL 400 (162 MHz) spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) using 85% H3PO4 as an external reference. Multiplicity was indicated as follows: s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet), dd (doublet of doublet), td (triplet of doublet), bs (broad singlet). Coupling constants were reported in Hertz (Hz). The IR spectra were recorded on a Vector 22 Fourier spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) in the range of 400–4000 cm−1 from KBr pellets. The melting points were determined in glass capillaries on a Stuart SMP 10 instrument (Stuart, Bibby Scientific Ltd., Stone, UK). The elemental analysis was carried out on a CHNS analyzer Vario Macro cube (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Langenselbold, Germany). The samples were weighed on a Sartorius Cubis II (Germany) microbalance in tin capsules. VarioMacro Software V4.0.11 (Abacus Analytical Systems GmbH, Berlin, Germany) was used to perform quantitative measurements and evaluate the data received. ESI-TOF-MS spectra were recorded on a Bruker AmazonX instrument (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). The halogen content was determined by the Schöniger method. The solvents were purified according to standard procedures. Commercially available reagents were used without additional purification. The compound 2-Hydroxybenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide 1 was obtained by the previously reported procedure [42].

3.2. X-Ray Analysis

X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of the single crystals 2b, 2c and 3 were obtained on a Bruker D8 QUEST automated three-circle diffractometer with a PHOTON III area detector and an IμS DIAMOND microfocus X-ray tube: λ(Mo Kα) = 0.71073 Å, ω/ϕ scanning mode with a step of 0.5°. Data collection and indexing, determination and refinement of the unit cell parameters were carried out using the APEX3 software package. Numerical absorption correction based on the crystal shape, additional spherical absorption correction and systematic error correction were performed using the SADABS-2016/2 software [54]. Using OLEX2, 59 structures were solved by direct methods using the SHELXT-2018/3 program [55] and refined by full-matrix least-squares on F2 using the SHELXL-2018/3 program. Nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. The positions of the H(O) hydrogen atom were determined from difference electron density maps and refined isotropically. The positions of the hydrogen atoms of methyl groups were inserted using the rotation of the group with idealized bond angles; the remaining hydrogen atoms were refined using a riding model. Most calculations were performed using the WinGX-2021.3 software package [56]. Crystallographic data for the investigated structures are in the Supplementary Materials and deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as Supplementary Publication Nos. CCDC 2299351, 2321868 and 2299352.

3.3. Computational Details and Methods

All calculations were performed with the ORCA 5.0.3 package [51]. Geometry optimizations were performed at the PBE/def2-TZVPD theory level with the atom-pairwise dispersion correction with the Becke–Johnson damping scheme [57,58] (D3BJ) using a resolution of identity approximation for Coulomb integrals (RI-J) with the def2/J auxiliary basis set [59]. All optimizations were followed by frequency calculations at the ωB97X-V/def2-TZVPD level of theory with the D3BJ dispersion correction and RI-J approximation (def2/J auxiliary basis set) and numerical chain-of-sphere integration for the HF exchange integrals (COSX). The structure was accepted if and only if no imaginary frequencies were present (for ground states) or if exactly one imaginary frequency was present (for transition states). The IRC calculations were performed to verify that the obtained transition state really connects two minima. The implicit solvation model (PCM, TFA as a solvent) was used to account for the solvent effects. The following values were used for the refraction index and dielectric constant of TFA: ε = 8.55, RD = 1.285.

3.4. Synthesis of Phosphacoumarin 1

The compound 2-ethoxyvinylphosphonic acid dichloroanhydride (5.3 mmol, 1 equiv) in toluene (5 mL) was added dropwise to a mixture of 2,3,5-trimethylphenol (10.6 mmol, 2 equiv) and trifluoroacetic acid (5.3 mmol, 1 equiv) in boiling toluene (30 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The oil that precipitated from the reaction mixture was heated in isopropyl alcohol until a white precipitate formed. The precipitate was filtered and dried under vacuum to a constant weight to give the target compound 1 as a white solid; yield 1 g 85%; m.p. 206–208 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1) 1225, 1590, 1617, 2924. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 7.54 (dd, 1H, J(H,P) = 42.2, J(H,H) = 12.8 Hz), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.24 (dd, 1H, J(H,P) = 20.3, J(H,H) = 12.8 Hz), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz): δ 150.3 (d, J(C,P) = 9.0 Hz), 139.8, 139.3, 134.0, 126.6, 123.4 (d, J(C,P) = 5.9 Hz), 117.6 (d, J(C,P) = 17.9 Hz), 115.7, 114.5, 20.2, 19.0, 11.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 5.3. Anal. Calcd for C11H13O3P: C, 58.93; H, 5.84; P, 13.82. Found: C, 58.80; H, 5.83; P, 13.76. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 224.2, found 247.2 [M + Na]+.

3.5. General Procedure for Synthesis of Compounds 2

The compound 2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethylbenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide 1 (1.3 mmol, 1 equiv) was added to a solution of appropriate arene (1.3 mmol, 1 equiv) in trifluoroacetic acid (8 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 70 °C. The reaction completion was monitored by 31P{1H} NMR.
The compound 2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-4-(p-tolyl)-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2a) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.2 g, 50%; m.p. 290−292 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1215, 1616, 2866, 2919, 2943, 3429. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz): δ 7.04 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.97 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.78 (s, 1H), 4.62 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 36.0, J(H,H) = 3.5 Hz), 4.56 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 36.0, J(H,H) = 3.5 Hz), 2.50–2.32 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 151.0 (d, J(C,P) = 7.4 Hz), 140.2 (d, J(C,P) = 3.1 Hz), 137.2, 136.2, 134.4, 129.8, 128.3, 127.6, 125.2 (d, J(C,P) = 11.1 Hz), 124.8 (d, J(C,P) = 4.9 Hz), 39.3 (d, J(C,P) = 7.3 Hz), 30.3 (d, J(C,P) = 128.5 Hz), 21.5, 20.4, 19.9, 12.6. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 243 MHz): δ 21.8. Anal. Calcd for C18H21O3P: C, 68.22; H, 6.69; P, 9.79. Found: C, 68.22; H, 6.59; P, 9.71. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 316.1, found 317.1 [M + H]+; 339.1 [M + Na]+.
The compound 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2b) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.15 g, 36%; m.p. 258−260 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1212, 1614, 2920, 2942, 2969, 3426. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz): δ 6.97 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.74 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz), 4.58 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.6, J(H,H) = 2.7 Hz), 4.53 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.6, J(H,H) = 2.7 Hz), 2.47–2.31 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 151.0 (d, J(C,P) = 7.4 Hz), 140.6 (d, J(C,P) = 3.0 Hz), 137.1, 136.7, 134.9, 134.5, 130.3, 129.5, 127.6, 125.7, 125.2 (d, J(C,P) = 11.1 Hz), 124.8 (d, J(C,P) = 4.8 Hz), 39.3 (d, J(C,P) = 7.2 Hz), 30.4 (d, J(C,P) = 128.4 Hz), 20.6, 20.4, 20.0, 19.9, 12.6. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 243 MHz): δ 21.9. Anal. Calcd for C19H23O3P: C, 69.08; H, 7.02; P, 9.38. Found: C, 68.98; H, 6.90; P, 9.29. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 330.2, found 331.2 [M + H]+; 353.2 [M + Na]+.
The compound 4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2c) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 h. The solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure, the resulting oily residue was dissolved in 10 mL of diethyl ether. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.11 g, 25%; m.p. 289−291 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1222, 1615, 2863, 2919, 2947, 3427. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz): δ 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.55 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz), 4.68 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 29.9, J(H,H) = 3.7 Hz), 4.63 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 29.9, J(H,H) = 3.7 Hz), 2.44–2.38 (m, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.11–2.05 (m, 1H), 1.82 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 151.6 (d, J(C,P) = 7.1 Hz), 138.9 (d, J(C,P) = 3.5 Hz), 137.0, 136.2, 135.6, 134.6, 131.9, 128.5, 127.6, 127.3, 124.5 (d, J(C,P) = 12.2 Hz), 124.5 (d, J(C,P) = 5.2 Hz), 36.9 (d, J(C,P) = 6.9 Hz), 28.6 (d, J(C,P) = 126.6 Hz), 21.4, 20.4, 19.8, 19.7, 12.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 243 MHz): δ 19.9. Anal. Calcd for C19H23O3P: C, 69.08; H, 7.02; P, 9.38. Found: C, 68.96; H, 6.93; P, 9.27. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 330.2, found 331.2 [M + H]+; 353.2 [M + Na]+.
The compound 4-(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2d) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 7 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.29 g, 61%; m.p. 265−267 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1200, 1620, 2864, 2921, 2973, 3428. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 9.81 (s, 1H), 9.78 (s, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.28 (s, 1H), 4.70 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 34.5, J(H,H) = 3.3 Hz), 4.61 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 34.5, J(H,H) = 3.3 Hz), 2.44–2.35 (m, 1H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.20–2.16 (m, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 154.5, 152.4, 151.0 (d, J(C,P) = 7.4 Hz), 136.7, 133.8, 129.0, 127.1, 124.1 (d, J(C,P) = 5.2 Hz), 123.8 (d, J(C,P) = 11.3 Hz), 120.4, 109.4, 103.9, 33.7 (d, J(C,P) = 7.4 Hz), 27.4 (d, J(C,P) = 128.0 Hz), 19.9, 19.1, 12.2. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 22.5. Anal. Calcd for C17H18ClO5P: C, 55.37; H, 4.92; Cl, 9.61; P, 8.40. Found: C, 55.25; H, 4.83; P, 8.31. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 368.1, found 369.1 [M + H]+; 399.1 [M + Na]+.
The compound 4-(5-bromo-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2e) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 7 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.43 g, 81%; m.p. 268−270 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1200, 1616, 2865, 2922, 2972, 3410. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz): δ 9.85 (s, 1H), 9.84 (s, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 4.68 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.4, J(H,H) = 2.9 Hz), 4.65 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.4, J(H,H) = 2.9 Hz), 2.41–2.36 (m, 1H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.21–2.16 (m, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 155.7, 154.0, 151.5 (d, J(C,P) = 7.2 Hz), 137.2, 134.3, 132.3, 127.6, 124.5 (d, J(C,P) = 4.9 Hz), 124.3 (d, J(C,P) = 11.2 Hz), 121.6, 104.3, 98.7, 33.8 (d, J(C,P) = 7.1 Hz), 27.9 (d, J(C,P) = 127.9 Hz), 20.4, 19.6, 12.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 243 MHz): δ 21.5. Anal. Calcd for C17H18BrO5P: C, 49.42; H, 4.39; Br, 19.34; P, 7.50. Found: C, 49.36; H, 4.32; Br, 19.26; P, 7.43. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 412.0, found 435.3 [M + Na]+.
The compound 4-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethylbenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2f) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 7 h. The solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure, the resulting oily residue was dissolved in 10 mL of diethyl ether. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.16 g, 37%; m.p. 232−234 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1214, 1619, 2925, 2972, 3341. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 9.22 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 6.13 (s, 1H), 4.69 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 33.6, J(H,H) = 3.1 Hz), 4.60 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 33.6, J(H,H) = 3.1 Hz), 2.39–2.30 (m, 1H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.18–2.17 (m, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.80 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): 155.2, 153.8, 151.6 (d, J(C,P) = 7.3 Hz), 136.7, 134.4, 130.5, 127.5, 125.2 (d, J(C,P) = 11.3 Hz), 124.4 (d, J(C,P) = 5.2 Hz), 119.2 (d, J(C,P) = 5.2 Hz), 114.2, 103.0, 33.8 (d, J(C,P) = 7.3 Hz), 28.7 (d, J(C,P) = 127.4 Hz), 20.4, 19.7, 16.5, 12.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 22.2. Anal. Calcd for C18H19O5P: C, 62.43; H, 5.53; P, 8.94. Found: C, 62.37; H, 5.49; P, 8.87.
The compound 4-(5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethylbenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2g) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 7 h. The solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure, the resulting oily was dissolved in 10 mL of diethyl ether. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.21 g, 45%; m.p. 218−220 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1219, 1617, 2873, 2923, 2967, 3299. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.86 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 6.18 (s, 1H), 4.69 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 32.8, J(H,H) = 4.1 Hz), 4.61 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 32.8, J(H,H) = 4.1 Hz), 2.36–2.24 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.19–2.15 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H), 1.09 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): 154.8, 153.7, 151.6 (d, J(C,P) = 7.3 Hz), 136.6, 134.5, 129.3, 127.5, 125.1 (d, J(C,P) = 11.3 Hz), 124.3 (d, J(C,P) = 5.1 Hz), 120.7, 119.4 (d, J(C,P) = 3.3 Hz), 103.1, 33.9 (d, J(C,P) = 7.1 Hz), 28.7 (d, J(C,P) = 127.2 Hz), 23.4, 20.4, 19.7, 15.7, 12.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 21.8. Anal. Calcd for C19H21O5P: C, 63.33; H, 5.87; P, 8.60. Found: C, 63.28; H, 5.80; P, 8.52.
The compound 4-(5-hexyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethylbenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2h) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 7 h. The solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure, the resulting oily residue was dissolved in 10 mL of diethyl ether. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.3 g, 55%; m.p. 203−205 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1208, 1432, 1619, 2857, 2927, 2953, 3372. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.33 (s, 1H), 6.13 (s, 1H), 4.68 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 32.4, J(H,H) = 3.5 Hz), 4.60 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 32.4, J(H,H) = 3.5 Hz), 2.38–2.24 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.19–2.15 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.30–1.23 (m, 2H), 1.18–1.11 (m, 6H), 1.09 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): 154.9, 153.7, 151.6 (d, J(C,P) = 7.2 Hz), 136.6, 134.5, 130.0, 127.4, 125.0 (d, J(C,P) = 11.4 Hz), 124.3 (d, J(C,P) = 5.2 Hz), 119.2 (d, J(C,P) = 3.5 Hz), 119.0, 103.1, 34.0 (d, J(C,P) = 7.1 Hz), 32.1, 30.2, 29.8, 29.0, 28.7 (d, J(C,P) = 127.1 Hz), 23.0, 20.4, 19.7, 14.9, 12.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 21.7. Anal. Calcd for C23H29O5P: C, 66.33; H, 7.02; P, 7.44. Found: C, 66.29; H, 6.96; P, 7.39.
The compound 2-hydroxy-4-(6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-5,7,8-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2i) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.3 g, 63%; m.p. ˃ 300 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1227, 1565, 1604, 2864, 2920, 3651. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 9.60 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.57 (d, 1H, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.34 (d, 1H, J = 1.8 Hz), 7.21 (dd, 1H, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.05 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.01 (dd, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 6.80 (s, 1H), 4.78 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.3, J(H,H) = 2.9 Hz), 4.70 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.3, J(H,H) = 2.9 Hz), 2.56 (ddd, 1H, J(H,P) = 16.0, J(H,H) = 7.3 Hz), 2.41 (ddd, 1H, J(H,P) = 16.0, J(H,H) = 7.3 Hz), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 126 MHz): δ 155.0, 150.0 (d, J(C,P) = 7.4 Hz), 136.3, 136.2, 133.6, 133.3, 129.1, 127.4, 126.7, 126.3, 126.0, 125.3, 124.0 (d, J(C,P) = 11.0 Hz), 123.9 (d, J(C,P) = 4.6 Hz), 118.5, 108.4, 38.6 (d, J(C,P) = 7.2 Hz), 29.3 (d, J(C,P) = 127.9 Hz), 19.4, 18.9, 11.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 21.6. Anal. Calcd for C21H21O4P: C, 68.47; H, 5.75; P, 8.41. Found: C, 68.39; H, 5.66; P, 8.32. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 368.1, found 369.1 [M + H]+; 407.1 [M + Na]+.
The compound 4-(6,7-dihydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2j) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.27 g, 55%; m.p. ˃ 300 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1226, 1562, 1612, 2918, 2977, 3517. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 9.41 (s, 2H), 7.44 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.18 (d, 1H, J = 1.7 Hz), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.98 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 4.73 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.1, J(H,H) = 3.0 Hz), 4.66 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 35.1, J(H,H) = 3.0 Hz), 2.54 (ddd, 1H, J(H,P) = 16.0, J(H,H) = 7.3 Hz), 2.34 (ddd, 1H, J(H,P) = 16.0, J(H,H) = 7.3 Hz), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 126 MHz): δ 150.1 (d, J(C,P) = 7.3 Hz), 146.9, 146.5, 136.6, 136.1, 133.6, 128.5, 127.4, 126.6, 125.6, 124.4 (d, J(C,P) = 11.8 Hz), 123.8 (d, J(C,P) = 4.6 Hz), 123.4, 123.0, 109.4, 109.2, 38.7 (d, J(C,P) = 7.2 Hz), 29.3 (d, J(C,P) = 128.1 Hz), 19.4, 19.0, 11.7. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 21.9. Anal. Calcd for C21H21O5P: C, 65.62; H, 5.51; P, 8.06. Found: C, 65.53; H, 5.43; P, 7.98. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 384.1, found 385.1 [M + H]+.
The compound 4-Hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-2-oxido-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2k) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h. The solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure, and the resulting oily was dissolved in 10 mL of diethyl ether. The precipitate was filtered off, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the oily residue was heated in isopropanol. The precipitate that formed was filtered off and dried in a vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.12 g, 25%; m.p. ˃ 300 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1204, 1653, 1717, 2924, 2963, 3420. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 8.00 (dd, 1H, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.46 (s, 2H), 4.32 (dt, 1H, J(H,P) = 30.0, J(H,H) = 5.2 Hz), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.93 (m, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 100.6 MHz): δ 162.0, 157.3, 153.1, 149.1, 136.8, 133.8, 133.1, 129.0, 125.3, 123.5, 122.1, 120.2 (d, J(C,P) = 2.8 Hz), 117.4, 115.5, 104.2 (d, J(C,P) = 4.1 Hz), 27.0 (d, J(C,P) = 108.2 Hz), 20.2, 19.0, 12.6. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 22.2. Anal. Calcd for C20H19O6P: C, 62.18; H, 4.96; P, 8.02. Found: C, 62.09; H, 4.89; P, 7.93. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 386.0, found 387.0 [M + H]+, 409.0 [M + Na]+.
The compound 2,4-dihydroxy-5-(2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-2-oxido-3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-4-yl)-3-methylbenzaldehyde (2l) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.16 g, 34%; m.p. 233−235 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1209, 1622, 1638, 2865, 2922, 3302. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 10.12 (s, 1H), 9.51 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 4.86 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 33.8, J(H,H) = 3.4 Hz), 4.78 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 33.8, J(H,H) = 3.4 Hz), 2.41–2.26 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 196.2, 161.3, 160.9, 151.8 (d, J(C,P) = 7.3 Hz), 137.3, 134.4, 131.9, 127.7, 124.7 (d, J(C,P) = 5.3 Hz), 123.9 (d, J(C,P) = 11.1 Hz), 122.7 (d, J(C,P) = 3.0 Hz), 114.7, 111.6, 34.3 (d, J(C,P) = 7.3 Hz), 28.0 (d, J(C,P) = 127.9 Hz), 20.5, 19.7, 12.8, 9.2. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 21.3. Anal. Calcd for C19H21O6P: C, 60.64; H, 5.62; P, 8.23. Found: C, 60.55; H, 5.54; P, 8.15. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 376.1, found 399.1 [M + Na]+.
The compound 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethylbenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxide (2m) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h. The solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure, the resulting oily was dissolved in 10 mL of diethyl ether. The formed precipitate was filtered off, recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.27 g, 60%; m.p. ˃ 300 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1209, 1618, 2868, 2922, 2969, 33352. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz): δ 8.60 (s, 2H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.57 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.42 (s, 1H), 6.37 (d, 1H, J = 9.1 Hz), 4.43 (dd, 1H, J(H,P) = 34.9, J(H,H) = 5.2 Hz), 2.40–2.22 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 151.0 (d, J(C,P) = 7.6 Hz), 145.8, 144.6, 136.9, 134.5, 134.2 (d, J(C,P) = 3.1 Hz), 127.6, 125.7 (d, J(C,P) = 11.2 Hz), 124.7 (d, J(C,P) = 4.8 Hz), 119.2, 116.3, 115.8, 39.0 (d, J(C,P) = 7.1 Hz), 30.6 (d, J(C,P) = 128.0 Hz), 20.4, 19.9, 12.6. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 22.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H17O5P: C, 61.45; H, 5.16; P, 9.32. Found: C, 61.37; H, 5.07; P, 9.25.
The compound 4-ethyl-1-hydroxy-8,9,11-trimethyl-12H-6,12-methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocine-2-carbaldehyde 6-oxide (3) was synthesized according to the general procedure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with 20 mL of diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to a constant weight. White solid; yield 0.12 g, 25%; m.p. 202−203 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 1234, 1632, 2871, 2970, 3022. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz): δ 11.80 (s, 1H), 9.86 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 4.85 (dd, 0.5H, J(H,P) = 33.8, J(H,H) = 3.0 Hz), 5.19 (dt, 1H, J(H,P) = 35.8, J(H,H) = 4.1 Hz), 2.76–2.71 (m, 1H), 2.61–2.57 (m, 1H),2.52 (s, 3H), 2.50 (dt, 2H, J(H,H) = 3.6 Hz), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.16 (t, 3H, J(H,H) = 7.5 Hz). 13C{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ 191.2, 158.5, 156.6 (d, J(C,P) = 8.2 Hz), 150.9 (d, J(C,P) = 8.2 Hz), 137.8, 134.5, 133.9, 124.8, 126.2 (d, J(C,P) = 6.9 Hz), 123.8 (d, J(C,P) = 3.0 Hz), 117.8, 116.0 (d, J(C,P) = 12.9 Hz), 31.6 (d, J(C,P) = 10.5 Hz), 22.8, 20.6 (d, J(C,P) = 112.3 Hz), 20.6, 20.2, 14.8, 12.5. 31P{1H} NMR (DMSO-d6, 162 MHz): δ 15.2. Anal. Calcd for C20H21O5P: C, 64.51; H, 5.68; P, 8.32. Found: C, 64.43; H, 5.60; P, 8.26. MS (ESI) m/z calcd for 372.1, found 373.1 [M + H]+, 395.3 [M + Na]+.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have developed a convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of 4-aryl-substituted phosphaflavanoids through the TFA-assisted arylation of phosphacoumarins. The formation of dicationic species from phosphacoumarins or/and their hydrogen-bonded complexes plays a pivotal role in this process. Not only does this double activation enable the reaction with even weak nucleophiles, but it also demonstrates the successful application of the “Bronsted acid assisted Bronsted acid catalysis” concept in the superelectrophilic activation of organophosphorus compounds. The use of inexpensive reagents and mild reaction conditions are also the salient features of this protocol.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms25126327/s1.

Author Contributions

Synthesis, A.V.Z., Y.M.S., A.K.S., E.A.C. and N.I.A.; conceptualization, A.S.G.; NMR experiments, V.V.S.; X-ray analysis, D.P.G.; writing—original draft preparation, R.U.Z.; funding acquisition, writing—original draft preparation, N.O.A.; writing—review and editing A.R.B., M.A.P. and I.V.A.; supervision, O.G.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The quantum chemistry calculations were funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP19677249). The synthetic part was carried out at Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry and was supported by the Russian Science Foundation and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan within the framework of the scientific project No. 23-23-10020, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-23-10020 (accessed on 1 June 2024). The authors are grateful to the Assigned Spectral-Analytical Center of FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS for technical assistance in research.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data underlying this study are available in the published article and its Supporting Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Staskun, B. The Conversion of Benzoylacetanilides into 2- and 4-Hydroxyquinolines. J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 1153–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Olah, G.A.; Germain, A.; Lin, H.C.; Forsyth, D.A. Electrophilic reactions at single bonds. XVIII. Indication of protosolvated de facto substituting agents in the reactions of alkanes with acetylium and nitronium ions in superacidic media. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 2928–2929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Olah, G.A. Superelectrophiles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 767–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Olah, G.A.; Klumpp, D.A. Superelectrophiles and Their Chemistry; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007; ISBN 9780470049617. [Google Scholar]
  5. Vasilyev, A.V. Electrophilic activation of acetylene compounds in Brønsted superacids. Reactions of vinyl type cations. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2013, 82, 187–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Vasilyev, A.V. Superelectrophilic Activation of Alkynes, Alkenes, and Allenes. In Advances in Organic Synthesis; Bentham Science Publishers: Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 2018; pp. 81–120. [Google Scholar]
  7. Klumpp, D.A.; Anokhin, M.V. Superelectrophiles: Recent Advances. Molecules 2020, 25, 3281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Nenajdenko, V.G.; Shevchenko, N.E.; Balenkova, E.S.; Alabugin, I.V. 1,2-Dications in Organic Main Group Systems. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 229–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Olah, G.A.; Surya Prakash, G.K.; Molnár, Á.; Sommer, J. Superacid Chemistry; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009; ISBN 9780471596684. [Google Scholar]
  10. Shchukin, A.O.; Vasilyev, A.V. Different reactivities of acetylene carbonyl compounds under the catalysis by Bronsted superacids and Lewis acids. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2008, 336, 140–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Genaev, A.M.; Salnikov, G.E.; Koltunov, K.Y. DFT insights into superelectrophilic activation of α,β-unsaturated nitriles and ketones in superacids. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2022, 20, 6799–6808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Hernandez, M.C.G.; Zolotukhin, M.G.; Fomine, S.; Cedillo, G.; Morales, S.L.; Fröhlich, N.; Preis, E.; Scherf, U.; Salmón, M.; Chávez, M.I.; et al. Novel, Metal-Free, Superacid-Catalyzed “Click” Reactions of Isatins with Linear, Nonactivated, Multiring Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Macromolecules 2010, 43, 6968–6979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Narayanan, A.; Nirmalchandar, A.; Paknia, F.; Rasul, G.; Mathew, T.; Surya Prakash, G.K. Superelectrophilic Activation of Phenylglyoxamides: Efficient Synthesis of Triarylacetamides and Fluorenecarboxamides by Superacid Catalysis. Top. Catal. 2018, 61, 652–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Kurouchi, H.; Sugimoto, H.; Otani, Y.; Ohwada, T. Cyclization of Arylacetoacetates to Indene and Dihydronaphthalene Derivatives in Strong Acids. Evidence for Involvement of Further Protonation of O,O-Diprotonated β-Ketoester, Leading to Enhancement of Cyclization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 807–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Vuong, H.; Dash, B.P.; Nilsson Lill, S.O.; Klumpp, D.A. Diels–Alder Reactions with Ethylene and Superelectrophiles. Org. Lett. 2018, 20, 1849–1852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Klumpp, D.A.; Sanchez, G.V.; Aguirre, S.L.; Zhang, Y.; de Leon, S. Chemistry of Dicationic Electrophiles: Superacid-Catalyzed Reactions of Amino Acetals. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5028–5031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Burilov, A.R.; Gazizov, A.S.; Pudovik, M.A.; Konovalov, A.I. Reaction of N-(2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)-N-methylamine and its N-functional derivatives with resorcinol and 2-methylresorcinol. Calix[4]resorcinols functionalized on the lower rim. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 2007, 77, 98–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Raja, E.K.; Nilsson Lill, S.O.; Klumpp, D.A. Friedel–Crafts-type reactions with ureas and thioureas. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 8141–8143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Bonazaba Milandou, L.J.C.; Carreyre, H.; Alazet, S.; Greco, G.; Martin-Mingot, A.; Nkounkou Loumpangou, C.; Ouamba, J.; Bouazza, F.; Billard, T.; Thibaudeau, S. Superacid-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aromatic Amines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 169–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Krawczyk, H.; Albrecht, Ł.; Wojciechowski, J.; Wolf, W.M. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid mediated Friedel–Crafts reaction of (E)-3-aryl-2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acrylic acids with electron-rich hydroxyarenes. A convenient approach to α-methylene-δ-valerolactones. Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 12583–12594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Aristov, S.A.; Vasil’ev, A.V.; Fukin, G.K.; Rudenko, A.P. Reactions of acetylene ketones in superacids. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 43, 691–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Savechenkov, P.Y.; Rudenko, A.P.; Vasil’ev, A.V.; Fukin, G.K. Reactions of Vinyl Type Carbocations Generated in Fluorosulfonic Acid with Benzene Derivatives. New Synthesis of Alkyl 3,3-Diarylpropenoates. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 41, 1316–1328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Lozovskiy, S.V.; Ivanov, A.Y.; Vasilyev, A.V. Different reactivity of phosphorylallenes under the action of Brønsted or Lewis acids: A crucial role of involvement of the P=O group in intra- or intermolecular interactions at the formation of cationic intermediates. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1491–1504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Lozovskiy, S.V.; Ivanov, A.Y.; Bogachenkov, A.S.; Vasilyev, A.V. 2,5-Dihydro-1,2-oxaphosphol-2-ium Ions, as Highly Reactive Phosphorus-Centered Electrophiles: Generation, NMR Study, and Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2017, 2, 4505–4510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Lozovskiy, S.V.; Bogachenkov, A.S.; Dogadina, A.V.; Vasilyev, A.V. Acid-promoted transformations of aryl substituted diphenylphosphoryl allenes. Tetrahedron Lett. 2016, 57, 3167–3170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Bogachenkov, A.S.; Dogadina, A.V.; Boyarskaya, I.A.; Boyarskiy, V.P.; Vasilyev, A.V. Synthesis of 1,4-dihydrophosphinoline 1-oxides by acid-promoted cyclization of 1-(diphenylphosphoryl)allenes. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14, 1370–1381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Bogachenkov, A.S.; Dogadina, A.V.; Boyarskiy, V.P.; Vasilyev, A.V. Acid-promoted transformations of 1-(diphenylphosphoryl)allenes: Synthesis of novel 1,4-dihydrophosphinoline 1-oxides. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015, 13, 1333–1338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Kazakova, A.N.; Vasilyev, A.V. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in organic synthesis. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 53, 485–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Olah, G.A.; Surya Prakash, G.K.; Wang, Q.; Li, X. Hydrogen Fluoride-Antimony(V) Fluoride. In Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  30. Juhasz, M.; Hoffmann, S.; Stoyanov, E.; Kim, K.; Reed, C.A. The Strongest Isolable Acid. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 5352–5355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Reed, C.A. Carborane acids. New “strong yet gentle” acids for organic and inorganic chemistry. Chem. Commun. 2005, 36, 1669–1677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Avelar, A.; Tham, F.S.; Reed, C.A. Superacidity of Boron Acids H2(B12X12) (X=Cl, Br). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 3491–3493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Yamamoto, H. From designer Lewis acid to designer Brønsted acid towards more reactive and selective acid catalysis. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B 2008, 84, 134–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Yamamoto, H.; Futatsugi, K. “Designer Acids”: Combined Acid Catalysis for Asymmetric Synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 1924–1942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Zalaltdinova, A.V.; Sadykova, Y.M.; Smailov, A.K.; Trofimova, L.M.; Burilov, A.R.; Pudovik, M.A. New intramolecular cyclization of 2 H -benzo[e]-1,2-oxaphosphorinine derivatives—A way to the synthesis of unsymmetrical cage phosphonates. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2022, 197, 549–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Nijveldt, R.J.; van Nood, E.; van Hoorn, D.E.; Boelens, P.G.; van Norren, K.; van Leeuwen, P.A. Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74, 418–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Chen, S.; Wang, X.; Cheng, Y.; Gao, H.; Chen, X. A Review of Classification, Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Potential Applications of Flavonoids. Molecules 2023, 28, 4982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Al-Khayri, J.M.; Sahana, G.R.; Nagella, P.; Joseph, B.V.; Alessa, F.M.; Al-Mssallem, M.Q. Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review. Molecules 2022, 27, 2901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Mucha, A.; Kafarski, P.; Berlicki, Ł. Remarkable Potential of the α-Aminophosphonate/Phosphinate Structural Motif in Medicinal Chemistry. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 5955–5980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Engel, R. Phosphonates as analogues of natural phosphates. Chem. Rev. 1977, 77, 349–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Amira, A.; Aouf, Z.; K’tir, H.; Chemam, Y.; Ghodbane, R.; Zerrouki, R.; Aouf, N. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2021, 6, 6137–6149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Sadykova, Y.M.; Sadikova, L.M.; Badrtdinova, A.R.; Dobrynin, A.B.; Burilov, A.R.; Pudovik, M.A. Condensation of 2-Ethoxyvinylphosphonic Acid Dichloroanhydride with 2,3,5-Trimethylphenol. Novel Method for Preparation of Phosphacoumarins. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2015, 190, 2267–2272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Chang, Z.; Huang, J.; Wang, S.; Chen, G.; Zhao, H.; Wang, R.; Zhao, D. Copper catalyzed late-stage C(sp3)-H functionalization of nitrogen heterocycles. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Yadav, N.; Khan, J.; Tyagi, A.; Singh, S.; Hazra, C.K. Rapid Access to Arylated and Allylated Cyclopropanes via Bronsted Acid-Catalyzed Dehydrative Coupling of Cyclopropylcarbinols. J. Org. Chem. 2022, 87, 6886–6901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Gazizov, A.S.; Smolobochkin, A.V.; Anikina, E.A.; Strelnik, A.G.; Burilov, A.R.; Pudovik, M.A. Acid-Mediated C–N Bond Cleavage in 1-Sulfonylpyrrolidines: An Efficient Route towards Dibenzoxanthenes, Diarylmethanes, and Resorcinarenes. Synlett 2018, 29, 467–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Sabat, N.; Zhou, W.; Gandon, V.; Guinchard, X.; Vincent, G. Unbiased C3-Electrophilic Indoles: Triflic Acid Mediated C3-Regioselective Hydroarylation of N-H Indoles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202204400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Umrigar, V.M.; Chakraborty, M.; Parikh, P.A. Microwave Assisted Sulfonation of 2-Naphthol by Sulfuric Acid: Cleaner Production of Schaeffer’s Acid. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46, 6217–6220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Shcherbakov, S.S.; Magometov, A.Y.; Shcherbakova, V.Y.; Aksenov, A.V.; Domenyuk, D.A.; Zelensky, V.A.; Rubin, M. Electrophilic alkylation of arenes with 5-bromopyrimidine en route to 4-aryl-5-alkynylpyrimidines. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 10315–10321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Olah, G.A.; Mateescu, G.D.; Mo, Y.K. Stable carbocations. CXL. Naphthalenium ions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 1865–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Hartmann, H.; Yu, X. On the Protonation and Deuteration of Hydroxy-Substituted Naphthalenes—A 1H NMR Study**. ChemistrySelect 2022, 7, e202202836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Neese, F.; Wennmohs, F.; Becker, U.; Riplinger, C. The ORCA quantum chemistry program package. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 152, 224108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Barone, V.; Cossi, M. Quantum Calculation of Molecular Energies and Energy Gradients in Solution by a Conductor Solvent Model. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 1995–2001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Milne, J.B. Trifluoroacetic Acid. In The Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1978; pp. 1–52. [Google Scholar]
  54. Sheldrick, G.M. SADABS; University of Gottingen: Gottingen, Germany, 1997. [Google Scholar]
  55. Sheldrick, G.M. SHELXTL v.6.12, Structure Determination Software Suite; Bruker AXS: Madison, WI, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  56. Farrugia, L.J. WinGX and ORTEP for Windows: An update. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2012, 45, 849–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Grimme, S.; Antony, J.; Ehrlich, S.; Krieg, H. A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H-Pu. J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 154104–154119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Grimme, S.; Ehrlich, S.; Goerigk, L. Effect of the damping function in dispersion corrected density functional theory. J. Comput. Chem. 2011, 32, 1456–1465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Weigend, F. Accurate Coulomb-fitting basis sets for H to Rn. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2006, 8, 1057–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijms 25 06327 sch001
Scheme 1. Some examples of common superelectrophilic species [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] (A), the reactions of organophosphorus superelectrophiles reported thus far [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] (B), the known arylation of phosphacoumarins (C) and the superelectrophilic activation of phosphacoumarins reported in this work (D).
Scheme 1. Some examples of common superelectrophilic species [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] (A), the reactions of organophosphorus superelectrophiles reported thus far [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] (B), the known arylation of phosphacoumarins (C) and the superelectrophilic activation of phosphacoumarins reported in this work (D).
Ijms 25 06327 sch001
Ijms 25 06327 sch002
Scheme 2. Synthesis of 4-aryl-substituted phosphaflavanoids in TFA medium.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of 4-aryl-substituted phosphaflavanoids in TFA medium.
Ijms 25 06327 sch002
Ijms 25 06327 g001
Figure 1. Structure determination of the compound 2j. Key cross-peaks in the 1H-13C HMBC spectrum are indicated by arrows.
Figure 1. Structure determination of the compound 2j. Key cross-peaks in the 1H-13C HMBC spectrum are indicated by arrows.
Ijms 25 06327 g001
Ijms 25 06327 sch003
Scheme 3. Selected examples highlighting the preferred substitution site of 2-naphthol in acid- [43,44,45] and superacid-catalyzed reactions [46,47,48] (A) and the tentative reaction mechanism in superacidic medium (B).
Scheme 3. Selected examples highlighting the preferred substitution site of 2-naphthol in acid- [43,44,45] and superacid-catalyzed reactions [46,47,48] (A) and the tentative reaction mechanism in superacidic medium (B).
Ijms 25 06327 sch003
Ijms 25 06327 sch004
Scheme 4. Possible reaction pathways and free energy profiles (kcal/mol) for the interaction of the monocationic phosphacoumarin electrophile with toluene as obtained from quantum chemistry calculations (ωB97X-V/def2-TZVPD//PBE/def2-TZVPD, C-PCM(TFA), Orca 5.0.3).
Scheme 4. Possible reaction pathways and free energy profiles (kcal/mol) for the interaction of the monocationic phosphacoumarin electrophile with toluene as obtained from quantum chemistry calculations (ωB97X-V/def2-TZVPD//PBE/def2-TZVPD, C-PCM(TFA), Orca 5.0.3).
Ijms 25 06327 sch004
Ijms 25 06327 sch005
Scheme 5. Possible reaction pathways and free energy profiles (kcal/mol) for the interaction of the dicationic phosphacoumarin electrophile with toluene as obtained from quantum chemistry calculations (ωB97X–V/def2-TZVPD//PBE/def2–TZVPD, C–PCM(TFA), Orca 5.0.3).
Scheme 5. Possible reaction pathways and free energy profiles (kcal/mol) for the interaction of the dicationic phosphacoumarin electrophile with toluene as obtained from quantum chemistry calculations (ωB97X–V/def2-TZVPD//PBE/def2–TZVPD, C–PCM(TFA), Orca 5.0.3).
Ijms 25 06327 sch005
Ijms 25 06327 sch006
Scheme 6. Free energies for the protonation of monocationic organophosphorus electrophiles as obtained from quantum chemistry calculations (ωB97X–V/def2–TZVPD//PBE/def2–TZVPD, C–PCM(TFA), Orca 5.0.3).
Scheme 6. Free energies for the protonation of monocationic organophosphorus electrophiles as obtained from quantum chemistry calculations (ωB97X–V/def2–TZVPD//PBE/def2–TZVPD, C–PCM(TFA), Orca 5.0.3).
Ijms 25 06327 sch006
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zalaltdinova, A.V.; Sadykova, Y.M.; Gazizov, A.S.; Smailov, A.K.; Syakaev, V.V.; Gerasimova, D.P.; Chugunova, E.A.; Akylbekov, N.I.; Zhapparbergenov, R.U.; Appazov, N.O.; et al. Superelectrophilic Activation of Phosphacoumarins towards Weak Nucleophiles via Brønsted Acid Assisted Brønsted Acid Catalysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126327

AMA Style

Zalaltdinova AV, Sadykova YM, Gazizov AS, Smailov AK, Syakaev VV, Gerasimova DP, Chugunova EA, Akylbekov NI, Zhapparbergenov RU, Appazov NO, et al. Superelectrophilic Activation of Phosphacoumarins towards Weak Nucleophiles via Brønsted Acid Assisted Brønsted Acid Catalysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(12):6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126327

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zalaltdinova, Alena V., Yulia M. Sadykova, Almir S. Gazizov, Atabek K. Smailov, Victor V. Syakaev, Daria P. Gerasimova, Elena A. Chugunova, Nurgali I. Akylbekov, Rakhmetulla U. Zhapparbergenov, Nurbol O. Appazov, and et al. 2024. "Superelectrophilic Activation of Phosphacoumarins towards Weak Nucleophiles via Brønsted Acid Assisted Brønsted Acid Catalysis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12: 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126327

APA Style

Zalaltdinova, A. V., Sadykova, Y. M., Gazizov, A. S., Smailov, A. K., Syakaev, V. V., Gerasimova, D. P., Chugunova, E. A., Akylbekov, N. I., Zhapparbergenov, R. U., Appazov, N. O., Burilov, A. R., Pudovik, M. A., Alabugin, I. V., & Sinyashin, O. G. (2024). Superelectrophilic Activation of Phosphacoumarins towards Weak Nucleophiles via Brønsted Acid Assisted Brønsted Acid Catalysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(12), 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126327

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop