Next Article in Journal
Hospitalisation Cost of Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Valencia (Spain) in the Period 2009–2013: A Retrospective Descriptive Analysis
Next Article in Special Issue
Martial Arts as a Form of Undertaking Physical Activity in Leisure Time Analysis of Factors Determining Participation of Poles
Previous Article in Journal
Market Returns, External Pressure, and Safe Pesticide Practice—Moderation Role of Information Acquisition
Previous Article in Special Issue
Physical Activity in Older Mexican Americans Living in Two Cities on the U.S.-Mexico Border
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJERPH
Volume 15
Issue 9
10.3390/ijerph15091830
ijerph-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Mind–Body (Baduanjin) Exercise Prescription for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by
Shi-Jie Liu
1,
Zhanbing Ren
2,
Lin Wang
1,
Gao-Xia Wei
3 and
Liye Zou
4,*
1
Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
2
Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
3
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
4
Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(9), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091830
Submission received: 27 July 2018 / Revised: 13 August 2018 / Accepted: 20 August 2018 / Published: 24 August 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Sport Activity on Health Promotion)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Baduanjin exercise is a traditional Chinese health Qigong routine created by an ancient physician for health promotion. Its mild-to-moderate exercise intensity is suitable for individuals with medical conditions. Recently, a large number of trials have been conducted to investigate the effects of Baduanjin exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It remains to be determined whether Baduanjin exercise prescription is beneficial for the management of COPD patients. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to objectively evaluate the existing literature on this topic. We searched six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang) from inception until early May 2018. The adapted Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used for study quality assessment of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Based on 95% confidence interval (CI), the pooled effect size (Hedge’s g) of exercise capability (6-Minute Walking Test, 6-MWT), lung function parameters (forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1; forced volume vital capacity, FVC; FEV1/FVC ratio), and quality of life were calculated based on the random-effects model. Twenty RCTs (n = 1975 COPD patients) were included in this review, with sum scores of the adapted PEDro scale between 5 and 9. Study results of the meta-analysis indicate that Baduanjin is effective in improving exercise capability (Hedge’s g = 0.69, CI 0.44 to 0.94, p < 0.001, I2 = 66%), FEV1 (Hedge’s g = 0.47, CI 0.22 to 0.73, p < 0.001, I2 = 68.01%), FEV1% (Hedge’s g = 0.38, CI 0.21 to 0.56, p < 0.001, I2 = 54.74%), FVC (Hedge’s g = 0.39, CI 0.22 to 0.56, p < 0.001, I2 = 14.57%), FEV1/FVC (Hedge’s g = 0.5, CI 0.33 to 0.68, p < 0.001, I2 = 53.49%), and the quality of life of COPD patients (Hedge’s g = −0.45, CI −0.77 to −0.12, p < 0.05, I2 = 77.02%), as compared to control groups. Baduanjin exercise as an adjunctive treatment may potentially improve exercise capability and pulmonary function of COPD patients as well as quality of life. Baduanjin exercise could be tentatively prescribed for COPD in combination with the conventional rehabilitation program to quicken the process of recovery. To confirm the positive effects of Baduanjin exercise for COPD patients, future researchers need to consider our suggestions mentioned in this article.

1. Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, non-curable disease that causes airflow blockage of lung with breathing-related problems (e.g., dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, and frequent coughing with excessive mucus production) [1]. Individuals who suffer COPD have serious complications, including respiratory infection [2], heart problems [3], a higher risk for developing lung cancer [4], pulmonary hypertension [5], and depression [6]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of individuals with moderate to severe COPD reached roughly 200 million in 2010, accounting for 10 percent of total disabilityand deaths worldwide [7]. It is estimated that by the year 2030 the number of deaths caused by COPD will increase, ranking third in terms of all-cause mortality [8,9,10].
Given that COPD has become one of the most serious public health issues, more and more clinicians and researchers are aware of the importance of pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients [11,12]. Of note, exercise as one of the rehabilitation modalities has been gradually recognized to be effective for symptomatic management of COPD, specifically alleviating the clinical symptoms, preventing the exacerbation of lung functions, and improving quality of life of COPD patients [13]. Baduanjin exercise is an ancient Chinese health Qigong exercise [14,15,16] which involves training of musculoskeletal relaxation and stretching, breathing control, and mental focus at a slow pace [17,18]. Because Baduanjin exercise is a mild-to-moderate intensity form of exercise and consists of eight simple movements [19], it has been commonly prescribed for patients with chronic diseases who have low exercise tolerance in Chinese medicine hospitals [20]. Several systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials indicate the therapeutic effects of Baduanjin exercise for patients with stroke [21], sleep disturbance and musculoskeletal pain [22,23], depression and anxiety [24].
Likewise, since the Chinese Health Qigong Association was officially established in 2011, Baduanjin Qigong as exercise prescription has become more popular and has also been employed [25], for COPD patients in recent years. In particular, a great number of clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the therapeutic effects of the Baduanjin exercise program for COPD patients [26,27,28]. As these studies vary greatly in sample size, study setting, intervention duration, and weekly training dosage, and measuring outcome, it remains largely elusive as to whether Baduanjin exercise is beneficial for COPD patients. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to objectively evaluate the existing literature regarding the effects of Baduanjin exercise for symptomatic management of COPD patients. In this way, study results of this review could provide clinicians with another option to incorporate Baduanjin exercise into the rehabilitation regime of COPD patients, leading to better quality of life.

2. Methods

2.1. Data Sources

We searched six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Cochrane Library) from inception till early May 2018. Keywords were entered as follows: (1) Baduanjin, eight-section Brocade, traditional health Qigong, setting-up exercise; (2) COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A cross-reference search was also used to manually identify relevant studies through reference lists of the articles identified at the initial stage. Detailed information of this systematic review and meta-analysis is reported following the Preferred Repointing items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [29].

2.2. Inclusion Criteria and Study Selection

To be included in this review, potentially relevant studies needed to meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs); (2) included individuals diagnosed with COPD; (3) Baduanjin exercise used as a primary intervention component and comparator with or without other treatments; and (4) a minimum of one outcome (clinical symptoms or health-related parameters) with quantitative data for calculating pooled effect size. Studies that did not meet the above-mentioned requirements were excluded, for example studies with case–control with no randomization, cross-sectional studies, a single-group study with pre-test/post-test design, and reviews. An initial screening was performed by the first author (Shi-Jie Liu) to remove the obviously irrelevant documents. The remaining of possibly relevant articles were further evaluated by two independent reviewers (Shi-Jie Liu and Liye Zou) to confirm their eligibility. When any disagreement between the two review authors occurred, a third review author (Lin Wang) was invited to verify the eligibility of the uncertain article by discussion with them.

2.3. Study Quality Assessment for Eligible Studies Selected

To assess the study quality of studies selected, the Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was adopted [30]. The original 11-item PEDro scale involves evaluation of eligibility criteria, random assignment, allocation concealment, baseline equivalence, blinding of stakeholders (participants, instructors, and assessors), retention rate of 85% and above, intention-treat-analysis, between-group statistical comparisons, and point measurement and measurement variability. Given the fact that the blinding of participants and instructors is impossible during exercise intervention, these two items were not considered for computing sum scores of methodological quality of each individual eligible study. Since all participants in the eligible studies had to be diagnosed with COPD for inclusion of this review, the eligibility criteria of all studies selected were satisfied; thus this item was not considered, and one point was removed from the sum scores. Furthermore, Baduanjin exercise as a primary intervention is possibly combined with other treatment(s) like drug therapy or usual care, such this method is ethically reasonable but could affect interpretation of study findings. Thus, “isolated Baduanjin intervention” as a new item was added, which ultimately resulted in a total of 9 items and each item was worth one point [31].

2.4. Data Extraction and Synthesis

Data extraction was independently carried out by two review authors (Shi-Jie Liu and Liye Zou) and a standardized table is used. Features of all RCTs selected are extracted, including reference (author and year of publication), location and language of publication, characteristics of patients (sample size and attrition rate, mean age/age range, and course of disease), intervention protocol (weekly training dosage and duration), measuring outcome and measurement, and adverse event and follow-up assessment. To calculate pooled effect size (Hedge’s g, with small effect = 0.2, medium effect = 0.5, and large effect = 0.8), we used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (Bio. Stat. Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA) based on the number of participants of each group and its quantitative data (mean and standard deviation) at baseline and post-intervention [32]. Given a difference in sample size, testing instrument, and course of disease, the random-effects model was used. The value of I2 was used to determine whether heterogeneity (small = 25%, moderate = 50%, and large = 75%) across the selected studies existed. Finally, we used the funnel plot and Egger’s regression intercept test to detect publication bias. Based on the visual inspection and data, outlying studies were removed so that symmetrical funnel plot and without statistical significance were observed.

3. Results

3.1. Study Selection

The procedures of study selection are shown in Figure 1. The electronic and manual searches resulted in 218 articles. Based on the titles of initially identified articles, there were 95 duplicates and therefore they were removed. After looking through the abstract of remaining articles, 86 irrelevant documents were excluded and 37 articles remained. Furthermore, 17 documents were excluded because they were non-randomized controlled trials (n = 4), review studies (n = 3), had a main intervention other than Baduanjin (n = 6), had data duplication (n = 1), or had no data reported for analysis (n = 3) (Figure 1). This left only 20 eligible articles to be included for the meta-analysis, including 18 in Chinese and 2 in English.

3.2. Study Characteristics

The characteristics of the 20 studies are presented in Table 1. These studies were published between 2009 and 2018. In total, there were 1975 COPD patients, sample size across studies ranged from 24 to 320, with age range from 59.67 to 73.12. The average duration of the course of the disease was 1.64 to 16.21 years. Disease severity ranged from mild to very severe, as reported by study authors: four studies [33,34,35,36] recruited participants with disease severity ranging from mild to severe, and two studies [37,38] recruited patients with moderate disease, whereas other studies did not specify the severity. Unsurprisingly, Baduanjin training was integrated with either drug therapy [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] or usual care [34,35,42,46,47,48]. Baduanjin training was also integrated with convention therapy [45,38] and breathing technique training [33]. Only two studies [49,50] used isolated Baduanjin training for comparison with other control conditions. The intervention duration in Baduanjin training varied greatly across studies selected, ranging from 3 to 12 months. The frequency of training ranged from three to seven sessions each week, with each session lasting 30 to 60 min.

3.3. Methodological Quality

Based on the adapted PEDro scale (Table 2), methodological quality of all eligible RCTs were scored, ranging from 5 to 9. Allocation concealment [33,34,36,40,41,42,43,44,46,47,48,52], blinding of assessors [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,47,48,51,52], and isolated Baduanjin exercise interventions [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,51,52] were absent. Intention-to-treat analysis for missing data was not employed in three studies [33,37,47]. One study [49] reported a greater than 15% attrition rate, along with the unclear description of point measure and measures of variability.

3.4. Effects of Baduanjin on 6-Minute Walking Test

Fourteen studies examined the effects of Baduanjin exercise on the 6-MWT (longer distance indicates better exercise capability). Four outlying studies [33,38,44,45] were visually detected through the Funnel Plot along with the Egger’s Regression Test. After removing these outliers, symmetrical funnel plot (Figure 2) was observed (Egger’s regression intercept = 2.156, p = 0.339). The meta-analysis of the 10 RCTs has shown that Baduanjin training was effective in improving performance of the 6-MWT (Hedge’s g = 0.69, CI 0.44 to 0.94, p < 0.001, I2 = 66%; Figure 3), as compared to control groups.

3.5. Effects of Baduanjin on Lung Functions

For the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), we used the funnel plot to visually detect publication bias and one outlying study [42] was removed, leading to a non-significant symmetry (Egger’s regression intercept = 5.81, p = 0.062; Figure 4). A meta-analysis of the 10 remaining RCTs showed that Baduanjin was effective in improving FEV1 (Hedge’s g = 0.47, CI 0.22 to 0.73, p < 0.001, I2 = 68.01%; Figure 5), as compared to control groups (Table 3).
When we performed the meta-analysis regarding FEV1%, we used the funnel plot to visually detect two outlying studies [40,44] and they were removed, leading to a non-significant symmetry (Egger’s regression intercept = −0.57, p = 0.719; Figure 6). The meta-analysis of the 14 remaining RCTs showed that Baduanjin was effective in improving FEV1% (Hedge’s g = 0.38, CI 0.21 to 0.56, p < 0.001, I2 = 54.74%; Figure 7).
When we performed the meta-analysis regarding forced volume vital capacity (FVC), we used the funnel plot to visually detect one outlying study [39] and then it was removed, leading to a non-significant symmetry (Egger’s regression intercept = 2.022, p = 0.367; Figure 8). The meta-analysis of the eight RCTs showed that Baduanjin was effective in improving FVC (Hedge’s g = 0.39, CI 0.22 to 0.56, p < 0.001, I2 = 14.57%; Figure 9).
When we performed the meta-analysis regarding FEV1/FVC%, we used the funnel plot to visually detect one outlying study [33] and then it was removed, leading to a non-significant symmetry (Egger’s regression intercept = −1.737, p = 0.23; Figure 10). The meta-analysis of the 13 remaining RCTs showed that Baduanjin was effective in improving FEV1/FVC% (Hedge’s g = 0.53, CI 0.35 to 0.71, p < 0.001, I2 = 53.49%; Figure 11).

3.6. Effects of Baduanjin on Quality of Life

Both the SGBQ and the CAT were used to evaluate quality of life, with lower sum scores indicating better quality of life. Given that two studies [33,43] did not report the sum scores of the SGRQ, in total 7 RCTs [36,37,38,41,42,48,52] were included for meta-analysis. As a symmetrical funnel plot was visually observed along with a non-significant value (Egger’s regression intercept = −3.479, p = 0.094; Figure 12), the study findings of the seven studies included for meta-analysis showed that Baduanjin was effective in improving the quality of life of COPD patients (Hedge’s g = −0.45, CI −0.77 to −0.12, p < 0.05, I2 = 77.02%; Figure 13).

4. Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review with meta-analytical method to objectively evaluate the therapeutic effects of Baduanjin training for COPD patients. Study findings of the current review indicate that Baduanjin exercise as an adjunctive treatment in the management of COPD patients may have the potential to improve exercise capability, lung function, and quality of life. All eligible RCTs were published between 2009 and 2018, suggesting that it is a newly expanding research field.
Exercise capability and lung function of COPD patients gradually declines, which can prevent them from participating in physical activities or even activities of daily living. Sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity would worsen these physical functions, leading to reduced quality of life [53]. To escape this vicious circle, a mild-to-moderate aerobic exercise program should be prescribed for pulmonary rehabilitation of COPD patients. The purpose of this current review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Baduanjin exercise training in the symptomatic management of COPD patients. No adverse events occurred in any of studies, and the positive findings in the current review are in line with previous meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials investigating the beneficial effects of other mind–body exercises (Tai Chi, Yoga, and Qigong) for COPD patients [54,55,56].
Overall, improved exercise capability and lung function as well as the quality of life of COPD patients may be due to movement patterns of Baduanjin routine. First, a slow-paced Baduanjin routine as a mild-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise is presumably suitable for COPD patients who have low exercise tolerance [20]. Furthermore, training with a Baduanjin routine involves musculoskeletal stretching and relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing (inhaling and exhaling through your nose), and mental concentration in a coordinated way. These components of movements may be the key to strengthening the lung capability and diaphragm of COPD patients. For instance, Movement 1 (Two Hands Hold up the Heavens) and 2 (Drawing the Bow to Shoot the Eagle) in the Baduanjin routine involve a large amount of upper-limb stretching. This musculoskeletal stretching training in the upper body can expand the thoracic, diaphragmatic, and abdominal muscles. Meanwhile, respiratory muscles are trained and the contraction force is enhanced to concentrate on the stretching of the patient’s trunk and limbs, providing the opportunity to potentially strengthen muscle and improve limb coordination and exercise performance. In addition, mental focus and relaxation are also integrated in Baduanjin training where COPD patients may feel less fatigue and a more pleasant sensation, which may build better mental health and increase adherence to this exercise protocol. As exercise capability and lung function improve, COPD patients naturally experience better quality of life.
While the overall results of meta-analysis are in supportive of the effect of Baduanjin training on improving exercise capability of COPD, the positive effect in some studies [37,39,50,52] did not reach statistical significance, and as such should be interpreted with caution. Specifically, this occurred in two studies where Baduanjin training was compared with active controls: one with breathing technique training [37] and another with conventional pulmonary rehabilitation program (walking plus ball exercise) [50]. Baduanjin training is possibly comparable to these two research-based rehabilitation methods [57], so it is reasonable to observe non-statistical significance in these two comparisons. In addition, an intervention duration of less than 6 months was applied in other two studies [39,52] in which a trend of increasing exercise capability after Baduanjin training was observed, but it was not statistically significant. This suggests that Baduanjin training of more than 6 months with an optimal training intensity may be more preferable in this special population.
Impaired lung function (e.g., FEV1 and FVC) of COPD patients is commonly recognized. Overall, statistically significant positive effects were observed in these lung function parameters when Baduanjin training as a core intervention component was compared with control groups. Taking a closer look inside the individual studies, statistically significant differences were not reached in some studies in which Baduanjin training was integrated with usual care, drug therapy, conventional therapy, or a breathing technique training for comparison with the active control alone. The synergistic effect between Baduanjin training and drug therapy may produce a Baduanjin–drug interaction, leading to a comparable influence on these parameters. Thus, an independently applied Baduanjin training intervention protocol should be considered in future studies. Similarly, this synergistic effect existed in those studies where the outcome of “quality of life” was meta-analyzed.

5. Limitations

Study limitations in this current review need to be pointed out. First, the Baduanjin training in 90% of studies selected was integrated with other components, particularly drug therapy and usual care. Undoubtedly, this combination is ethically preferable because drug therapy is a mainstream rehabilitation method. However, must be admitted that the positive effects of Baduanjin training may be due to a synergistic effect and not Baduanjin training alone. Second, the Baduanjin intervention protocol (duration, frequency, and intensity) varied greatly across studies. This could, to greater extent, affect the reliability of the pooled effect sizes and make it difficult for review authors to draw a firm conclusion about the optimal training recommendation. Furthermore, none of studies selected used follow-up measurements, so positive results regarding the long-term effects of Baduanjin training still remain elusive. Third, different styles (standing or sitting) of the Baduanjin routine or individual movements were applied in these intervention studies; these factors may exaggerate the statistical heterogeneity of the pooled results. For the posture of Baduanjin can refer to the Supplementary Materials. Positive results from most of studies selected with high risk of bias (lack of allocation concealment, blinded assessors, intention-to-treat analysis, and isolated Baduanjin training) should be extrapolated with caution. Finally, study participants recruited in the studies selected were Chinese (mainland and Hong Kong). It is unknown whether the similar results regarding the positive effect of Baduanjin training in COPD patients of other races would be observed.

6. Conclusions

Study results of this current review indicate that Baduanjin training as an adjunctive treatment may potentially improve exercise capability and pulmonary function of COPD patients as well as quality of life. Baduanjin training could be tentatively prescribed for COPD in combination with conventional rehabilitation programs to quicken the process of recovery. To confirm the positive effects of Baduanjin training for COPD patients, future researchers need to consider our suggestions as mentioned above.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary data: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = Q8jsDDJW2y0 (Baduanjin exercise routine).

Author Contributions

S.L. and L.Z. contributed to the conception and design of the review. S.L. and L.Z. applied the search strategy. S.L., L.Z., and L.W. applied the selection criteria and completed study quality assessment of all randomized controlled trials. All authors analyzed and interpreted data. L.Z. and S.L. wrote this manuscript. All authors edited this manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Department of the humanities and Social Sciences Projects of Guangdong Province (GD16CTY03) and Shenzhen University (17QNFC56).

Acknowledgments

The corresponding author would like to thank his family members (wife, Jin Xiang; son, Jerry Zou; daughter, Yulin Zou; his parents) for their consistent support.

Conflicts of Interest

No conflict of interest existed in this study.

References

  1. Barberã, J.A.; Peces-Barba, G.; Agustã, A.G.; Izquierdo, J.L.; Monsó, E.; Montemayor, T.; Viejo, J.L.; Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR). Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2001, 37, 297–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Miravitlles, M.; Anzueto, A. Chronic Respiratory Infection in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: What Is the Role of Antibiotics? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Falk, J.A.; Kadiev, S.; Criner, G.J.; Scharf, S.M.; Minai, O.A.; Diaz, P. Cardiac Disease in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2008, 5, 543–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Durham, A.L.; Adcock, I.M. The relationship between COPD and lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2015, 90, 121–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Barberà, J.A.; Peinado, V.I.; Santos, S. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2003, 21, 892–905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Hynninen, K.M.; Breitve, M.H.; Wiborg, A.B.; Pallesen, S.; Nordhus, I.H. Psychological characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A review. J. Psychosom. Res. 2005, 59, 429–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. World Health Organization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2002 estimates. In World Health Report 2004; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2004; Available online: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional_2002/en/ (accessed on 18 June 2018).
  8. Lozano, R.; Naghavi, M.; Foreman, K.; Lim, S.; Shibuya, K.; Aboyans, V.; Abraham, J.; Adair, T. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380, 2095–2128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Lopez, A.D.; Shibuya, K.; Rao, C.; Mathers, C.D.; Hansell, A.L.; Held, L.S.; Schmid, V.; Buist, S. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Current burden and future projections. Eur. Respir. J. 2006, 27, 397–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  10. Mathers, C.D. Uncertainty and data availability for the global burden of disease estimates 2000–2002. In Evidence and Information for Policy Working Paper; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005; Available online: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_Burden_disease/en/index.html (accessed on 18 June 2018).
  11. Fabbri, L.M.; Hurd, S.S. For the GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD: 2003 update. Eur. Respir. J. 2003, 22, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Nici, L.; Donner, C.; Wouters, E. ATS/ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Committee. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 173, 1390–1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Singh, S.; Harrison, S.; Houchen, L.; Wagg, K. Exercise assessment and training in pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with copd. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2011, 47, 483–497. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  14. Zou, L.; Wang, H.; Xiao, Z.; Fang, Q.; Zhang, M.; Li, T.; Du, G.; Liu, Y. Taichi for health benefits in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, 17–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Zou, L.; Wang, C.; Chen, K.; Shu, Y.; Chen, X.; Luo, L.; Zhao, X. The Effect of Taichi Practice on Attenuating Bone Mineral Density Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Zou, L.; Wang, H.; Li, T. Effects of Traditional Chinese Mind-Body Exercise on Disease Activity, Spinal Mobility, and Quality of Life in Patients with Ankylosing Spondyliti. Trav. Hum. 2017, 80, 1585–1597. [Google Scholar]
  17. Zou, L.; Sasaki, J.; Zeng, N.; Wang, C.; Sun, L. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Mindful Exercises on Rehabilitative Outcomes among post-stroke patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2018, 4, 25–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Zou, L.; Yeung, A.; Zeng, N.; Wang, C.; Sun, L.; Thomas, G.; Wang, H. Effects of Mind-Body Exercises for Mood and Functional Capabilities in Post-Stroke Patients: An Analytical Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Zou, L.; SasaKi, J.; Wang, H.; Xiao, Z.; Fang, Q.; Zhang, M. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Baduanjin Qigong for Health Benefits: Randomized Controlled Trials. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 4548706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Zou, L.; Wang, C.; Yeung, A.; Liu, Y.; Pan, Z. A Review Study on the beneficial effects of Baduanjin. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2018, 24, 324–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Zou, L.; Wang, C.; Chen, X.; Wang, H. Baduanjin Exercise for Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Zou, L.; Albert, Y.; Quan, X.; Wang, H. A Systematic review and Meta-Analysis of Mindfulness-based (Baduanjin) exercise for alleviating musculoskeletal pain and improving sleep quality in people with chronic diseases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Jiang, H.; Tan, C.; Yuan, S. Baduanjin exercise for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav. Sleep Med. 2017, 4, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Zou, L.; Yeung, A.; Quan, X.; Hui, S.S.-C.; Hu, X.; Chan, J.S.M.; Wang, C.; Boyden, S.D.; Sun, L.; Wang, H. Mindfulness-based Baduanjin exercise for depression and anxiety in people with physical or mental illnesses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Zou, L.; Yeung, A.; Li, C.; Wei, G.-X.; Chen, K.W.; Kinser, P.A.; Chan, J.S.M.; Ren, Z. Effects of Meditative Movements on Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Xue, G.W.; Feng, Q.Y.; Yao, X.Q.; Qi, Y.; Wang, Y.N. Efficacy evaluation of Health Qigong Baduanjin in stable pulmonary rehabilitation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Beijing Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2015, 38, 139–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Chen, Y. Effect of Baduanjin Exercise Rehabilitation on Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J. Liaoning Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2017, 6, 213–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Liu, S.R.; Chen, Y.F. Clinical Study on the Effect of Health Qigong Baduanjin on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Stable Phase. J. Sichuan Med. 2014, 11, 1481–1482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009, 18, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Zou, L.; Han, J.; Li, X.C.; Yeung, A.; Hui, S.C.; Tsang, W.N.; Ren, Z.B.; Wang, L. The Effects of Tai Chi on Lower Limb Proprioception in Adults Aged Over 55: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2018, 8, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Foley, N.C.; Teasell, R.W.; Bhogal, S.K.; Speechley, M.R. Stroke Rehabilitation Evidence-Based Review: Methodology. Top. Stroke Rehabil. 2003, 10, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Zou, L.; Yeung, A.; Li, C.; Chiou, S.Y.; Zeng, N.; Tzeng, H.M.; Wang, L. Effects of Mind⁻Body Movements on Balance Function in Stroke Survivors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Hou, D.; Huang, F.; Yu, S.; Tan, Y.; Luo, J. Study on the efficacy of Baduanjin combined with respiratory training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the community. Guangzhou Pharm. 2017, 29–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Liu, S.; Chen, Y. Clinical studies on Qigong Baduanjin 6min walking in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improved from stable. Sichuan Med. 2013, 34, 1090–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Chen, Y.; Liu, S. Effect of Health Qigong Baduanjin on Pulmonary Function in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Stable Phase. Chin. Med. Mod. Distance Educ. 2015, 13, 16–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Pan, M.; Luo, J. Observation on the Curative Effect of Stationary Baduanjin Rehabilitation Exercise on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Stable Phase. J. Chengdu Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2016, 39, 49–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Yin, G. Clinical Study on the Effect of Baduanjin and Respiratory Exercises on Quality of Life in Patients with Moderate to Severe COPD. Master’s Thesis, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China, 2013. Available online: http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&d (accessed on 18 June 2018).
  38. Sun, Y. Therapeutic Effect of Health Qigong “Baduanjin” on Patients with Stable Stage II Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Master’s Thesis, Changchun University, Changchun, China, 2014. Available online: http://kreader.cnki.net/Kreader/CatalogViewPage.aspx?dbCode=cdmd&filename (accessed on 18 June 2018).
  39. Zhang, L.; Wang, T.; Shi, L.; Zou, Q.; Zhu, T.G.; Sun, Y.L.; Zhang, L.L. Effects of Ba Duanjin’s “Zong Zongqi” on nutritional status and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Changchun Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2017, 33, 954–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Guo, J.; Gao, Y.; Xie, X.H. Effects of Baduanjin exercise on rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in stable phase. Qi Lu Nurs. J. 2016, 22, 97–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Guo, J. Analysis of the efficacy of traditional fitness exercise Baduanjin in promoting pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with stable COPD. J. Shandong Med. Coll. 2016, 38, 171–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Huang, B.; Yao, Q. Therapeutic effect of Health Qigong Baduanjin on the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with stable lung and spleen deficiency. Hubei J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2017, 39, 4–6. [Google Scholar]
  43. Wang, L.; Fang, L. Effects of practiced Baduanjin on stable lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. TCM Her. 2018, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Wang, J.Y. Clinical observation of herbal administration and eight-section brocade in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of stable stage. Shanghai J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2015, 7, 41–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Zhu, Z.G.; Chen, Y. Impacts of Baduanjin Qigong of Sitting Style on Lung Function in COPD Patients. World J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med. 2014, 8, 846–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Deng, Y.; Chen, J. Effect of Baduanjin single-lift on rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin. J. Nurs. 2015, 50, 1458–1463. [Google Scholar]
  47. Liang, X. Effect of Baduanjin Single-lifting Exercise on Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J. Nurs. Pract. Res. 2016, 13, 156–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Chen, J.; Deng, Y.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, W.X.; Deng, L.J. Effects of Baduanjin on the quality of life and exercise tolerance of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pulmonary spleen qi deficiency syndrome. J. Rehabil. 2015, 25, 13–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Ng, B.H.; Tsang, H.W.; Jones, A.Y.; So, C.T.; Mok, T.Y.W. Functional and psychosocial effects of health qigong in patients with COPD: A randomized controlled trial. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2011, 17, 243–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Liu, X.D.; Jin, H.Z.; Ng, H.P.; Gu, Y.-H.; Wu, Y.-C.; Lu, G. Therapeutic Effects of Qigong in Patients with COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hong Kong J. Occup. Ther. 2012, 22, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Feng, Y.; Pan, H. Observation of the efficacy of Baduanjin exercise on elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at stable stage. New J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2009, 8, 36–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Yan, L.U.; Jiazhen, L.I.; Zhang, L.; Guo, J.; Liu, S. Effect of gymnastic qigong Baduanjin on the quality of life and satisfac-tion of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. China Med. Her. 2015, 30, 161–164. [Google Scholar]
  53. Peng, W.P. Evaluation of the effects of aerobic exercise therapy on lung rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Mudanjiang Med. 2014, 6, 39–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Ding, M.; Zhang, W.; Li, K.; Chen, X. Effectiveness of T’ai Chi and Qigong on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2014, 20, 79–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Wu, L.L.; Lin, Z.K.; Weng, H.D.; Qi, Q.F.; Lu, J.; Liu, K.X. Effectiveness of meditative movement on COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Chron. Obstr. Pulm. Dis. 2018, 13, 1239–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Liu, X.C.; Pan, L.; Hu, Q.; Dong, W.P.; Yan, J.H.; Dong, L. Effects of yoga training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Thorac. Dis. 2016, 6, 795–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Puhan, M.A.; Guyatt, G.H.; Goldstein, R.; Mador, J.; McKim, D.; Stahl, E.; Griffith, L.; Schünemann, H.J. Relative responsiveness of the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire, St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire and four other health-related quality of life instruments for patients with chronic lung disease. Respir. Med. 2007, 101, 308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijerph 15 01830 g001 550
Figure 1. Flow of study selection.
Figure 1. Flow of study selection.
Ijerph 15 01830 g001
Ijerph 15 01830 g002 550
Figure 2. Funnel plot of publication bias for the 6-Minute Distance Test.
Figure 2. Funnel plot of publication bias for the 6-Minute Distance Test.
Ijerph 15 01830 g002
Ijerph 15 01830 g003 550
Figure 3. Effects of Baduanjin on exercise capability measured by the 6-MWT (BT = breathing technique; PRP = conventional pulmonary rehabilitation; UC = usual care).
Figure 3. Effects of Baduanjin on exercise capability measured by the 6-MWT (BT = breathing technique; PRP = conventional pulmonary rehabilitation; UC = usual care).
Ijerph 15 01830 g003
Ijerph 15 01830 g004 550
Figure 4. Funnel plot of publication for FEV1.
Figure 4. Funnel plot of publication for FEV1.
Ijerph 15 01830 g004
Ijerph 15 01830 g005 550
Figure 5. Effect of Baduanjin on FEV1 (BT = breathing technique training).
Figure 5. Effect of Baduanjin on FEV1 (BT = breathing technique training).
Ijerph 15 01830 g005
Ijerph 15 01830 g006 550
Figure 6. Funnel plot of publication bias for FEV1%.
Figure 6. Funnel plot of publication bias for FEV1%.
Ijerph 15 01830 g006
Ijerph 15 01830 g007 550
Figure 7. Effects of Baduanjin on FEV1% (PRP = conventional-pulmonary rehabilitation programs; UC = usual care).
Figure 7. Effects of Baduanjin on FEV1% (PRP = conventional-pulmonary rehabilitation programs; UC = usual care).
Ijerph 15 01830 g007
Ijerph 15 01830 g008 550
Figure 8. Funnel plot of publication bias for FVC.
Figure 8. Funnel plot of publication bias for FVC.
Ijerph 15 01830 g008
Ijerph 15 01830 g009 550
Figure 9. Effects of Baduanjin on FVC (BT = breathing technique training).
Figure 9. Effects of Baduanjin on FVC (BT = breathing technique training).
Ijerph 15 01830 g009
Ijerph 15 01830 g010 550
Figure 10. Funnel plot of publication bias for FEV1/FVC%.
Figure 10. Funnel plot of publication bias for FEV1/FVC%.
Ijerph 15 01830 g010
Ijerph 15 01830 g011 550
Figure 11. Effects of Baduanjin on FEV1/FVC% (BT = breathing technique training; UC = usual care).
Figure 11. Effects of Baduanjin on FEV1/FVC% (BT = breathing technique training; UC = usual care).
Ijerph 15 01830 g011
Ijerph 15 01830 g012 550
Figure 12. Funnel plot of publication bias for quality of life.
Figure 12. Funnel plot of publication bias for quality of life.
Ijerph 15 01830 g012
Ijerph 15 01830 g013 550
Figure 13. Effects of Baduanjin on quality of life of COPD patients.
Figure 13. Effects of Baduanjin on quality of life of COPD patients.
Ijerph 15 01830 g013
Table
Table 1. Summary of randomized controlled trials.
Table 1. Summary of randomized controlled trials.
ReferenceLocation
(Language)		Participant CharacteristicsIntervention ProgramBaduanjin TrainingOutcome
Measured		Adverse Event;
Follow-Up
Sample Size
(Attrition Rate)		Mean Age or Age RangeCourse of DiseaseFrequency
(weekly)		Time
(min)		Duration
(week)
Zhang et al. [39]Changchun,
China (Chinese)		60 (0%)BJ: 68.50 (9.18)
CG: 68.03 (7.18)		NRBJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		7/8Lung function (FEV1, FEV1%, FVC),
Exercise Capacity (6-MWT) 		No;
No
Deng et al. [46]Fujian,
China (Chinese)		60 (1.6%)BJ: 66.26 (5.13)
CG: 66.90 (4.63)		BJ: 4.68 (2.54)
CG: 4.77 (2.52)		BJ: Baduanjin + Usual Care
CG: Usual Care		73012Lung function
(FEV1, FEV1%, FVC, FEV1/FVC)		No;
No
Liang et al. [47]Guangdong,
China (Chinese)		82 (0%)BJ: 60.23 (9.32)
CG: 60.23 (9.32)		BJ: 4.25 (2.05)
CG: 4.25 (2.05)		BJ: Baduanjin + Usual Care
CG: Usual Care		73012Lung function
(FEV1, FEV1%, FVC, FEV1/FVC)		No;
No
Chen et al. [48]Fujian,
China (Chinese)		60 (3.4%)BJ: 66.26 (5.13)
CG: 66.90 (4.63)		BJ: 4.68 (2.54)
CG: 4.77 (2.52)		BJ: Baduanjin + Usual Care
CG: Usual Care		73012Exercise Capacity (6-MWT),
Quality of life (CAT)		No;
No
Yin et al. [37]Guangzhou,
China (Chinese)		24 (0%)BJ: 70.40 (7.56)
CG: 69.17 (7.66)		NRBJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Breathing training + Drug Therapy		73024Quality of life (SGRQ),
Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)		No;
No
Hou et al. [33]Dongwan,
China (Chinese)		60 (0%)BJ: 63.34 (5.95)
CG1: 62.87 (6.01)
CG2: 63.77 (6.14)		NRBJ: Baduanjin + Breathing Training
CG1: Breathing Training
CG2: Unaltered Lifestyle		23012Lung function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC),
Exercise Capacity (6-MWT),
Quality of life (SGRQ)		No;
No
Guo, Gao et al. [40]Qingdao,
China (Chinese)		60 (0%)BJ: 63.4 (NR)
CG: 62.8 (NR)		BJ: 4.67 (1.54)
CG: 4.75 (1.52)		BJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		>43024Lung function (FEV1, FEV1%, FVC, FEV1/FVC)No;
No
Guo et al. [41]Qingdao,
China (Chinese)		320 (0%)BJ: 64.87 (8.86)
CG: 64.15 (8.97)		BJ: 16.19 (5.48)
CG: 16.21 (5.53)		BJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		>43024Lung function (FEV1%, FEV1/FVC),
Quality of life (CAT)		No;
No
Liu et al. [34]Chengdu,
China (Chinese)		80 (0%)BJ: 59.77 (7.08)
CG: 60.67 (6.95)		NRBJ: Baduanjin + Usual Care
CG: Usual Care		73012Lung function (FEV1%, FEV1/FVC),
Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)		No;
No
Chen, Liu et al. [35]Chengdu,
China (Chinese)		78 (0%)BJ: 60.52 (7.24)
CG: 59.67 (6.91)		NRBJ: Baduanjin + Usual Care
CG: Usual Care		73012Lung function (FEV1%, FEV1/FVC)No;
No
Huang et al. [42]Nanjing,
China (Chinese)		62 (0%)BJ: 68.24 (3.28)
CG: 69.77 (4.42)		BJ: 24.60 (10.6)
CG: 17.32 (14.44)		BJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		73024Lung function (FEV1, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC)
Quality of life (CAT)		No;
No
Wang, Fang et al. [43]Dalian,
China (Chinese)		73 (3.9%)BJ: 63.17 (9.95)
CG: 63.67 (9.75)		BJ: 15.17 (6.73)
CG: 14.83 (7.89)		BJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		73012Lung function (FEV1, FEV1%, FVC,
FEV1/FVC), Exercise Capacity (6-MWT),
Quality of life (SGRQ)		No;
No
Pan et al. [36]SiChuan,
China (Chinese)		82 (0%)BJ: 60.7 (5.6)
CG: 61.8 (7.2)		BJ: 6.7 (6.2)
CG: 8.8 (5.3)		BJ: Baduanjin + Usual Care
CG: Usual Care		73024Lung function (FEV1, FEV1%, FVC, FEV1/FVC), Exercise Capacity (6-MWT),
Quality of life (SGRQ)		No;
No
Wang [44]Beijing,
China (Chinese)		73 (0%)BJ: 66.76 (5.80)
CG: 66.69 (4.60)		BJ: 11.02 (3.38)
CG: 10.85 (3.53)		BJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		73048Lung function (FEV1%, FEV1),
Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)		No;
No
Zhu et a. [45]ChangSha,
China (Chinese)		125 (0%)BJ: 69.00 (8.70)
CG: 68.00 (9.20)		BJ: 12.50 (10.70)
CG: 10.80 (8.90)		BJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		143024Lung function (FEV1, FEV1%, FVC, FEV1/FVC), Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)No;
No
Sun et al. [38]ChangChun,
China (Chinese)		60 (5.4%)BJ: 62.97 (6.87)
CG: 63.21 (7.02)		BJ: 11.02 (3.38)
CG: 10.85 (3.53)		BJ: Baduanjin + Drug Therapy
CG: Drug Therapy		73048Lung function (FEV1%) , Exercise Capacity (6-MWT) and Quality of life (CAT)No;
No
Feng et al. [51]GuangZhou,
China (Chinese)		60 (0%)BJ: 63 (4.00)
CG: 62 (5.00)		BJ: 5.2 (2.2)
CG: 5.4 (1.9)		BJ: Baduanjin + Conventional Therapy
CG: Conventional Therapy		104524Lung function (FEV1, FEV1%, FVC,
FEV1/FVC), Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)		No;
No
Lv et al. [52]Beijing,
China (Chinese)		160 (0%)BJ: 64.88 (8.87)
CG: 63.14 (9.12)		BJ: 16.21 (5.49)
CG: 16.57 (5.17)		BJ: Baduanjin + Conventional Therapy
CG: Conventional Therapy		7202Exercise Capacity (6-MWT),
Quality of life (CAT) 		No;
No
Bobby et al. [49]Hong kong,
China (English)		51 (36.25%)BJ: 71.75 (1.05)
CG: 73.12 (1.33)		NRBJ: Baduanjin
CG: walking training		>43024Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)No;
No
Liu et al. [50]ShangHai,
China (English)		132 (10.60%)BJ: 61.82 (7.69)
CG1: 62.2 (6.34)
CG2: 61.34 (8.34)		BJ: 7.54 (2.73)
CG1: 7.75 (2.20)
CG2: 6.34 (2.34)		BJ: Baduanjin
CG1: Health Education
CG2: Conventional Pulmonary Rehabilitation (walking + ball training)		36024Lung function (FEV1%, FEV1/FVC),
Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)		No;
No
Note: BJ = Baduanjin; CG = control group; FEV1 = the forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1% = percentage of the forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC = forced vital capacity; FEV1/FVC = the amount of air exhaled in the first second divided by all of the air exhaled during a maximal exhalation; 6-MWT = 6-Minute Walking Test; SGRQ = St. George’s Breathing Questionnaire; CAT = COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Assessment Test; NR = not reported.
Table
Table 2. Study quality assessment for eligible randomized controlled trials.
Table 2. Study quality assessment for eligible randomized controlled trials.
Author [Reference]Item 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Item 5Item 6Item 7Item 8Item 9Score
Zhang et al. [39]1110111107
Deng et al. [46]1011111107
Liang et al. [47]1010101105
Chen et al. [48]1010111106
Yin et al. [37]1110101106
Hou et al. [33]1010101105
Guo, Gao et al. [40]1010111106
Guo et al. [41]1010111106
Liu et al. [34]1010111106
Chen, Liu et al. [35]1110111107
Huang et al. [42]1010111106
Wang, Fang et al. [43]1010111106
Pan et al. [36]1010111106
Wang [44]1010111106
Zhu et al. [45]1110111107
Sun et al. [38]1110111107
Feng et al. [51]1110111107
Lv et al. [52]1010111106
Bobby et al. [49]1111011017
Liu et al. [50]1111111119
Note: Item 1 = randomization; Item 2 = concealed allocation; Item 3 = similar baseline; Item 4 = blinding of assessors; Item 5 = more than 85% retention; Item 6 = missing data management (intention-to-treat analysis); Item 7 = between-group comparison; Item 8 = point measure and measures of variability; Item 9 = isolated Baduanjin intervention; 1 = explicitly described and present in details; 0 = absent, inadequately described, or unclear.
Table
Table 3. Study results of meta-analysis regarding lung function parameters.
Table 3. Study results of meta-analysis regarding lung function parameters.
OutcomesStudiesSample SizeHedge’s g95% CI Heterogeneity
Baduanjin Group Control GroupI2 (%)p Value
FEV1 value103984110.470.22–0.7368.01%p < 0.001
FEV1% value137117060.380.21–0.5654.74%p < 0.001
FVC83303440.390.22–0.5614.57%p < 0.001
FEV1/FVC value136296550.50.33–0.6853.49%p < 0.001
Note: Lung functions consisted of FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second, n = 12 RCTs), FEV1% (n = 16 RCTs), FVC (forced vital capacity, n = 10 RCTs), and FEV1/FVC (n = 14 RCTs).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, S.-J.; Ren, Z.; Wang, L.; Wei, G.-X.; Zou, L. Mind–Body (Baduanjin) Exercise Prescription for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091830

AMA Style

Liu S-J, Ren Z, Wang L, Wei G-X, Zou L. Mind–Body (Baduanjin) Exercise Prescription for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091830

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Shi-Jie, Zhanbing Ren, Lin Wang, Gao-Xia Wei, and Liye Zou. 2018. "Mind–Body (Baduanjin) Exercise Prescription for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091830

APA Style

Liu, S. -J., Ren, Z., Wang, L., Wei, G. -X., & Zou, L. (2018). Mind–Body (Baduanjin) Exercise Prescription for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091830

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop