Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- We studied the influence of physical layer parameters on the reliability of communication links between LoRa nodes, and obtained detailed experimental results on the relationship between the two;
- (2)
- The influence of the packet length on the reliability of communication links between LoRa nodes was studied by a theoretical analysis and extensive experiments. It should be noted that it is not worth using short packets instead of long packets;
- (3)
- We analyzed the influence of the physical layer parameter settings on the retransmission effect and proposed how to configure the physical layer parameters to minimize the energy consumption and maintain a high data rate, so as to achieve a balance between reliability, delay, and energy efficiency.
2. Related Work
3. LoRa
4. Study on the Relationship between Physical Layer Parameters and the Performance of LoRa
4.1. Brief Description of the Transceivers Used in the Experiments
4.2. LoRa Evaluation Experiment Setup
5. Results and Analysis
5.1. The Impact of SF on the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa
- (i)
- As the SNR decreases (the noise intensity becomes larger), the PER value increases, that is, the noise signal covers the LoRa signal. The LoRa signal is distorted and demodulation errors occur. In addition, as the SF value increases, the PER value becomes smaller. Therefore, a higher SF has better noise immunity. For example, for SNR = −12 dB, when SF = 7, PER = 1, but when SF = 12, PER = 0.034.
- (ii)
- Each time SF increases by one, SNR in the high PER area (PER ≈ 1) decreases by 2 or 3 dB. For instance, from SF = 9 to SF = 10 for BW = 125 kHz, the high PER region’s SNR changes from −16 to −18 dB.
5.2. The Impact of BW on the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa
5.3. The Impact of CR on the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa
5.4. The Impact of the Packet Length on the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa
5.4.1. Theoretical Analysis of the Impact of the Packet Length
5.4.2. The Result of the Impact of the Packet Length on the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa
5.5. Measurement Results of Different LoRa Receivers
5.6. Parameter Setting of the Transmission Scheme
6. Future Work
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IoT | Internet of Things |
SF | Spreading Factor |
BW | Bandwidth |
CR | Coding Rate |
SFD | Start Frame Delimiter |
PER | Packet Error Ratio |
SNR | Signal to Noise Ratio |
CSS | Chirp Spread Spectrum |
LPWAN | Low Power Wide Area Network |
IFFT | Inverse Fast Fourier Transform |
FFT | Fast Fourier Transform |
Rs | Symbol Rate |
DR | Data Rate |
CRC | Cyclic Redundancy Check |
FEC | Forward Error Correction |
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SF | BW | Time-on-Air (msec) | Data Rate (kbps) | Sensitivity (dBm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 125 | 44.29 | 5.47 | −123 |
7 | 250 | 22.14 | 10.94 | −120 |
7 | 500 | 11.07 | 21.88 | −117 |
8 | 125 | 88.58 | 3.13 | −126 |
8 | 250 | 44.29 | 6.25 | −123 |
8 | 500 | 22.14 | 12.50 | −120 |
9 | 125 | 144.38 | 1.76 | −129 |
9 | 250 | 72.19 | 3.52 | −126 |
9 | 500 | 36.01 | 7.03 | −123 |
10 | 125 | 288.77 | 0.98 | −132 |
10 | 250 | 144.38 | 1.95 | −129 |
10 | 500 | 72.19 | 3.91 | −126 |
11 | 125 | 577.54 | 0.54 | −134.5 |
11 | 250 | 288.77 | 1.07 | −131.5 |
11 | 500 | 144.38 | 2.15 | −128.5 |
12 | 125 | 1155.07 | 0.29 | −137 |
12 | 250 | 577.54 | 0.59 | −134 |
12 | 500 | 288.77 | 1.17 | −131 |
SF | PER | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 0.5380 | 96.51 | 386.04 | 546.05 |
8 | 0.0050 | 176.64 | 706.56 | 180.19 |
9 | 0.0019 | 320.51 | 1282.04 | 322.95 |
10 | 0.0011 | 575.49 | 2301.96 | 578.02 |
11 | 0.0003 | 1150.98 | 4603.92 | 1152.36 |
12 | 0.0000 | 2039.81 | 8159.24 | 2039.81 |
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Guo, Q.; Yang, F.; Wei, J. Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa. Sensors 2021, 21, 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041071
Guo Q, Yang F, Wei J. Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa. Sensors. 2021; 21(4):1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041071
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Qingjie, Fengxu Yang, and Jianming Wei. 2021. "Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa" Sensors 21, no. 4: 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041071
APA StyleGuo, Q., Yang, F., & Wei, J. (2021). Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa. Sensors, 21(4), 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041071