Multiple Physical Symptoms Are Useful to Identify High Risk Individuals for Burnout: A Study on Faculties and Hospital Workers in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Burnout
2.2.2. Physical Symptoms Perceived
2.2.3. Work–Family Conflict (WFC)
2.2.4. Work Stress and Social Support
2.2.5. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characterstics and Working Conditions
3.2. Physical Symptoms
3.3. The Results of the General Linear Models
3.3.1. Factors Associated with WBO, PBO and CBO among Faculties
3.3.2. Factors Associated with WBO, PBO and CBO among Hospital Workers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total n = 1080 Percent (%) | Faculty n = 555 Percent (%) | Hospital Worker n = 525 Percent (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | <0.001 | |||
Women | 65 | 42 | 88 | |
Men | 35 | 58 | 12 | |
Age group | <0.001 | |||
20s | 35 | 17 | 52 | |
30s | 22 | 21 | 23 | |
40s or older | 43 | 62 | 25 | |
Marital status | <0.001 | |||
Married | 50 | 66 | 35 | |
Single | 50 | 34 | 65 | |
Presence of a child | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 43 | 55 | 33 | |
No | 57 | 45 | 67 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekdays, median (25%, 75%) | 1.5 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | <0.001 |
Housekeeping hours in weekend, median (25%, 75%) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 3.0 (1.5, 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 0.330 |
Work Family Conflict, median (25%, 75%) | 17 (14, 19) | 16 (13, 18) | 18 (15, 20) | <0.001 |
Working Experience years, median (25%, 75%) | 9.0 (3.0, 19) | 11 (5.0, 22) | 6.0 (3.0, 15) | <0.001 |
Work hours, median (25%, 75%) | 9.0 (8.0, 10) | 9.0 (8.0, 11) | 9.0 (8.0, 10) | <0.001 |
Working nights per month, median (25%, 75%) | 3.0 (0, 5.0) | 2.0 (0, 4.0) | 3.0 (0, 5.0) | 0.002 |
Job strain | <0.001 | |||
High strain | 25 | 15 | 33 | |
Low strain | 75 | 85 | 67 | |
Support | 0.510 | |||
High support | 53 | 54 | 52 | |
Low support | 47 | 46 | 48 | |
Physical symptom median, (25%, 75%) | 2.0 (0, 4.0) | 1.0 (0, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | <0.001 |
Burnout, median (25%, 75%) | ||||
Work-related | 36 (21, 50) | 29 (18, 43) | 43 (24, 54) | <0.001 |
Personal | 42 (25, 58) | 33 (21,50) | 50 (33, 67) | <0.001 |
Client-related | 33 (21, 46) | 29 (21, 42) | 33 (21, 50) | <0.001 |
Job category | <0.001 | |||
Doctor | 19 | 23 | 4.0 | |
Pharmacist | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.6 | |
Nurse | 65 | 21 | 6 | |
Engineer | 13 | 3.2 | 17 | |
Other | 25 | 48 | 0 |
Total (n = 1080) | Faculty (n = 555) | Hospital Worker (n = 525) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | ||
Fatigue | 55 | 49 | 61 | <0.001 |
Backache | 37 | 33 | 40 | 0.023 |
Eye symptom | 24 | 24 | 25 | 0.690 |
Headache | 21 | 16 | 25 | <0.001 |
Constipation | 20 | 16 | 23 | <0.001 |
Insomnia | 17 | 14 | 21 | <0.001 |
Diarrhea | 12 | 11 | 13 | 0.300 |
Abdominal pain | 12 | 7.6 | 16 | <0.001 |
Tinnitus | 11 | 10 | 11 | 0.510 |
Arthritis | 10 | 17 | 9.2 | 0.190 |
Myalgia | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 0.740 |
Shortness of breath | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 0.100 |
Palpitation | 7.9 | 6.9 | 8.8 | <0.001 |
Dizziness | 7.1 | 5.3 | 8.8 | 0.030 |
Nausea | 6.9 | 4.6 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
Chest pain | 2.7 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 0.070 |
WBO | PBO | CBO | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | ||
Women vs. men | 8.6 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 12 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.343 | |
Age group vs. 40s or older | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | 0.007 d | |||||||
20s | 13 | 2.1 | 14 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 2.1 | ||||
30s | 5.1 | 2.0 | 5.5 | 2.4 | 4.3 | 1.9 | ||||
Marital status (Married vs. Single) | −13 | 1.6 | <0.001 | −13 | 1.9 | <0.001 | −7.4 | 1.6 | <0.001 | |
Presence of a child | −11 | 1.6 | <0.001 | −11 | 1.9 | <0.001 | −6.4 | 1.6 | <0.001 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekdays | 4.0 | 1.6 | 0.014 | 7.7 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 1.5 | 0.790 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekend | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.219 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 0.009 | 0.60 | 1.5 | 0.693 | |
WFC | 2.2 | 0.17 | <0.001 | 2.5 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 1.8 | 0.17 | <0.001 | |
Working experience (years) | −3.2 | 1.7 | 0.053 | −1.6 | 2.0 | 0.415 | −2.1 | 1.6 | 0.191 | |
Work hours | 1.3 | 0.39 | 0.001 | 1.4 | 0.46 | 0.002 | 1.3 | 0.37 | <0.001 | |
Working nights per month | 4.1 | 2.2 | 0.061 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 0.134 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 0.183 | |
High strain vs. Low strain | 23 | 2 | <0.001 | 26 | 2.4 | <0.001 | 15 | 2.0 | <0.001 | |
High support vs. Low support | −8.0 | 1.6 | <0.001 | −11 | 1.8 | <0.001 | −5.1 | 1.5 | <0.001 | |
Physical symptoms (Reference: none) | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | |||||||
1–2 | 8.8 | 1.8 | 13 | 2.1 | 6.7 | 1.9 | ||||
3–4 | 15 | 2.1 | 22 | 2.3 | 7.3 | 2.1 | ||||
5− | 21 | 2.2 | 31 | 2.4 | 9.1 | 2.2 | ||||
Individual models for three particular symptoms | ||||||||||
Fatigue | 16 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 23 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 8.2 | 1.5 | <0.001 | |
Backache | 12 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 16 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 0.008 | |
Insomnia | 15 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 20 | 2.6 | <0.001 | 7.2 | 2.2 | 0.001 | |
d trend P |
WBO | PBO | CBO | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 462, R2 49%) | (n = 462, R2 51%) | (n = 462, R2 26%) | ||||||||
β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | ||
Women vs. Men | 0.180 | 1.6 | 0.855 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 0.258 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 0.072 | |
Age group vs. 40s or older | 0.171 | 0.072 | 0.532 | |||||||
20s | 4.0 | 2.6 | 6.2 | 3.1 | −2.6 | 2.9 | ||||
30s | 0.28 | 1.8 | 0.39 | 2.1 | −0.04 | 2.0 | ||||
Marital status (Married vs. Single) | −4.3 | 1.9 | 0.027 | −3.0 | 2.3 | 0.186 | −4.8 | 2.2 | 0.031 | |
Presence of a child | −4.4 | 1.8 | 0.019 | −3.5 | 2.1 | 0.106 | −3.2 | 2.1 | 0.132 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekdays | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.514 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 0.048 | −1.2 | 2.0 | 0.562 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekend | −2.4 | 1.7 | 0.170 | −2.6 | 2.0 | 0.190 | 0.48 | 2.0 | 0.809 | |
WFC | 1.5 | 0.17 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 1.3 | 0.19 | <0.001 | |
Working experience | −0.45 | 1.7 | 0.920 | 0.77 | 2 | 0.703 | −1.9 | 2.0 | 0.335 | |
Work hours | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.271 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.287 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.205 | |
High strain vs. Low strain | 12 | 2.0 | <0.001 | 12 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 9.6 | 2.2 | <0.001 | |
High support vs. Low support | −3.3 | 1.3 | 0.016 | −4.5 | 1.6 | 0.004 | −2.2 | 1.5 | 0.145 | |
Physical symptoms (Reference: none) | 0 | − | <0.001 d | − | <0.001 d | 0.176 d | ||||
1–2 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 9.3 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 1.8 | ||||
3–4 | 8.5 | 1.9 | 15 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.1 | ||||
5– | 13 | 2 | 23 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 2.3 | ||||
Individual models for three particular symptoms | ||||||||||
Fatigue a | 8.8 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 15 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 0.043 | |
Backache b | 7.0 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 9.5 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 1.60 | 0.603 | |
Insomnia c | 7.5 | 2.0 | <0.001 | 12 | 2.4 | <0.001 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 0.411 | |
WBO: work-related burnout PBO: personal burnout CBO: client-related burnout WFC: work–family conflict | ||||||||||
a n = 462 R248%, n = 462 R250%, n = 462 R2 26% | ||||||||||
b n = 462 R246%, n = 462 R243%, n = 462 R2 25% | ||||||||||
c n = 462 R245%, n = 462 R243%, n = 462 R2 25% | ||||||||||
d trend P |
WBO | PBO | CBO | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | ||
Women vs. men | 6.9 | 2.6 | 0.008 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 0.029 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 0.138 | |
Age group vs. 40s or older | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | |||||||
20s | 13 | 2.0 | 12 | 2.1 | 8.4 | 2.1 | ||||
30s | 6.4 | 2.4 | 6.9 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 2.5 | ||||
Marital status (Married vs. Single) | −11 | 1.7 | <0.001 | −11 | 2.0 | <0.001 | −6.7 | 1.8 | <0.001 | |
Presence of a child | −12 | 2 | <0.001 | −11 | 2.1 | <0.001 | −9.1 | 1.8 | <0.001 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekdays | −3.5 | 1.8 | 0.048 | −3.0 | 2.0 | 0.133 | −3.3 | 1.8 | 0.062 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekend | −3.8 | 1.7 | 0.028 | −2.7 | 2.0 | 0.169 | −4.3 | 1.7 | 0.014 | |
WFC | 2.2 | 0.2 | <0.001 | 2.4 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 1.9 | 0.19 | <0.001 | |
Working experience (years) | −9.2 | 1.7 | <0.001 | −8.7 | 1.9 | <0.001 | −5.1 | 1.7 | 0.004 | |
Work hours | 1.9 | 0.56 | <0.001 | 2.8 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 1.6 | <0.001 | |
Working nights per month | 6.4 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 5.7 | 1.9 | 0.003 | 8.2 | 1.7 | <0.001 | |
High strain vs. Low strain | 13 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 16 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 10 | 1.8 | <0.001 | |
High support vs. Low support | −8.7 | 1.7 | <0.001 | −8.5 | 1.9 | <0.001 | −5.4 | 1.7 | 0.002 | |
Physical symptoms (Reference: none) | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | |||||||
1–2 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 15 | 2.4 | 7.1 | 2.3 | ||||
3–4 | 15 | 2.3 | 21 | 2.6 | 6.9 | 2.5 | ||||
5– | 25 | 2.3 | 35 | 2.5 | 18 | 2.4 | ||||
Individual models for three particular symptoms | ||||||||||
Fatigue | 19 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 26 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 11 | 1.7 | <0.001 | |
Backache | 11 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 16 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 11 | 1.7 | <0.001 | |
Insomnia | 16 | 2.0 | <0.001 | 17 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 9.1 | 2.1 | <0.001 | |
d trend P |
WBO | PBO | CBO | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 466, R2 47%) | (n = 466, R2 49%) | (n = 466, R2 32%) | ||||||||
β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | ||
Women vs. Men | 2.9 | 2.2 | 0.195 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.545 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 0.415 | |
Age group vs. 40s or older | 0.297 d | 0.032 d | 0.764 d | |||||||
20s | 8.2 | 3.4 | 7.4 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 4 | ||||
30s | 3.4 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 2.3 | −1.0 | 2.4 | ||||
Marital status (Married vs. Single) | −6.5 | 2.1 | 0.435 | −2.9 | 2.3 | 0.205 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 0.593 | |
Presence of a child | −7.6 | 2.3 | 0.001 | −5.3 | 2.6 | 0.040 | −7.7 | 2.6 | 0.004 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekdays | −0.93 | 1.8 | 0.611 | −0.87 | 2.1 | 0.674 | −1.2 | 2.1 | 0.555 | |
Housekeeping hours in weekend | −0.41 | 1.8 | 0.823 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.634 | −1.6 | 2.1 | 0.447 | |
WFC | 1.7 | 0.17 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 0.20 | <0.001 | |
Working experience | 1.7 | 3.0 | 0.567 | 0.41 | 3.4 | 0.905 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 0.354 | |
Work hours | 0.27 | 0.48 | 0.574 | 1.2 | 0.54 | 0.025 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.444 | |
Working nights per month | 0.70 | 1.5 | 0.645 | −0.63 | 1.7 | 0.711 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 0.019 | |
High strain vs. Low strain | 4.6 | 1.5 | 0.003 | 7.3 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 0.079 | |
High support vs. Low support | −4.7 | 1.4 | 0.001 | −2.7 | 1.6 | 0.097 | −2.6 | 1.7 | 0.117 | |
Physical symptoms (Reference: none) | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | <0.001 d | |||||||
1–2 | 7.9 | 2.0 | 14 | 2.2 | 6.8 | 2.3 | ||||
3–4 | 11 | 2.2 | 18 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 2.5 | ||||
5– | 18 | 2.2 | 28 | 2.4 | 13 | 2.5 | ||||
Individual models for three particular symptoms | ||||||||||
Fatigue a | 13 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 20 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 0.002 | |
Backache b | 6.0 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 10 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 7.0 | 1.7 | <0.001 | |
Insomnia c | 11 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 12 | 2.1 | <0.001 | 6.1 | 2.0 | 0.003 | |
WBO: work-related burnout PBO: personal burnout CBO: client-related burnout WFC: work–family conflict | ||||||||||
a n = 466 R2 48%, n = 466 R2 50%, n = 466 R2 29% | ||||||||||
b n = 466 R2 41%, n = 466 R2 38%, n = 466 R2 30% | ||||||||||
c n = 466 R2 43%, n = 466 R2 39%, n = 466 R2 29% | ||||||||||
d trend P |
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Chatani, Y.; Nomura, K.; Hiraike, H.; Tsuchiya, A.; Okinaga, H. Multiple Physical Symptoms Are Useful to Identify High Risk Individuals for Burnout: A Study on Faculties and Hospital Workers in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063246
Chatani Y, Nomura K, Hiraike H, Tsuchiya A, Okinaga H. Multiple Physical Symptoms Are Useful to Identify High Risk Individuals for Burnout: A Study on Faculties and Hospital Workers in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063246
Chicago/Turabian StyleChatani, Yuki, Kyoko Nomura, Haruko Hiraike, Akiko Tsuchiya, and Hiroko Okinaga. 2021. "Multiple Physical Symptoms Are Useful to Identify High Risk Individuals for Burnout: A Study on Faculties and Hospital Workers in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063246
APA StyleChatani, Y., Nomura, K., Hiraike, H., Tsuchiya, A., & Okinaga, H. (2021). Multiple Physical Symptoms Are Useful to Identify High Risk Individuals for Burnout: A Study on Faculties and Hospital Workers in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063246