Next Article in Journal
miRNA Signatures in Alveolar Macrophages Related to Cigarette Smoke: Assessment and Bioinformatics Analysis
Previous Article in Journal
miR-30d Levels Predict Re-Hospitalization in Patients with Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: A Preliminary Study
Previous Article in Special Issue
Association of Baseline Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein with Expanded Disability Status Score Dynamics in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 26
Issue 3
10.3390/ijms26031276
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach

by
Andreas Pfnür
1,
Benjamin Mayer
2,
Lena Dörfer
3,
Hayrettin Tumani
4,
Daniel Spitzer
5,
Markus Huber-Lang
3 and
Thomas Kapapa
1,*
1
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
2
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany
3
Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/, 89081 Ulm, Germany
4
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
5
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031276
Submission received: 10 December 2024 / Revised: 22 January 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2025 / Published: 1 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Advances in Blood–Brain Barrier, Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and Cerebrospinal Fluid–Brain Barriers)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) involves a significant influx of blood into the cerebrospinal fluid, representing a severe form of stroke. Despite advancements in aneurysm closure and neuro-intensive care, outcomes remain impaired due to cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Previous pharmacological therapies have not successfully reduced DCI while improving overall outcomes. As a result, significant efforts are underway to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. This review focuses on the activation and effects of immune cells after SAH and their interactions with neurotoxic and vasoactive substances as well as inflammatory mediators. Particular attention is given to clinical studies highlighting the roles of natural killer (NK) cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Alongside microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, NK cells and Treg cells are key contributors to the inflammatory cascade following SAH. Their involvement in modulating the neuro-inflammatory response, vasospasm, and DCI underscores their potential as therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in the post-SAH recovery process. We conducted a systematic review on T cell- and natural killer cell-mediated inflammation and their roles in cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate outcomes and mortality in studies focused on NK cell- and T cell-mediated mechanisms.
Keywords: subarachnoid hemorrhage; natural killer cells; T cells; outcome; delayed cerebral ischemia; vasospasm subarachnoid hemorrhage; natural killer cells; T cells; outcome; delayed cerebral ischemia; vasospasm

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Pfnür, A.; Mayer, B.; Dörfer, L.; Tumani, H.; Spitzer, D.; Huber-Lang, M.; Kapapa, T. Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031276

AMA Style

Pfnür A, Mayer B, Dörfer L, Tumani H, Spitzer D, Huber-Lang M, Kapapa T. Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(3):1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031276

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pfnür, Andreas, Benjamin Mayer, Lena Dörfer, Hayrettin Tumani, Daniel Spitzer, Markus Huber-Lang, and Thomas Kapapa. 2025. "Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 3: 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031276

APA Style

Pfnür, A., Mayer, B., Dörfer, L., Tumani, H., Spitzer, D., Huber-Lang, M., & Kapapa, T. (2025). Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(3), 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031276

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop