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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms26031272
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Unveiling the Phenotypic Variability of Macrophages: Insights from Donor Diversity and Pooling Strategies

by
Bartłomiej Taciak
1,
Agnieszka Grochowska
1,
Małgorzata Górczak
1,
Emilia Górka
1,
Marcin Skorzynski
2,
Maciej Białasek
1,
Tomasz P. Rygiel
2 and
Magdalena Król
1,*
1
Center of Cellular Immunotherapies, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031272
Submission received: 19 December 2024 / Revised: 28 January 2025 / Accepted: 30 January 2025 / Published: 31 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Functions of Macrophage Cells)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Macrophages are key players in inflammation and immune responses due to their phenotypic plasticity. This study examined the effects of pooling donor-derived macrophages on their phenotype and function, focusing on murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs). Murine BMDMs were generated using L929-conditioned media and compared across single and pooled donors (two-to-five mice). Similarly, hMDMs cultured with M-CSF from individual donors were compared to pooled cultures. Pooling macrophages did not alter core phenotypic markers (CD11b, F4/80, CD64) or functional outputs such as cytokine secretion and nitric oxide production. In hMDMs, pooling reduced variability and led to slightly elevated or more-uniform marker expression. These findings demonstrate that pooling macrophages minimizes inter-individual variability without compromising cellular stability or function, enhancing reproducibility in immunological research while maintaining the option of single-donor studies for personalized analyses.
Keywords: macrophages; BMDM; donor diversity macrophages; BMDM; donor diversity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Taciak, B.; Grochowska, A.; Górczak, M.; Górka, E.; Skorzynski, M.; Białasek, M.; Rygiel, T.P.; Król, M. Unveiling the Phenotypic Variability of Macrophages: Insights from Donor Diversity and Pooling Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031272

AMA Style

Taciak B, Grochowska A, Górczak M, Górka E, Skorzynski M, Białasek M, Rygiel TP, Król M. Unveiling the Phenotypic Variability of Macrophages: Insights from Donor Diversity and Pooling Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(3):1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031272

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taciak, Bartłomiej, Agnieszka Grochowska, Małgorzata Górczak, Emilia Górka, Marcin Skorzynski, Maciej Białasek, Tomasz P. Rygiel, and Magdalena Król. 2025. "Unveiling the Phenotypic Variability of Macrophages: Insights from Donor Diversity and Pooling Strategies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 3: 1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031272

APA Style

Taciak, B., Grochowska, A., Górczak, M., Górka, E., Skorzynski, M., Białasek, M., Rygiel, T. P., & Król, M. (2025). Unveiling the Phenotypic Variability of Macrophages: Insights from Donor Diversity and Pooling Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(3), 1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031272

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