Sensors

232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rapid Method to Regenerate Piezoelectric Microcantilever Sensors (PEMS)

by LiNa Loo, Wei Wu, Wan Y. Shih, Wei-Heng Shih, Hossein Borghaei, Kambiz Pourrezaei and Gregory P. Adams

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5520-5528; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505520 - 20 May 2011

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9172

Abstract

Piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMS) can be sensitive tools for the detection of proteins and cells in biological fluids. However, currently available PEMS can only be used a single time or must be completely stripped and refunctionalized prior to subsequent uses. Here we report [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMS) can be sensitive tools for the detection of proteins and cells in biological fluids. However, currently available PEMS can only be used a single time or must be completely stripped and refunctionalized prior to subsequent uses. Here we report the successful use of an alternative regeneration protocol employing high salt concentrations to remove the target, leaving the functional probe immobilized on the microcantilever surface. Our model system employed the extracellular domain (ECD) of recombinant human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) as the probe and anti-human EGFR polyclonal antibodies as the target. We report that high concentrations of MgCl2 dissociated polyclonal antibodies specifically bound to EGFR ECD immobilized on the sensor surface without affecting its bioactivity. This simple regeneration protocol both minimized the time required to re-conjugate the probe and preserved the density of probe immobilized on PEMS surface, yielding identical biosensor sensitivity over a series of assays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microcantilever Sensors)

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1540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of a Differential Waveguide Structure to Improve Magnetostrictive Linear Position Sensors

by Yongjie Zhang, Weiwen Liu, Haibo Zhang, Jinfeng Yang and Hui Zhao

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5508-5519; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505508 - 20 May 2011

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 15256

Abstract

Magnetostrictive linear position sensors (MLPS) are high-precision sensors used in the industrial field for measuring the propagation time of ultrasonic signals in a waveguide. To date, MLPS have attracted widespread attention for their accuracy, reliability, and cost-efficiency in performing non-contact, multiple measurements. However, [...] Read more.

Magnetostrictive linear position sensors (MLPS) are high-precision sensors used in the industrial field for measuring the propagation time of ultrasonic signals in a waveguide. To date, MLPS have attracted widespread attention for their accuracy, reliability, and cost-efficiency in performing non-contact, multiple measurements. However, the sensor, with its traditional structure, is susceptible to electromagnetic interference, which affects accuracy. In the present study, we propose a novel structure of MLPS that relies on two differential waveguides to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, common-mode rejection ratio, and accuracy of MLPS. The proposed sensor model can depict sensor performance and the relationship of sensor parameters. Experimental results with the new sensor indicate that the new structure can improve accuracy to ±0.1 mm higher than ±0.2 mm with a traditional structure. In addition, the proposed sensor shows a considerable improvement in temperature characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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Graphical abstract

1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Large Area Tactile Sensor Patch Based on Commercial Force Sensors

by Fernando Vidal-Verdú, Maria Jose Barquero, Julián Castellanos-Ramos, Rafael Navas-González, Jose Antonio Sánchez, Javier Serón and Alfonso García-Cerezo

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5489-5507; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505489 - 19 May 2011

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 13576

Abstract

This paper reports the design of a tactile sensor patch to cover large areas of robots and machines that interact with human beings. Many devices have been proposed to meet such a demand. These realizations are mostly custom-built or developed in the lab. [...] Read more.

This paper reports the design of a tactile sensor patch to cover large areas of robots and machines that interact with human beings. Many devices have been proposed to meet such a demand. These realizations are mostly custom-built or developed in the lab. The sensor of this paper is implemented with commercial force sensors. This has the benefit of a more foreseeable response of the sensor if its behavior is understood as the aggregation of readings from all the individual force sensors in the array. A few reported large area tactile sensors are also based on commercial sensors. However, the one in this paper is the first of this kind based on the use of polymeric commercial force sensing resistors (FSR) as unit elements of the array or tactels, which results in a robust sensor. The paper discusses design issues related to some necessary modifications of the force sensor, its assembly in an array, and the signal conditioning. The patch has 16 × 9 force sensors mounted on a flexible printed circuit board with a spatial resolution of 18.5 mm. The force range of a tactel is 6 N and its sensitivity is 0.6 V/N. The array is read at a rate of 78 frames per second. Finally, two simple application examples are also carried out with the sensor mounted on the forearm of a rescue robot that communicates with the sensor through a CAN bus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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196 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cognitive Facilitation Following Intentional Odor Exposure

by Andrew J. Johnson

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5469-5488; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505469 - 19 May 2011

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 11849

Abstract

This paper reviews evidence that, in addition to incidental olfactory pollutants, intentional odor delivery can impact cognitive operations both positively and negatively. Evidence for cognitive facilitation/interference is reviewed alongside four potential explanations for odor-induced effects. It is concluded that the pharmacological properties of [...] Read more.

This paper reviews evidence that, in addition to incidental olfactory pollutants, intentional odor delivery can impact cognitive operations both positively and negatively. Evidence for cognitive facilitation/interference is reviewed alongside four potential explanations for odor-induced effects. It is concluded that the pharmacological properties of odors can induce changes in cognition. However, these effects can be accentuated/attenuated by the shift in mood following odor exposure, expectancy of cognitive effects, and cues to behavior via the contextual association with the odor. It is proposed that greater consideration is required in the intentional utilization of odors within both industrial and private locations, since differential effects are observed for odors with positive hedonic qualities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control)

446 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Survey on Multimedia-Based Cross-Layer Optimization in Visual Sensor Networks

by Daniel G. Costa and Luiz Affonso Guedes

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5439-5468; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505439 - 18 May 2011

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 10549

Abstract

Visual sensor networks (VSNs) comprised of battery-operated electronic devices endowed with low-resolution cameras have expanded the applicability of a series of monitoring applications. Those types of sensors are interconnected by ad hoc error-prone wireless links, imposing stringent restrictions on available bandwidth, end-to-end delay [...] Read more.

Visual sensor networks (VSNs) comprised of battery-operated electronic devices endowed with low-resolution cameras have expanded the applicability of a series of monitoring applications. Those types of sensors are interconnected by ad hoc error-prone wireless links, imposing stringent restrictions on available bandwidth, end-to-end delay and packet error rates. In such context, multimedia coding is required for data compression and error-resilience, also ensuring energy preservation over the path(s) toward the sink and improving the end-to-end perceptual quality of the received media. Cross-layer optimization may enhance the expected efficiency of VSNs applications, disrupting the conventional information flow of the protocol layers. When the inner characteristics of the multimedia coding techniques are exploited by cross-layer protocols and architectures, higher efficiency may be obtained in visual sensor networks. This paper surveys recent research on multimedia-based cross-layer optimization, presenting the proposed strategies and mechanisms for transmission rate adjustment, congestion control, multipath selection, energy preservation and error recovery. We note that many multimedia-based cross-layer optimization solutions have been proposed in recent years, each one bringing a wealth of contributions to visual sensor networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infrared Sensor System for Mobile-Robot Positioning in Intelligent Spaces

by Ernesto Martín Gorostiza, José Luis Lázaro Galilea, Franciso Javier Meca Meca, David Salido Monzú, Felipe Espinosa Zapata and Luis Pallarés Puerto

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5416-5438; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505416 - 18 May 2011

Cited by 89 | Viewed by 12917

Abstract

The aim of this work was to position a Mobile Robot in an Intelligent Space, and this paper presents a sensorial system for measuring differential phase-shifts in a sinusoidally modulated infrared signal transmitted from the robot. Differential distances were obtained from these phase-shifts, [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to position a Mobile Robot in an Intelligent Space, and this paper presents a sensorial system for measuring differential phase-shifts in a sinusoidally modulated infrared signal transmitted from the robot. Differential distances were obtained from these phase-shifts, and the position of the robot was estimated by hyperbolic trilateration. Due to the extremely severe trade-off between SNR, angle (coverage) and real-time response, a very accurate design and device selection was required to achieve good precision with wide coverage and acceptable robot speed. An I/Q demodulator was used to measure phases with one-stage synchronous demodulation to DC. A complete set of results from real measurements, both for distance and position estimations, is provided to demonstrate the validity of the system proposed, comparing it with other similar indoor positioning systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensorial Systems Applied to Intelligent Spaces)

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617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Dual-Frequency Liquid Crystal Lens with Ring-and-Pie Electrodes and a Driving Scheme to Prevent Disclination Lines and Improve Recovery Time

by Yung-Yuan Kao and Paul C.-P. Chao

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5402-5415; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505402 - 18 May 2011

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9806

Abstract

A new liquid crystal lens design is proposed to improve the recovery time with a ring-and-pie electrode pattern through a suitable driving scheme and using dual-frequency liquid crystals (DFLC) MLC-2048. Compared with the conventional single hole-type liquid crystal lens, this new structure of [...] Read more.

A new liquid crystal lens design is proposed to improve the recovery time with a ring-and-pie electrode pattern through a suitable driving scheme and using dual-frequency liquid crystals (DFLC) MLC-2048. Compared with the conventional single hole-type liquid crystal lens, this new structure of the DFLC lens is composed of only two ITO glasses, one of which is designed with the ring-and-pie pattern. For this device, one can control the orientation of liquid crystal directors via a three-stage switching procedure on the particularly-designed ring-and-pie electrode pattern. This aims to eliminate the disclination lines, and using different drive frequencies to reduce the recovery time to be less than 5 seconds. The proposed DFLC lens is shown effective in reducing recovery time, and then serves well as a potential device in places of the conventional lenses with fixed focus lengths and the conventional LC lens with a single circular-hole electrode pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FRCA: A Fuzzy Relevance-Based Cluster Head Selection Algorithm for Wireless Mobile Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks

by Chongdeuk Lee and Taegwon Jeong

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5383-5401; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505383 - 18 May 2011

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9537

Abstract

Clustering is an important mechanism that efficiently provides information for mobile nodes and improves the processing capacity of routing, bandwidth allocation, and resource management and sharing. Clustering algorithms can be based on such criteria as the battery power of nodes, mobility, network size, [...] Read more.

Clustering is an important mechanism that efficiently provides information for mobile nodes and improves the processing capacity of routing, bandwidth allocation, and resource management and sharing. Clustering algorithms can be based on such criteria as the battery power of nodes, mobility, network size, distance, speed and direction. Above all, in order to achieve good clustering performance, overhead should be minimized, allowing mobile nodes to join and leave without perturbing the membership of the cluster while preserving current cluster structure as much as possible. This paper proposes a Fuzzy Relevance-based Cluster head selection Algorithm (FRCA) to solve problems found in existing wireless mobile ad hoc sensor networks, such as the node distribution found in dynamic properties due to mobility and flat structures and disturbance of the cluster formation. The proposed mechanism uses fuzzy relevance to select the cluster head for clustering in wireless mobile ad hoc sensor networks. In the simulation implemented on the NS-2 simulator, the proposed FRCA is compared with algorithms such as the Cluster-based Routing Protocol (CBRP), the Weighted-based Adaptive Clustering Algorithm (WACA), and the Scenario-based Clustering Algorithm for Mobile ad hoc networks (SCAM). The simulation results showed that the proposed FRCA achieves better performance than that of the other existing mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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636 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microfabrication and Applications of Opto-Microfluidic Sensors

by Daiying Zhang, Liqiu Men and Qiying Chen

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5360-5382; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505360 - 18 May 2011

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 14278

Abstract

A review of research activities on opto-microfluidic sensors carried out by the research groups in Canada is presented. After a brief introduction of this exciting research field, detailed discussion is focused on different techniques for the fabrication of opto-microfluidic sensors, and various applications [...] Read more.

A review of research activities on opto-microfluidic sensors carried out by the research groups in Canada is presented. After a brief introduction of this exciting research field, detailed discussion is focused on different techniques for the fabrication of opto-microfluidic sensors, and various applications of these devices for bioanalysis, chemical detection, and optical measurement. Our current research on femtosecond laser microfabrication of optofluidic devices is introduced and some experimental results are elaborated. The research on opto-microfluidics provides highly sensitive opto-microfluidic sensors for practical applications with significant advantages of portability, efficiency, sensitivity, versatility, and low cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors in Canada)

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Graphical abstract

1516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Cloning Template Designing Method by Using an Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Edge Detection of CNN Based Imaging Sensors

by Selami Parmaksızoğlu and Mustafa Alçı

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5337-5359; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505337 - 17 May 2011

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8781

Abstract

Cellular Neural Networks (CNNs) have been widely used recently in applications such as edge detection, noise reduction and object detection, which are among the main computer imaging processes. They can also be realized as hardware based imaging sensors. The fact that hardware CNN [...] Read more.

Cellular Neural Networks (CNNs) have been widely used recently in applications such as edge detection, noise reduction and object detection, which are among the main computer imaging processes. They can also be realized as hardware based imaging sensors. The fact that hardware CNN models produce robust and effective results has attracted the attention of researchers using these structures within image sensors. Realization of desired CNN behavior such as edge detection can be achieved by correctly setting a cloning template without changing the structure of the CNN. To achieve different behaviors effectively, designing a cloning template is one of the most important research topics in this field. In this study, the edge detecting process that is used as a preliminary process for segmentation, identification and coding applications is conducted by using CNN structures. In order to design the cloning template of goal-oriented CNN architecture, an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm which is inspired from the foraging behavior of honeybees is used and the performance analysis of ABC for this application is examined with multiple runs. The CNN template generated by the ABC algorithm is tested by using artificial and real test images. The results are subjectively and quantitatively compared with well-known classical edge detection methods, and other CNN based edge detector cloning templates available in the imaging literature. The results show that the proposed method is more successful than other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burst Packet Loss Concealment Using Multiple Codebooks and Comfort Noise for CELP-Type Speech Coders in Wireless Sensor Networks

by Nam In Park, Hong Kook Kim, Min A Jung, Seong Ro Lee and Seung Ho Choi

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5323-5336; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505323 - 17 May 2011

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9270

Abstract

In this paper, a packet loss concealment (PLC) algorithm for CELP-type speech coders is proposed in order to improve the quality of decoded speech under burst packet loss conditions in a wireless sensor network. Conventional receiver-based PLC algorithms in the G.729 speech codec [...] Read more.

In this paper, a packet loss concealment (PLC) algorithm for CELP-type speech coders is proposed in order to improve the quality of decoded speech under burst packet loss conditions in a wireless sensor network. Conventional receiver-based PLC algorithms in the G.729 speech codec are usually based on speech correlation to reconstruct the decoded speech of lost frames by using parameter information obtained from the previous correctly received frames. However, this approach has difficulty in reconstructing voice onset signals since the parameters such as pitch, linear predictive coding coefficient, and adaptive/fixed codebooks of the previous frames are mostly related to silence frames. Thus, in order to reconstruct speech signals in the voice onset intervals, we propose a multiple codebook-based approach that includes a traditional adaptive codebook and a new random codebook composed of comfort noise. The proposed PLC algorithm is designed as a PLC algorithm for G.729 and its performance is then compared with that of the PLC algorithm currently employed in G.729 via a perceptual evaluation of speech quality, a waveform comparison, and a preference test under different random and burst packet loss conditions. It is shown from the experiments that the proposed PLC algorithm provides significantly better speech quality than the PLC algorithm employed in G.729 under all the test conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from FGIT 2010)

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429 KiB

Open AccessReview

Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors

by Magda Brattoli, Gianluigi De Gennaro, Valentina De Pinto, Annamaria Demarinis Loiotile, Sara Lovascio and Michele Penza

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5290-5322; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505290 - 16 May 2011

Cited by 198 | Viewed by 29776

Abstract

The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows [...] Read more.

The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows the detection of potential illnesses or infections by taking into account the odour pleasantness/unpleasantness. Odours are mixtures of light and small molecules that, coming in contact with various human sensory systems, also at very low concentrations in the inhaled air, are able to stimulate an anatomical response: the experienced perception is the odour. Odour assessment is a key point in some industrial production processes (i.e., food, beverages, etc.) and it is acquiring steady importance in unusual technological fields (i.e., indoor air quality); this issue mainly concerns the environmental impact of various industrial activities (i.e., tanneries, refineries, slaughterhouses, distilleries, civil and industrial wastewater treatment plants, landfills and composting plants) as sources of olfactory nuisances, the top air pollution complaint. Although the human olfactory system is still regarded as the most important and effective “analytical instrument” for odour evaluation, the demand for more objective analytical methods, along with the discovery of materials with chemo-electronic properties, has boosted the development of sensor-based machine olfaction potentially imitating the biological system. This review examines the state of the art of both human and instrumental sensing currently used for the detection of odours. The olfactometric techniques employing a panel of trained experts are discussed and the strong and weak points of odour assessment through human detection are highlighted. The main features and the working principles of modern electronic noses (E-Noses) are then described, focusing on their better performances for environmental analysis. Odour emission monitoring carried out through both the techniques is finally reviewed in order to show the complementary responses of human and instrumental sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control)

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892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FT-IR-cPAS—New Photoacoustic Measurement Technique for Analysis of Hot Gases: A Case Study on VOCs

by Christian Bernd Hirschmann, Niina Susanna Koivikko, Jussi Raittila, Jussi Tenhunen, Satu Ojala, Katariina Rahkamaa-Tolonen, Ralf Marbach, Sarah Hirschmann and Riitta Liisa Keiski

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5270-5289; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505270 - 16 May 2011

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12698

Abstract

This article describes a new photoacoustic FT-IR system capable of operating at elevated temperatures. The key hardware component is an optical-readout cantilever microphone that can work up to 200 °C. All parts in contact with the sample gas were put into a heated [...] Read more.

This article describes a new photoacoustic FT-IR system capable of operating at elevated temperatures. The key hardware component is an optical-readout cantilever microphone that can work up to 200 °C. All parts in contact with the sample gas were put into a heated oven, incl. the photoacoustic cell. The sensitivity of the built photoacoustic system was tested by measuring 18 different VOCs. At 100 ppm gas concentration, the univariate signal to noise ratios (1σ, measurement time 25.5 min, at highest peak, optical resolution 8 cm⁻¹) of the spectra varied from minimally 19 for o-xylene up to 329 for butyl acetate. The sensitivity can be improved by multivariate analyses over broad wavelength ranges, which effectively co-adds the univariate sensitivities achievable at individual wavelengths. The multivariate limit of detection (3σ, 8.5 min, full useful wavelength range), i.e., the best possible inverse analytical sensitivity achievable at optimum calibration, was calculated using the SBC method and varied from 2.60 ppm for dichloromethane to 0.33 ppm for butyl acetate. Depending on the shape of the spectra, which often only contain a few sharp peaks, the multivariate analysis improved the analytical sensitivity by 2.2 to 9.2 times compared to the univariate case. Selectivity and multi component ability were tested by a SBC calibration including 5 VOCs and water. The average cross selectivities turned out to be less than 2% and the resulting inverse analytical sensitivities of the 5 interfering VOCs was increased by maximum factor of 2.2 compared to the single component sensitivities. Water subtraction using SBC gave the true analyte concentration with a variation coefficient of 3%, although the sample spectra (methyl ethyl ketone, 200 ppm) contained water from 1,400 to 100k ppm and for subtraction only one water spectra (10k ppm) was used. The developed device shows significant improvement to the current state-of-the-art measurement methods used in industrial VOC measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control)

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458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) Coatings on Gold Sensors—a QCM Study of Hemocompatibility

by Stefan Sinn, Mirjam Eichler, Lothar Müller, Daniel Bünger, Jürgen Groll, Gerhard Ziemer, Frank Rupp, Hinnak Northoff, Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer, Frank K. Gehring and Hans P. Wendel

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5253-5269; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505253 - 13 May 2011

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 12516

Abstract

The reliability of implantable blood sensors is often hampered by unspecific adsorption of plasma proteins and blood cells. This not only leads to a loss of sensor signal over time, but can also result in undesired host vs. graft reactions. Within this [...] Read more.

The reliability of implantable blood sensors is often hampered by unspecific adsorption of plasma proteins and blood cells. This not only leads to a loss of sensor signal over time, but can also result in undesired host vs. graft reactions. Within this study we evaluated the hemocompatibility of isocyanate conjugated star shaped polytheylene oxide—polypropylene oxide co-polymers NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) when applied to gold surfaces as an auspicious coating material for gold sputtered blood contacting sensors. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors were coated with ultrathin NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) films and compared with uncoated gold sensors. Protein resistance was assessed by QCM measurements with fibrinogen solution and platelet poor plasma (PPP), followed by quantification of fibrinogen adsorption. Hemocompatibility was tested by incubation with human platelet rich plasma (PRP). Thrombin antithrombin-III complex (TAT), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were used as coagulation activation markers. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize platelet adhesion to the sensor surfaces. Compared to uncoated gold sensors, NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) coated sensors revealed significant better resistance against protein adsorption, lower TAT generation and a lower amount of adherent platelets. Moreover, coating with ultrathin NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) films creates a cell resistant hemocompatible surface on gold that increases the chance of prolonged sensor functionality and can easily be modified with specific receptor molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)

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940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrieval of the Extreme Values under Deadline Constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks

by Seung Jun Baek, Xiaohan Yu, Kyogu Lee and Hyunhak Kim

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5229-5252; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505229 - 12 May 2011

Viewed by 7157

Abstract

We consider a problem of retrieving the extreme value among sensed data under deadline constraints in wireless sensor networks with potential applications to alarm systems. The sensed data is mapped to a score which we adopt as a unified measure of the relative [...] Read more.

We consider a problem of retrieving the extreme value among sensed data under deadline constraints in wireless sensor networks with potential applications to alarm systems. The sensed data is mapped to a score which we adopt as a unified measure of the relative urgency of the data. The objective is to retrieve the data with the maximum score. We propose fully distributed schemes for contention based medium access and data combining. The proposed medium access scheme uses a randomized back-off which is controlled based on the score of the data to be transmitted. Data combining techniques are proposed to further suppress unnecessary traffic and reduce contention. The key observation is that one should aggressively prioritize packets with high score, up to an extent that does not incur excessive contention in channel access. Designed to capture such aspect, the proposed scheme is shown to substantially decrease the latency of the retrieval. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Beams’ Multiple-Contact Mode with an Application in the Design of a High-g Threshold Microaccelerometer

by Kai Li, Wenyuan Chen and Weiping Zhang

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5215-5228; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505215 - 11 May 2011

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6832

Abstract

Beam’s multiple-contact mode, characterized by multiple and discrete contact regions, non-uniform stoppers’ heights, irregular contact sequence, seesaw-like effect, indirect interaction between different stoppers, and complex coupling relationship between loads and deformation is studied. A novel analysis method and a novel high speed calculation [...] Read more.

Beam’s multiple-contact mode, characterized by multiple and discrete contact regions, non-uniform stoppers’ heights, irregular contact sequence, seesaw-like effect, indirect interaction between different stoppers, and complex coupling relationship between loads and deformation is studied. A novel analysis method and a novel high speed calculation model are developed for multiple-contact mode under mechanical load and electrostatic load, without limitations on stopper height and distribution, providing the beam has stepped or curved shape. Accurate values of deflection, contact load, contact region and so on are obtained directly, with a subsequent validation by CoventorWare. A new concept design of high-g threshold microaccelerometer based on multiple-contact mode is presented, featuring multiple acceleration thresholds of one sensitive component and consequently small sensor size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compact Electron Gun Based on Secondary Emission Through Ionic Bombardment

by Babacar Diop, Jean Bonnet, Thomas Schmid and Ajmal Mohamed

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5202-5214; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505202 - 11 May 2011

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 11703

Abstract

We present a new compact electron gun based on the secondary emission through ionic bombardment principle. The driving parameters to develop such a gun are to obtain a quite small electron gun for an in-flight instrument performing Electron Beam Fluorescence measurements (EBF) on [...] Read more.

We present a new compact electron gun based on the secondary emission through ionic bombardment principle. The driving parameters to develop such a gun are to obtain a quite small electron gun for an in-flight instrument performing Electron Beam Fluorescence measurements (EBF) on board of a reentry vehicle in the upper atmosphere. These measurements are useful to characterize the gas flow around the vehicle in terms of gas chemical composition, temperatures and velocity of the flow which usually presents thermo-chemical non-equilibrium. Such an instrument can also be employed to characterize the upper atmosphere if placed on another carrier like a balloon. In ground facilities, it appears as a more practical tool to characterize flows in wind tunnel studies or as an alternative to complex electron guns in industrial processes requiring an electron beam. We describe in this paper the gun which has been developed as well as its different features which have been characterized in the laboratory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Layer Duty Cycle MAC Protocol Supporting a Pipeline Feature for Wireless Sensor Networks

by Fei Tong, Rong Xie, Lei Shu and Young-Chon Kim

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5183-5201; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505183 - 11 May 2011

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 10580

Abstract

Although the conventional duty cycle MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) such as RMAC perform well in terms of saving energy and reducing end-to-end delivery latency, they were designed independently and require an extra routing protocol in the network layer to provide [...] Read more.

Although the conventional duty cycle MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) such as RMAC perform well in terms of saving energy and reducing end-to-end delivery latency, they were designed independently and require an extra routing protocol in the network layer to provide path information for the MAC layer. In this paper, we propose a new cross-layer duty cycle MAC protocol with data forwarding supporting a pipeline feature (P-MAC) for WSNs. P-MAC first divides the whole network into many grades around the sink. Each node identifies its grade according to its logical hop distance to the sink and simultaneously establishes a sleep/wakeup schedule using the grade information. Those nodes in the same grade keep the same schedule, which is staggered with the schedule of the nodes in the adjacent grade. Then a variation of the RTS/CTS handshake mechanism is used to forward data continuously in a pipeline fashion from the higher grade to the lower grade nodes and finally to the sink. No extra routing overhead is needed, thus increasing the network scalability while maintaining the superiority of duty-cycling. The simulation results in OPNET show that P-MAC has better performance than S-MAC and RMAC in terms of packet delivery latency and energy efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tree Classification with Fused Mobile Laser Scanning and Hyperspectral Data

by Eetu Puttonen, Anttoni Jaakkola, Paula Litkey and Juha Hyyppä

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5158-5182; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505158 - 11 May 2011

Cited by 75 | Viewed by 12307

Abstract

Mobile Laser Scanning data were collected simultaneously with hyperspectral data using the Finnish Geodetic Institute Sensei system. The data were tested for tree species classification. The test area was an urban garden in the City of Espoo, Finland. Point clouds representing 168 individual [...] Read more.

Mobile Laser Scanning data were collected simultaneously with hyperspectral data using the Finnish Geodetic Institute Sensei system. The data were tested for tree species classification. The test area was an urban garden in the City of Espoo, Finland. Point clouds representing 168 individual tree specimens of 23 tree species were determined manually. The classification of the trees was done using first only the spatial data from point clouds, then with only the spectral data obtained with a spectrometer, and finally with the combined spatial and hyperspectral data from both sensors. Two classification tests were performed: the separation of coniferous and deciduous trees, and the identification of individual tree species. All determined tree specimens were used in distinguishing coniferous and deciduous trees. A subset of 133 trees and 10 tree species was used in the tree species classification. The best classification results for the fused data were 95.8% for the separation of the coniferous and deciduous classes. The best overall tree species classification succeeded with 83.5% accuracy for the best tested fused data feature combination. The respective results for paired structural features derived from the laser point cloud were 90.5% for the separation of the coniferous and deciduous classes and 65.4% for the species classification. Classification accuracies with paired hyperspectral reflectance value data were 90.5% for the separation of coniferous and deciduous classes and 62.4% for different species. The results are among the first of their kind and they show that mobile collected fused data outperformed single-sensor data in both classification tests and by a significant margin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Agriculture and Forestry)

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1438 KiB

Open AccessReview

Amorphous and Polycrystalline Photoconductors for Direct Conversion Flat Panel X-Ray Image Sensors

by Safa Kasap, Joel B. Frey, George Belev, Olivier Tousignant, Habib Mani, Jonathan Greenspan, Luc Laperriere, Oleksandr Bubon, Alla Reznik, Giovanni DeCrescenzo, Karim S. Karim and John A. Rowlands

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5112-5157; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505112 - 9 May 2011

Cited by 417 | Viewed by 24593

Abstract

In the last ten to fifteen years there has been much research in using amorphous and polycrystalline semiconductors as x-ray photoconductors in various x-ray image sensor applications, most notably in flat panel x-ray imagers (FPXIs). We first outline the essential requirements for an [...] Read more.

In the last ten to fifteen years there has been much research in using amorphous and polycrystalline semiconductors as x-ray photoconductors in various x-ray image sensor applications, most notably in flat panel x-ray imagers (FPXIs). We first outline the essential requirements for an ideal large area photoconductor for use in a FPXI, and discuss how some of the current amorphous and polycrystalline semiconductors fulfill these requirements. At present, only stabilized amorphous selenium (doped and alloyed a-Se) has been commercialized, and FPXIs based on a-Se are particularly suitable for mammography, operating at the ideal limit of high detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Further, these FPXIs can also be used in real-time, and have already been used in such applications as tomosynthesis. We discuss some of the important attributes of amorphous and polycrystalline x-ray photoconductors such as their large area deposition ability, charge collection efficiency, x-ray sensitivity, DQE, modulation transfer function (MTF) and the importance of the dark current. We show the importance of charge trapping in limiting not only the sensitivity but also the resolution of these detectors. Limitations on the maximum acceptable dark current and the corresponding charge collection efficiency jointly impose a practical constraint that many photoconductors fail to satisfy. We discuss the case of a-Se in which the dark current was brought down by three orders of magnitude by the use of special blocking layers to satisfy the dark current constraint. There are also a number of polycrystalline photoconductors, HgI₂ and PbO being good examples, that show potential for commercialization in the same way that multilayer stabilized a-Se x-ray photoconductors were developed for commercial applications. We highlight the unique nature of avalanche multiplication in a-Se and how it has led to the development of the commercial HARP video-tube. An all solid state version of the HARP has been recently demonstrated with excellent avalanche gains; the latter is expected to lead to a number of novel imaging device applications that would be quantum noise limited. While passive pixel sensors use one TFT (thin film transistor) as a switch at the pixel, active pixel sensors (APSs) have two or more transistors and provide gain at the pixel level. The advantages of APS based x-ray imagers are also discussed with examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors in Canada)

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1806 KiB

Open AccessReview

Protein Biosensors Based on Polymer Nanowires, Carbon Nanotubes and Zinc Oxide Nanorods

by Anish Kumar M., Soyoun Jung and Taeksoo Ji

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5087-5111; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505087 - 9 May 2011

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 13774

Abstract

The development of biosensors using electrochemical methods is a promising application in the field of biotechnology. High sensitivity sensors for the bio-detection of proteins have been developed using several kinds of nanomaterials. The performance of the sensors depends on the type of nanostructures [...] Read more.

The development of biosensors using electrochemical methods is a promising application in the field of biotechnology. High sensitivity sensors for the bio-detection of proteins have been developed using several kinds of nanomaterials. The performance of the sensors depends on the type of nanostructures with which the biomaterials interact. One dimensional (1-D) structures such as nanowires, nanotubes and nanorods are proven to have high potential for bio-applications. In this paper we review these three different kinds of nanostructures that have attracted much attention at recent times with their great performance as biosensors. Materials such as polymers, carbon and zinc oxide have been widely used for the fabrication of nanostructures because of their enhanced performance in terms of sensitivity, biocompatibility, and ease of preparation. Thus we consider polymer nanowires, carbon nanotubes and zinc oxide nanorods for discussion in this paper. We consider three stages in the development of biosensors: (a) fabrication of biomaterials into nanostructures, (b) alignment of the nanostructures and (c) immobilization of proteins. Two different methods by which the biosensors can be developed at each stage for all the three nanostructures are examined. Finally, we conclude by mentioning some of the major challenges faced by many researchers who seek to fabricate biosensors for real time applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)

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413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Oscillating Walking Paths with a LIDAR

by Mercè Teixidó, Tomàs Pallejà, Marcel Tresanchez, Miquel Nogués and Jordi Palacín

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5071-5086; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505071 - 6 May 2011

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9766

Abstract

This work describes the analysis of different walking paths registered using a Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) laser range sensor in order to measure oscillating trajectories during unsupervised walking. The estimate of the gait and trajectory parameters were obtained with a terrestrial LIDAR [...] Read more.

This work describes the analysis of different walking paths registered using a Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) laser range sensor in order to measure oscillating trajectories during unsupervised walking. The estimate of the gait and trajectory parameters were obtained with a terrestrial LIDAR placed 100 mm above the ground with the scanning plane parallel to the floor to measure the trajectory of the legs without attaching any markers or modifying the floor. Three different large walking experiments were performed to test the proposed measurement system with straight and oscillating trajectories. The main advantages of the proposed system are the possibility to measure several steps and obtain average gait parameters and the minimum infrastructure required. This measurement system enables the development of new ambulatory applications based on the analysis of the gait and the trajectory during a walk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technology for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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1125 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Development of a Stepping Force Analgesic Meter for a Rat Arthritic Model

by Mun Fei Yam, Lip Yee Por, Kok Khiang Peh, Mariam Ahmad, Mohd. Zaini Asmawi, Lee Fung Ang, Delina Beh Mei Yin, Sim Ying Ong, Muthanna Fawzy Abdulkarim, Ghassan Zuhair Abdullah, Ibrahim Muhammad Salman, Omar Ziad Ameer, Elsnoussi Ali Hussin Mohamed, Mohd Akmal Hashim, Elham Farsi and Sook Yee Hor

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5058-5070; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505058 - 5 May 2011

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 11062

Abstract

Behavioural assessment of experimental pain is an essential method for analysing and measuring pain levels. Rodent models, which are widely used in behavioural tests, are often subject to external forces and stressful manipulations that cause variability of the parameters measured during the experiment. [...] Read more.

Behavioural assessment of experimental pain is an essential method for analysing and measuring pain levels. Rodent models, which are widely used in behavioural tests, are often subject to external forces and stressful manipulations that cause variability of the parameters measured during the experiment. Therefore, these parameters may be inappropriate as indicators of pain. In this article, a stepping-force analgesimeter was designed to investigate the variations in the stepping force of rats in response to pain induction. The proposed apparatus incorporates new features, namely an infrared charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and a data acquisition system. The camera was able to capture the locomotion of the rats and synchronise the stepping force concurrently so that each step could be identified. Inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy of each channel (there were a total of eight channels in the analgesimeter and each channel was connected to one load cell and one amplifier) were studied using different standard load weights. The validation studies for each channel also showed convincing results whereby intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 1% and accuracy was 99.36–100.36%. Consequently, an in vivo test was carried out using 16 rats (eight females and eight males). The rats were allowed to randomly walk across the sensor tunnel (the area that contained eight channels) and the stepping force and locomotion were recorded. A non-expert, but from a related research domain, was asked to differentiate the peaks of the front and hind paw, respectively. The results showed that of the total movement generated by the rats, 50.27 ± 3.90% in the case of the male rats and 62.20 ± 6.12% in that of the female rats had more than two peaks, a finding which does not substantiate the assumptions made in previous studies. This study also showed that there was a need to use the video display frame to distinguish between the front and hind paws in the case of 48.80 ± 4.01% of the male rats and 66.76 ± 5.35% of the female rats. Evidently the assumption held by current researchers regarding stepping force measurement is not realistic in terms of application, and as this study has shown, the use of a video display frame is essential for the identification of the front and hind paws through the peak signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of a CO₂ Impedimetric Sensor Prototype for Air Quality Monitoring

by Gemma García Mandayo, Jaime Herrán, Irene Castro-Hurtado and Enrique Castaño

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5047-5057; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505047 - 5 May 2011

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9173

Abstract

Carbon dioxide detection is a relevant issue in many fields, and this work focuses on the use of a BaTiO₃-CuO sputtered thin film layer in a gas sensor prototype for air quality measurements. For this, a double side sensor was fabricated, [...] Read more.

Carbon dioxide detection is a relevant issue in many fields, and this work focuses on the use of a BaTiO₃-CuO sputtered thin film layer in a gas sensor prototype for air quality measurements. For this, a double side sensor was fabricated, with a Pt heater on one side and the sensing layer over the electrodes on the other side. The uniformity of the temperature on the sensing layer was tested and further tests to check its sensing performance were carried out. Humidity influence in the detection was found to be almost negligible within the usual range in air quality measurements and repeatability tests show satisfactory results for air quality control purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)

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470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RUASN: A Robust User Authentication Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks

by Pardeep Kumar, Amlan Jyoti Choudhury, Mangal Sain, Sang-Gon Lee and Hoon-Jae Lee

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5020-5046; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505020 - 4 May 2011

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 11692

Abstract

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered as a potential solution for real-time monitoring applications and these WSNs have potential practical impact on next generation technology too. However, WSNs could become a threat if suitable security is not considered before [...] Read more.

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered as a potential solution for real-time monitoring applications and these WSNs have potential practical impact on next generation technology too. However, WSNs could become a threat if suitable security is not considered before the deployment and if there are any loopholes in their security, which might open the door for an attacker and hence, endanger the application. User authentication is one of the most important security services to protect WSN data access from unauthorized users; it should provide both mutual authentication and session key establishment services. This paper proposes a robust user authentication framework for wireless sensor networks, based on a two-factor (password and smart card) concept. This scheme facilitates many services to the users such as user anonymity, mutual authentication, secure session key establishment and it allows users to choose/update their password regularly, whenever needed. Furthermore, we have provided the formal verification using Rubin logic and compare RUASN with many existing schemes. As a result, we found that the proposed scheme possesses many advantages against popular attacks, and achieves better efficiency at low computation cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electronic Nose Based on an Optimized Competition Neural Network

by Hong Men, Haiyan Liu, Yunpeng Pan, Lei Wang and Haiping Zhang

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5005-5019; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505005 - 4 May 2011

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7478

Abstract

In view of the fact that there are disadvantages in that the class number must be determined in advance, the value of learning rates are hard to fix, etc., when using traditional competitive neural networks (CNNs) in electronic noses (E-noses), an optimized [...] Read more.

In view of the fact that there are disadvantages in that the class number must be determined in advance, the value of learning rates are hard to fix, etc., when using traditional competitive neural networks (CNNs) in electronic noses (E-noses), an optimized CNN method was presented. The optimized CNN was established on the basis of the optimum class number of samples according to the changes of the Davies and Bouldin (DB) value and it could increase, divide, or delete neurons in order to adjust the number of neurons automatically. Moreover, the learning rate changes according to the variety of training times of each sample. The traditional CNN and the optimized CNN were applied to five kinds of sorted vinegars with an E-nose. The results showed that optimized network structures could adjust the number of clusters dynamically and resulted in good classifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Diagnostic System for Improving Biomass Quality Based on a Sensor Network

by Dionysis D. Bochtis, Claus G. Sørensen, Ole Green and Thomas Bartzanas

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 4990-5004; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110504990 - 4 May 2011

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9158

Abstract

Losses during storage of biomass are the main parameter that defines the profitability of using preserved biomass as feed for animal husbandry. In order to minimize storage losses, potential changes in specific physicochemical properties must be identified to subsequently act as indicators of [...] Read more.

Losses during storage of biomass are the main parameter that defines the profitability of using preserved biomass as feed for animal husbandry. In order to minimize storage losses, potential changes in specific physicochemical properties must be identified to subsequently act as indicators of silage decomposition and form the basis for preventive measures. This study presents a framework for a diagnostic system capable of detecting potential changes in specific physicochemical properties, i.e., temperature and the oxygen content, during the biomass storage process. The diagnostic system comprises a monitoring tool based on a wireless sensors network and a prediction tool based on a validated computation fluid dynamics model. It is shown that the system can provide the manager (end-user) with continuously updated information about specific biomass quality parameters. The system encompasses graphical visualization of the information to the end-user as a first step and, as a second step, the system identifies alerts depicting real differences between actual and predicted values of the monitored properties. The perspective is that this diagnostic system will provide managers with a solid basis for necessary preventive measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Agriculture and Forestry)

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947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Scale Simulation of Drop-Induced Failure of Polysilicon MEMS Sensors

by Stefano Mariani, Aldo Ghisi, Alberto Corigliano, Roberto Martini and Barbara Simoni

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 4972-4989; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110504972 - 4 May 2011

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10185

Abstract

In this paper, an industrially-oriented two-scale approach is provided to model the drop-induced brittle failure of polysilicon MEMS sensors. The two length-scales here investigated are the package (macroscopic) and the sensor (mesoscopic) ones. Issues related to the polysilicon morphology at the micro-scale are [...] Read more.

In this paper, an industrially-oriented two-scale approach is provided to model the drop-induced brittle failure of polysilicon MEMS sensors. The two length-scales here investigated are the package (macroscopic) and the sensor (mesoscopic) ones. Issues related to the polysilicon morphology at the micro-scale are disregarded; an upscaled homogenized constitutive law, able to describe the brittle cracking of silicon, is instead adopted at the meso-scale. The two-scale approach is validated against full three-scale Monte-Carlo simulations, which allow for stochastic effects linked to the microstructural properties of polysilicon. Focusing on inertial MEMS sensors exposed to drops, it is shown that the offered approach matches well the experimentally observed failure mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Testing and Reliability Issues in MEMS Engineering 2011)

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997 KiB

Open AccessReview

Commercialisation of CMOS Integrated Circuit Technology in Multi-Electrode Arrays for Neuroscience and Cell-Based Biosensors

by Anthony H. D. Graham, Jon Robbins, Chris R. Bowen and John Taylor

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 4943-4971; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110504943 - 4 May 2011

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 22260

Abstract

The adaptation of standard integrated circuit (IC) technology as a transducer in cell-based biosensors in drug discovery pharmacology, neural interface systems and electrophysiology requires electrodes that are electrochemically stable, biocompatible and affordable. Unfortunately, the ubiquitous Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) IC technology does [...] Read more.

The adaptation of standard integrated circuit (IC) technology as a transducer in cell-based biosensors in drug discovery pharmacology, neural interface systems and electrophysiology requires electrodes that are electrochemically stable, biocompatible and affordable. Unfortunately, the ubiquitous Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) IC technology does not meet the first of these requirements. For devices intended only for research, modification of CMOS by post-processing using cleanroom facilities has been achieved. However, to enable adoption of CMOS as a basis for commercial biosensors, the economies of scale of CMOS fabrication must be maintained by using only low-cost post-processing techniques. This review highlights the methodologies employed in cell-based biosensor design where CMOS-based integrated circuits (ICs) form an integral part of the transducer system. Particular emphasis will be placed on the application of multi-electrode arrays for in vitro neuroscience applications. Identifying suitable IC packaging methods presents further significant challenges when considering specific applications. The various challenges and difficulties are reviewed and some potential solutions are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Biomechanics and Biomedicine)

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925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Using 802.11 Based Media Access for Sink Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks

by Carlene E.-A. Campbell, Shafiullah Khan, Dhananjay Singh and Kok-Keong Loo

Sensors 2011, 11(5), 4917-4942; https://doi.org/10.3390/s110504917 - 4 May 2011

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 13415

Abstract

The next generation surveillance and multimedia systems will become increasingly deployed as wireless sensor networks in order to monitor parks, public places and for business usage. The convergence of data and telecommunication over IP-based networks has paved the way for wireless networks. Functions [...] Read more.

The next generation surveillance and multimedia systems will become increasingly deployed as wireless sensor networks in order to monitor parks, public places and for business usage. The convergence of data and telecommunication over IP-based networks has paved the way for wireless networks. Functions are becoming more intertwined by the compelling force of innovation and technology. For example, many closed-circuit TV premises surveillance systems now rely on transmitting their images and data over IP networks instead of standalone video circuits. These systems will increase their reliability in the future on wireless networks and on IEEE 802.11 networks. However, due to limited non-overlapping channels, delay, and congestion there will be problems at sink nodes. In this paper we provide necessary conditions to verify the feasibility of round robin technique in these networks at the sink nodes by using a technique to regulate multi-radio multichannel assignment. We demonstrate through simulations that dynamic channel assignment scheme using multi-radio, and multichannel configuration at a single sink node can perform close to optimal on the average while multiple sink node assignment also performs well. The methods proposed in this paper can be a valuable tool for network designers in planning network deployment and for optimizing different performance objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Embedded Sensors)

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Sensors, Volume 11, Issue 5 (May 2011) – 55 articles , Pages 4474-5528

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