Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users—Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Sensitivity Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
3.2. Characteristics of the Studies
3.3. Results of Pooled ORs
3.4. Results of Heterogeneity Evaluation
3.5. Publication Bias
3.6. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HCV | Hepatitis C Virus |
CI | Confidence Interval |
OR | Odds Ratio |
M-H | Mantel-Haenszel |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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[40] | Jin Jie | 2018 | Zhejiang, Hangzhou | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 923; 3144 | 3329; 638 | 36.33 ± 8.98 |
[41] | Xu Wen Xin | 2017 | Zhejiang, Jiaxing | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 51; 398 | 356; 93 | 27.50 ± 12.28 |
[42] | Ye.y | 2016 | Xinjiang, Wulumuji | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 745; 979 | 1 679; 49 | 35–45 |
[35] | Yun Chang Yan | 2016 | Yunnan, Haike | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 823; 786 | - | 33.8 ± 4.8 |
[43] | Li Ze | 2016 | Yunnan, Dali | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 196; 227 | 400; 23 | 15–62 |
[44] | Tao Yi Xin | 2018 | Qinghai, Xining | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 207; 456 | 401; 262 | >20 |
[45] | Zhang Tao | 2012 | Zhejiang, Jinhua | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 145; 255 | 331; 69 | 31.61 ± 6.80 |
[46] | Shen Han Ding | 2011 | Yunnan, Jinning | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 273; 48 | 290; 31 | 20–78 |
[47] | Liu Qun | 2011 | Hubei, Wuhan | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 1156; 184 | 1000; 340 | 32.5 ± 6.2 |
[30] | Bruno Galperim | 2004 | Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 15; 45 | 50; 10 | 31 ± 7 |
[31] | Lisa Maher | 2006 | Sydney, Australia | injecting only | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 68; 300 | 140; 228 | >15 |
[48] | Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho | 2014 | Pará, Brazil | non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 106; 194 | 191; 109 | 32.5 ± 10.3 |
[49] | Wei Xiaoli | 2014 | Shanxi, Xian | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 5940; 4303 | 8653; 1590 | 37.4 ± 6.7 |
[50] | M. Zeremski | 2012 | New York, USA | non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 11; 46 | 48; 9 | 44 ± 7 |
[51] | Larry Keen II | 2014 | Florida, USA | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 274; 208 | 284; 198 | 32.66 ± 7.01 |
[52] | Jenny Iversen | 2010 | New South Wales, Australia | injecting only | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 8100; 7483 | 10162; 5421 | 31 ± 8.8 |
[53] | Victoria L. Demetriou | 2010 | Nicosia, Cyprus | injecting only | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 19; 22 | 35; 6 | 27 (25–31) |
[27] | Fill MA | 2018 | Tennessee, USA | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 571; 821 | 66:100 | >18 |
[28] | D. N. Aisyah | 2017 | London, UK | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 119; 422 | 1093; 110 | >18 |
[29] | Lillebil Norden | 2005 | Huddinge, Sweden | injecting only | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 37; 5 | 28; 14 | - |
[74] | Huang Dong Sheng | 2013 | Yunnan, Baoshan | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 404; 498 | 874; 28 | - |
[75] | Zhao Hong | 2012 | Neimenggu, Wuhai | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 580; 331 | 856; 55 | 18–63 |
[35] | Cui Xiu Ling | 2005 | Shanxi, Baoji | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 23; 460 | 427; 56 | 19–52 |
[76] | Shi Wen Ya | 2012 | Beijing, Fengtai | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 347; 906 | 954; 299 | - |
[77] | Zhong Hai Rong | 2010 | Jiangxi, Ganzhou | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 106; 190 | 237; 59 | 16–51 |
[32] | Wei Da Yin | 2005 | Sichuan, Liangshan | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 346; 273 | 519; 100 | 28.9 ± 6.4 |
[33] | Sun Yan | 2007 | Hunan, Changsha | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 662; 110 | 452; 320 | 15–53 |
[54] | Shi Ping | 2009 | Jiangsu, Nanjing | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 957; 1854 | 2305; 506 | 18–74 |
[55] | Fan Lin Jun | 2010 | Guangxi, Pingnan | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 203; 47 | 245; 5 | 37 (15–68) |
[56] | Tang Xue Qin | 2011 | Jiangxi, Nanchang | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 233; 567 | 768; 32 | 18–77 |
[57] | Liu Hui Bin | 2010 | Shanxi, Yulin | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 352; 125 | 440; 37 | 20–52 |
[58] | Li Guang Qing | 2009 | Hunan, Bingzhou | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 184; 65 | 185; 64 | 32.32 (17–54) |
[59] | Huang Dao Ping | 2017 | Hunan, Changde | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 1098; 902 | 1868; 132 | 33 (16–63) |
[60] | Yang Kai | 2018 | Hubei, Yichang | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 1523; 288 | 1411; 400 | 44.78 ± 6.91 |
[61] | Chen Liang | 2018 | Fujian, Fuqing | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 3124; 4392 | 6630; 886 | 35.37 ± 8.97 |
[62] | Tang Ren Hai | 2018 | Yunnan, Dehong | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 1369; 6161 | 7176; 354 | 35.14 ± 10.9 |
[63] | Guo Yan | 2017 | Tianjiin, China | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 1039; 961 | 1642; 358 | 33 (34.5 ± 8.69) |
[64] | Li Nin | 2016 | Henan, China | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 760; 13,195 | 11,224; 2724 | 37.32 ± 8.43 |
[65] | Huang Xi Ming | 2016 | Guangdong, China | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 24,877; 21,652 | 43,108; 3421 | - |
[66] | Yao Zhong Zheng | 2015 | Xinjiang, Wushi | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 132; 182 | 229; 15 | 19–69 |
[67] | Wei Li | 2015 | Guangxi, Liuzhou | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 276; 124 | 296; 104 | - |
[68] | Jin Hui Ya | 2015 | Gansu, Lanzhou | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 41; 189 | 120; 110 | 39.7–9.1 |
[69] | Ma Ji Xiong | 2014 | Gansu, Baiying | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 82; 506 | 548; 40 | 30.06 ± 6.3 |
[70] | Pu Li Fang | 2015 | Yunnan, Kaiyuan | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 239; 36 | 209; 66 | 41.6 ± 6.0 |
[71] | Li Feng | 2015 | Beeijing, Changping | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 139; 472 | 504; 107 | >20 |
[72] | Han Xia | 2014 | Neimenggu, Huhehaote | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 52; 191 | 243; 0 | >20 |
[73] | Feng Yan Jie | 2014 | Hebei, Qinhuangdao | injecting and non-injecting | HCV-infected drug uses/non-HCV-infected drug uses | 332; 304 | 577; 59 | >20 |
Subgroup Analyses by Study Factors (1) * | Pooled OR with 95% CI before Reference Omitted (2) | Pooled OR with 95% CI after Reference Omitted (3) | Qualitative Comparison: Reversal of Pooled OR with 95% CI ((2) and (3) Compared) | Quantitative Comparison: Similar Values of Pooled OR with 95% CI ((2) and (3) Compared) | Reference Omitted | Egger’s Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t | p-Value | ||||||
Education level ≤9 years | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | No | Yes | [49] | −0.77 | 0.450 |
Sexual behavior without a condom | 1.72 (1.07, 2.78) | 1.50 (1.10, 2.03) | No | Yes | [65] | −1.79 | 0.097 |
Sharing needles and syringes | 2.244 (1.78, 2.83) | 2.31 (1.66, 3.23) | No | Yes | [65,67] | 0.86 | 0.395 |
Han ethnic group | 0.94 (0.73, 1.20) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.30) | No | Yes | [62] | 0.27 | 0.788 |
Married or cohabiting with a regular partner | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | No | Yes | [65] | −1.53 | 0.139 |
Sex (male) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | No | Yes | [52,65] | −1.01 | 0.319 |
Commercial sexual behavior | 1.00 (0.73, 1.38) | 0.95 (0.61, 1.47) | No | Yes | [39,40,64] | −0.79 | 0.446 |
Unemployment | 1.50 (1.22, 1.85) | 1.48 (1.07, 2.06) | No | Yes | [49] | −0.23 | 0.831 |
Duration of drug use >5 years | 3.49 (3.24, 3.75) | 3.47 (3.22, 3.74) | No | Yes | [58] | −1.78 | 0.106 |
Injecting drug use | 10.11 (8.54, 11.97) | 10.21 (8.03, 12.97) | No | Yes | [49,61,65] | −0.35 | 0.731 |
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Zhou, B.; Cai, G.F.F.; Lv, H.K.K.; Xu, S.F.F.; Wang, Z.T.T.; Jiang, Z.G.G.; Hu, C.G.G.; Chen, Y.D.D. Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users—Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132345
Zhou B, Cai GFF, Lv HKK, Xu SFF, Wang ZTT, Jiang ZGG, Hu CGG, Chen YDD. Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users—Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(13):2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132345
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Biao, Gao Feng Feng Cai, Hua Kun Kun Lv, Shuang Fei Fei Xu, Zheng Ting Ting Wang, Zheng Gang Gang Jiang, Chong Gao Gao Hu, and Yong Di Di Chen. 2019. "Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users—Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13: 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132345
APA StyleZhou, B., Cai, G. F. F., Lv, H. K. K., Xu, S. F. F., Wang, Z. T. T., Jiang, Z. G. G., Hu, C. G. G., & Chen, Y. D. D. (2019). Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users—Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132345