Leaders’ Future Orientation and Public Health Investment Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Perceived Social Support
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature and Hypotheses
2.1. Public Health Policy
2.2. Leaders’ Future Orientation and Public Health Investment Intention
2.3. The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
2.4. The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support
3. Methods
3.1. Measures
3.2. Sample and Data Collection
3.3. Analysis Methods
3.4. Ethical Consideration
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4.3. Reliability and Validity
4.4. Common Method Bias
4.5. Hypothesis Testing
5. Discussion and Implications
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Item | Source |
---|---|---|
Leaders’ future orientation (LFO) | I spend time thinking about what our country’s future might be like | [13] |
I think a lot about what our country will be some day | ||
Many of us tend to daydream about the future. It also happens to me | ||
I often think about the things I am going to do in the future | ||
Self-efficacy (SEE) | I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough. | [18] |
If someone opposes me, I can find means and ways to get what I want. | ||
It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals. | ||
I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events. | ||
Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations. | ||
I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort. | ||
I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities. | ||
When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions. | ||
If I am in a bind, I can usually think of something to do. | ||
No matter what comes my way, I am usually able to handle it. | ||
Perceived social support (PSS) | In a difficult situation, I can find help from my residents and colleagues. | [61] |
I can find emotional, informational and social support that I need from my residents and colleagues. | ||
I can express my problems with my residents, colleagues and friends | ||
Public health investment intention (PHII) | We intend to invest more in public health programs. | [62] |
We will regularly invest in public health for our residents | ||
We intend to continue investment in public health for our residents |
Variable | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 104 | 27.3% |
Male | 277 | 72.7% |
Age | ||
30 or below | 74 | 19.4% |
31–40 | 223 | 58.5% |
41–50 | 58 | 15.2% |
51–60 | 26 | 6.8% |
61 or above | 0 | 0.0% |
Marital status | ||
Married | 277 | 72.7% |
Not married | 104 | 27.3% |
Income | ||
Under 200 USD | 126 | 33.1% |
200-under 400 USD | 224 | 58.8% |
400-under 600 USD | 24 | 6.3% |
600-under 800 USD | 6 | 1.6% |
800 USD or above | 1 | 0.3% |
Education | ||
Undergraduate or below | 260 | 68.2% |
Master | 116 | 30.4% |
Ph.D. | 5 | 1.3% |
Tenure (years) | ||
Under 5 years | 35 | 9.2% |
5-under 10 years | 173 | 45.4% |
10 years or above | 173 | 45.4% |
Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Leaders’ future orientation | 3.65 | 0.84 | 0.86 | |||
2. Self-efficacy | 3.76 | 0.73 | 0.47 ** | 0.72 | ||
3. Perceived social support | 3.98 | 0.79 | 0.40 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.78 | |
4. Public health investment intention | 3.62 | 0.87 | 0.47 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.84 |
Constructs | Items | Loadings | CR | AVE | √AVE | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaders’ future orientation (LFO) | LFO1 | 0.86 *** | 0.92 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.92 |
LFO2 | 0.82 *** | |||||
LFO3 | 0.89 *** | |||||
LFO4 | 0.87 *** | |||||
Self-efficacy (SEE) | SEE1 | 0.71 *** | 0.91 | 0.52 | 0.72 | 0.91 |
SEE2 | 0.67 *** | |||||
SEE3 | 0.73 *** | |||||
SEE4 | 0.72 *** | |||||
SEE5 | 0.72 *** | |||||
SEE6 | 0.71 *** | |||||
SEE7 | 0.74 *** | |||||
SEE8 | 0.72 *** | |||||
SEE9 | 0.78 *** | |||||
SEE10 | 0.69 *** | |||||
Perceived social support (PSS) | PSS1 | 0.85 *** | 0.83 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.83 |
PSS2 | 0.79 *** | |||||
PSS3 | 0.71 *** | |||||
Public health investment intention (PHII) | PHII1 | 0.84 *** | 0.88 | 0.70 | 0.84 | 0.87 |
PHII2 | 0.90 *** | |||||
PHII3 | 0.77 *** |
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Wang, J.; Chou, T.P.; Chen, C.-P.; Bu, X. Leaders’ Future Orientation and Public Health Investment Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Perceived Social Support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186922
Wang J, Chou TP, Chen C-P, Bu X. Leaders’ Future Orientation and Public Health Investment Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Perceived Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186922
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jianming, Tsung Piao Chou, Chia-Pin Chen, and Xiangzhi Bu. 2020. "Leaders’ Future Orientation and Public Health Investment Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Perceived Social Support" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186922
APA StyleWang, J., Chou, T. P., Chen, C. -P., & Bu, X. (2020). Leaders’ Future Orientation and Public Health Investment Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Perceived Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186922