Digital Media Used in Education: The Influence on Cyberbullying Behaviors among Youth Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Literature Review and Problem Background
2. Research Model and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Digital Media Used (SM)
2.2. Cyber Engagement (CE)
2.3. Cyber Bullying (CB)
2.4. Cyber Harassment (CH)
2.5. Cyber Stalking (CS)
2.6. Ethical Effect (EE)
3. Research Methodology
4. Result and Analysis
4.1. Measuring Model Analysis Constructs Reliability
4.2. Validity Is Built through Measurement Model Analysis
4.3. Evaluation of the Model’s Fit
4.4. Structural Model Analysis
5. Discussion and Implications
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Huang, Y.-Y.; Chou, C. An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2010, 26, 1581–1590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mishna, F.; Cook, C.; Saini, M.; Wu, M.-J.; MacFadden, R. Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Cyber Abuse of Youth: A Systematic Review. Res. Soc. Work Pract. 2011, 21, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avery, E.; Lariscy, R.; Sweetser, K. Social Media and Shared—Or Divergent—Uses? A Coorientation Analysis of Public Relations Practitioners and Journalists. Int. J. Strateg. Commun. 2010, 4, 189–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Laer, T. The Means to Justify the End: Combating Cyber Harassment in Social Media. J. Bus. Ethic 2014, 123, 85–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sheridan, L.P.; Grant, T. Is cyberstalking different? Psychol. Crime Law 2007, 13, 627–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, L.; Li, H.; Huang, L.; Hou, Y.; Song, L. Does Cyberostracism Reduce Prosocial Behaviors? The Protective Role of Psychological Resilience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, M.A.; Slee, P.; Spears, B.; Butler, D.; Kift, S. Do cyberbullies suffer too? Cyberbullies’ perceptions of the harm they cause to others and to their own mental health. Sch. Psychol. Int. 2013, 34, 613–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gabrielli, S.; Rizzi, S.; Carbone, S.; Piras, E.M. School Interventions for Bullying–Cyberbullying Prevention in Adolescents: Insights from the UPRIGHT and CREEP Projects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lwin, M.O.; Li, B.; Ang, R.P. Stop bugging me: An examination of adolescents’ protection behavior against online harassment. J. Adolesc. 2012, 35, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montes, Á.; Sanmarco, J.; Novo, M.; Cea, B.; Arce, R. Estimating the Psychological Harm Consequence of Bullying Victimization: A Meta-Analytic Review for Forensic Evaluation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, K.I.; Kang, K.; Kim, C. Risk factors influencing cyberbullying perpetration among middle school students in Korea: Analysis using the zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2021, 18, 2224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Starcevic, V.; Aboujaoude, E. Cyberchondria, cyberbullying, cybersuicide, cybersex: “New” psychopathologies for the 21st century? World Psychiatry 2015, 14, 97–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Aparisi, D.; Delgado, B.; Bo, R.M.; Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C. Relationship between Cyberbullying, Motivation and Learning Strategies, Academic Performance, and the Ability to Adapt to University. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vaillancourt, T.; Brittain, H.L.; McDougall, P.; Duku, E. Longitudinal Links Between Childhood Peer Victimization, Internalizing and Externalizing Problems, and Academic Functioning: Developmental Cascades. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2013, 41, 1203–1215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamm, M.P.; Newton, A.S.; Chisholm, A.; Shulhan-Kilroy, J.; Milne, A.; Sundar, P.; Ennis, H.; Scott, S.D.; Hartling, L. Prevalence and Effect of Cyberbullying on Children and Young People. JAMA Pediatr. 2015, 169, 770–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bocij, P. Cyberstalking: Harassment in the Internet Age and How to Protect Your Family; Praeger: Westport, CT, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Wei-Jung, C. Cyberstalking and law enforcement. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2020, 176, 1188–1194. [Google Scholar]
- Tozzo, P.; Cuman, O.; Moratto, E.; Caenazzo, L. Family and Educational Strategies for Cyberbullying Prevention: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, K.J.; Ybarra, M.L.; Jones, L.M.; Espelage, D. What Features Make Online Harassment Incidents Upsetting to Youth? J. Sch. Violence 2016, 15, 279–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fenaughty, J.; Harré, N. Factors associated with distressing electronic harassment and cyberbullying. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013, 29, 803–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Livingstone, S.; Haddon, L.; Görzig, A. Risks and Safety on the Internet; EU Kids Online Network: London, UK, 2011; Available online: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/1/Risks%20and%20safety%20on%20the%20internet%28lsero%29.pdf (accessed on 1 December 2022).
- Henson, B.; Reyns, B.W.; Fisher, B.S. Fear of Crime Online? Examining the Effect of Risk, Previous Victimization, and Exposure on Fear of Online Interpersonal Victimization. J. Contemp. Crim. Justice 2013, 29, 475–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gardner, D.; O’Driscoll, M.; Cooper-Thomas, H.D.; Roche, M.; Bentley, T.; Catley, B.; Teo, S.T.T.; Trenberth, L. Predictors of Workplace Bullying and Cyber-Bullying in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C.; Delgado, B.; García-Fernández, J.M.; Ruíz-Esteban, C. Cyberbullying in the University Setting. Relationship With Emotional Problems and Adaptation to the University. Front. Psychol. 2020, 10, 3074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Arnett, J.J. Adolescencia y Adultez Emergente: Un Enfoque Cultural [Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach]; Pearson Prentice Hall: Coyoacán, Mexico, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Ho, S.S.; Chen, L.; Ng, A.P. Comparing cyberbullying perpetration on social media between primary and secondary school students. Comput. Educ. 2017, 109, 74–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Extremera, N.; Quintana-Orts, C.; Merida-Lopez, S.; Rey, L. Cyberbullying Victimization, Self-Esteem and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescence: Does Emotional Intelligence Play a Buffering Role? Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Quintana-Orts, C.; Rey, L.; Worthington, E.L., Jr. The relationship between forgiveness, bullying, and cyberbullying in adolescence: A systematic review. Trauma Violence Abus. 2021, 22, 588–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faucher, C.; Jackson, M.; Cassidy, W. Cyberbullying among University Students: Gendered Experiences, Impacts, and Perspectives. Educ. Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 698545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zalaquett, C.P.; Chatters, S.J. Cyberbullying in college: Frequency, characteristics, and practical implications. Sage Open 2014, 4, 2158244014526721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Finn, J. A Survey of Online Harassment at a University Campus. J. Interpers. Violence 2004, 19, 468–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindsay, M.; Krysik, J. Online harassment among college students: A replication incorporating new Internet trends. Inf. Commun. Soc. 2012, 15, 703–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Yahaya, N.; Alamri, M.M.; Aljarboa, N.A.; Bin Kamin, Y.; Moafa, F.A. A Model of Factors Affecting Cyber Bullying Behaviors Among University Students. IEEE Access 2018, 7, 2978–2985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jantzer, A.M.; Cashel, M.L. Bullying victimization, college adjustment, and the role of coping. J. Coll. Stud. Dev. 2017, 58, 283–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souza, S.B.; Simão, A.M.V.; Ferreira, A.I.; Ferreira, P.C. University students’ perceptions of campus climate, cyberbullying and cultural issues: Implications for theory and practice. Stud. High. Educ. 2018, 43, 2072–2087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Yahaya, N.; Alamri, M.M.; Aljarboa, N.A.; Bin Kamin, Y.; Bin Saud, M.S. How Cyber Stalking and Cyber Bullying Affect Students’ Open Learning. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 20199–20210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkaabi, A. Strategic Framework to Minimise Information Security Risks in the UAE. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Mikkola, M.; Ellonen, N.; Kaakinen, M.; Savolainen, I.; Sirola, A.; Zych, I.; Paek, H.-J.; Oksanen, A. Cyberharassment Victimization on Three Continents: An Integrative Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, A.M. Protection of Children Online: Federal and State Laws Addressing Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment, and Cyberbullying. In Trends in Internet Research; Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 113–143. ISBN 9781617613999. [Google Scholar]
- Tannenbaum Bullying: How Educators Can Make Schools Safer|Edutopia. Available online: https://www.edutopia.org/bullying-making-schools-safer (accessed on 1 December 2022).
- Thoma, B.; Brazil, V.; Spurr, J.; Palaganas, J.; Eppich, W.; Grant, V.; Cheng, A. Establishing a Virtual Community of Practice in Simulation: The Value of Social Media. Simul. Health J. Soc. Simul. Health 2018, 13, 124–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Livingstone, S. Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media Soc. 2008, 10, 393–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ullah, N.; Mugahed Al-Rahmi, W.; Alzahrani, A.I.; Alfarraj, O.; Alblehai, F.M. Blockchain Technology Adoption in Smart Learning Environments. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Yahaya, N.; Aldraiweesh, A.A.; Alamri, M.M.; Aljarboa, N.A.; Alturki, U.; Aljeraiwi, A.A. Integrating Technology Acceptance Model With Innovation Diffusion Theory: An Empirical Investigation on Students’ Intention to Use E-Learning Systems. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 26797–26809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Keeffe, G.S.; Clarke-Pearson, K. The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. In Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines & Policies; American Academy of Pediatrics: Itasca, IL, USA, 2011; p. 1039. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Rahmi, A.M.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Alturki, U.; Aldraiweesh, A.; Almutairy, S.; Al-Adwan, A.S. Exploring the factors affecting mobile learning for sustainability in higher education. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Yahaya, N.; Alamri, M.M.; Alyoussef, I.Y.; Al-Rahmi, A.M.; Bin Kamin, Y. Integrating innovation diffusion theory with technology acceptance model: Supporting students’ attitude towards using a massive open online courses (MOOCs) systems. Interact. Learn. Environ. 2021, 29, 1380–1392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Alzahrani, A.I.; Yahaya, N.; Alalwan, N.; Kamin, Y. Digital Communication: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage for Education Sustainability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, A.M.; Shamsuddin, A.; Alturki, U.; Aldraiweesh, A.; Yusof, F.M.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Aljeraiwi, A.A. The Influence of Information System Success and Technology Acceptance Model on Social Media Factors in Education. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alalwan, N.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Alfarraj, O.; Alzahrani, A.; Yahaya, N.; Al-Rahmi, A.M. Integrated Three Theories to Develop a Model of Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance in Higher Education. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 98725–98742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartshorne, R.; Ajjan, H. Examining student decisions to adopt Web 2.0 technologies: Theory and empirical tests. J. Comput. High. Educ. 2009, 21, 183–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, M.; Teo, T.S.H. Factors influencing the adoption of Internet banking. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 2000, 1, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Seo, K.K.-J.; Tunningley, J.; Warner, Z.; Buening, J. An Insight Into Student Perceptions of Cyberbullying. Am. J. Distance Educ. 2016, 30, 39–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, Y.-J.; Shin, S.Y.; Lee, J. Change in Factors Affecting Cyberbullying of Korean Elementary School Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Modecki, K.L.; Minchin, J.; Harbaugh, A.G.; Guerra, N.G.; Runions, K.C. Bullying Prevalence Across Contexts: A Meta-analysis Measuring Cyber and Traditional Bullying. J. Adolesc. Health 2014, 55, 602–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mameli, C.; Menabò, L.; Brighi, A.; Menin, D.; Culbert, C.; Hamilton, J.; Scheithauer, H.; Smith, P.K.; Völlink, T.; Willems, R.A.; et al. Stay Safe and Strong: Characteristics, Roles and Emotions of Student-Produced Comics Related to Cyberbullying. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- By, S.J. Cyberharassment: Striking a balance between free speech and privacy. CommLaw. Conspec. J. Commun. Law Policy 2008, 17, 231–821. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, F.; Spitzberg, B.H.; Matos, M. Cyber-harassment victimization in Portugal: Prevalence, fear and help-seeking among adolescents. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 62, 136–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ojanen, T.T.; Boonmongkon, P.; Samakkeekarom, R.; Samoh, N.; Cholratana, M.; Guadamuz, T.E. Connections between online harassment and offline violence among youth in Central Thailand. Child Abus. Negl. 2015, 44, 159–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hitchcock, J.A. Cyberstalking and Law Enforcement. Police Chief 2003, 70, 16–27. [Google Scholar]
- Parsons-Pollard, N.; Moriarty, L.J. Cyberstalking: Utilizing What We do Know. Vict. Offenders 2009, 4, 435–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Binsahl, H.; Chang, S.; Bosua, R. Identity and belonging: Saudi female international students and their use of social networking sites. Crossings J. Migr. Cult. 2015, 6, 81–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Felmlee, D.; Faris, R. Toxic Ties: Networks of Friendship, Dating, and Cyber Victimization. Soc. Psychol. Q. 2016, 79, 243–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, C. Cyber Stalking & Bullying: What Law Enforcement Needs to Know. Annotation 2006, 33, 18–25. [Google Scholar]
- Moor, J.H. What is computer ethics? Metaphilosophy 1985, 16, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Appel, E. Cybervetting: Internet Searches for Vetting, Investigations, and Open-Source Intelligence; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Moafa, F.A.; Ahmad, K.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Yahaya, N.; Bin Kamin, Y.; Alamri, M.M. Develop a Model to Measure the Ethical Effects of Students Through Social Media Use. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 56685–56699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwan, G.C.E.; Skoric, M.M. Facebook bullying: An extension of battles in school. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013, 29, 16–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.-Y.; Chou, C. Revisiting cyberbullying: Perspectives from Taiwanese teachers. Comput. Educ. 2013, 63, 227–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haron, H.; Yusof, F.B.M. Cyber stalking: The social impact of social networking technology. In Proceedings of the ICEMT 2010–2010 International Conference on Education and Management Technology, Cairo, Egypt, 2–4 November 2010; pp. 237–241. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Adwan, A.S.; Albelbisi, N.A.; Hujran, O.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Alkhalifah, A. Developing a Holistic Success Model for Sustainable E-Learning: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Maatouk, Q.; Othman, M.S.; Aldraiweesh, A.; Alturki, U.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Aljeraiwi, A.A. Task-Technology Fit and Technology Acceptance Model Application to Structure and Evaluate the Adoption of Social Media in Academia. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 78427–78440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peluchette, J.; Karl, K. Examining Students’ Intended Image on Facebook: “What Were They Thinking?!”. J. Educ. Bus. 2009, 85, 30–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bilge, L.; Strufe, T.; Balzarotti, D.; Kirda, E. All your contacts are belong to us: Automated identity theft attacks on social networks. In Proceedings of the 18th International World Wide Web Conference, New York, NY, USA, 20–24 April 2009; pp. 551–560. [Google Scholar]
- Alismaiel, O.A.; Cifuentes-Faura, J.; Al-Rahmi, W.M. Online Learning, Mobile Learning, and Social Media Technologies: An Empirical Study on Constructivism Theory during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plattner, M.F. Comparing the Arab Revolts the Global Context. J. Democr. 2011, 22, 5–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sayaf, A.M.; Alamri, M.M.; Alqahtani, M.A.; Alrahmi, W.M. Factors Influencing University Students’ Adoption of Digital Learning Technology in Teaching and Learning. Sustainability 2022, 14, 493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Byrnside, I. Six Clicks of Separation: The Legal Ramifications of Employers Using Social Networking Sites to Research Applicants. Vanderbilt J. Entertain. Technol. Law 2007, 10, 445. [Google Scholar]
- Kohlberg, L. The Cognitive-Developmental approach to moral education. Phi Delta Kappan 1975, 56, 670–677. [Google Scholar]
- Floridi, L.; Sanders, J. Mapping the foundationalist debate in computer ethics. Ethic Inf. Technol. 2002, 4, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Yahaya, N.; Alturki, U.; Alrobai, A.; Aldraiweesh, A.A.; Omar Alsayed, A.; Kamin, Y.B. Social media–based collaborative learning: The effect on learning success with the moderating role of cyberstalking and cyberbullying. Interact. Learn. Environ. 2022, 30, 1434–1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, B.; Hou, K.M.; Diao, X.; Shi, H.; Zhou, H.; Wang, W. Environment-Adaptive Calibration System for Outdoor Low-Cost Electrochemical Gas Sensors. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 62592–62605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humpherys, S.; Drew Hwang, U.; Poly Pomona Zhongming Ma, C.; Poly Pomona Ming Wang, C.; Schwieger, D.; Kamali, A.; Carley, M.; Russell, J.; Moskal, J. Assessing cyber-bullying in higher education. Inf. Syst. Educ. J. 2015, 13, 43. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, C.L.; Zhang, S.; Yang, S.C. How students react to different cyberbullying events: Past experience, judgment, perceived seriousness, helping behavior and the effect of online disinhibition. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020, 110, 106338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krejcie, R.V.; Morgan, D.W. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1970, 30, 607–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hair, J.F.; Sarstedt, M.; Ringle, C.M.; Mena, J.A. An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 2012, 40, 414–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alqahtani, E.; Janbi, N.; Sharaf, S.; Mehmood, R. Smart Homes and Families to Enable Sustainable Societies: A Data-Driven Approach for Multi-Perspective Parameter Discovery Using BERT Modelling. Sustainability 2022, 14, 13534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alyoussef, I.Y.; Al-Rahmi, W.M. Big data analytics adoption via lenses of Technology Acceptance Model: Empirical study of higher education. Entrep. Sustain. Issues 2022, 9, 399–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haba, H.F.; Dastane, O. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)—Understanding Online Learners’ Preferences and Experiences. Int. J. Learn. Teach. Educ. Res. 2019, 18, 227–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hair, J.F.; Ringle, C.M.; Sarstedt, M. PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. J. Mark. Theory Pract. 2011, 19, 139–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, K.R.; Guerra, N.G. Prevalence and Predictors of Internet Bullying. J. Adolesc. Health 2007, 41, S14–S21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alqahtani, M.A.; Alamri, M.M.; Sayaf, A.M.; Al-Rahmi, W.M. Exploring student satisfaction and acceptance of e-learning technologies in Saudi higher education. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 939336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baum, K.; Catalano, S.; Rand, M.; Rose, K. Stalking victimization in the United States. In The Violence Against Women Act: Elements and Considerations; Nova Science Pub Inc.: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 123–150. ISBN 9781622575879. [Google Scholar]
- Heiman, T.; Olenik-Shemesh, D. Cyberbullying Experience and Gender Differences Among Adolescents in Different Educational Settings. J. Learn. Disabil. 2015, 48, 146–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bagozzi, R.P. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: A Comment. J. Mark. Res. 1981, 18, 375–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolak, J.; Mitchell, K.J.; Finkelhor, D. Does Online Harassment Constitute Bullying? An Exploration of Online Harassment by Known Peers and Online-Only Contacts. J. Adolesc. Health 2007, 41, S51–S58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, J.; Zo, H.; Choi, M.K.; Ciganek, A.P. User acceptance of location-based social networking services: An extended perspective of perceived value. Online Inf. Rev. 2013, 37, 711–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alismaiel, O.A.; Cifuentes-Faura, J.; Al-Rahmi, W.M. Social Media Technologies Used for Education: An Empirical Study on TAM Model During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Educ. 2022, 7, 882831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rahmi, A.M.; Shamsuddin, A.; Wahab, E.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Alyoussef, I.Y.; Crawford, J. Social media use in higher education: Building a structural equation model for student satisfaction and performance. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 1003007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sayaf, A.M.; Alamri, M.M.; Alqahtani, M.A.; Al-Rahmi, W.M. Information and Communications Technology Used in Higher Education: An Empirical Study on Digital Learning as Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Junco, R.; Heiberger, G.; Loken, E. The effect of Twitter on college student engagement and grades. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 2011, 27, 119–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kirschner, P.A.; Karpinski, A.C. Facebook® and academic performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2010, 26, 1237–1245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goudie, M.; Hutton, A.; David Hylender, C.; Niemantsverdriet, J.; Novak, C.; Ostertag, D.; Porter, C.; Rosen, M.; Sartin, B.; Tippett, P.; et al. 2011 Data Breach Investigations Report CONTRIBUTORS. Data Breach Investigations Report. 2011. Available online: https://itb.dk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/verizon-data-breach-investigations-report-2020.pdf (accessed on 1 December 2022).
- Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Yahaya, N.; Aldraiweesh, A.A.; Alturki, U.; Alamri, M.M.; Bin Saud, M.S.; Bin Kamin, Y.; Aljeraiwi, A.A.; Alhamed, O.A. Big Data Adoption and Knowledge Management Sharing: An Empirical Investigation on Their Adoption and Sustainability as a Purpose of Education. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 47245–47258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bannink, R.; Broeren, S.; Van De Looij-Jansen, P.; De Waart, F.; Raat, H. Cyber and Traditional Bullying Victimization as a Risk Factor for Mental Health Problems and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e94026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Valkenburg, P.M.; Peter, J. Preadolescents’ and adolescents’ online communication and their closeness to friends. Dev. Psychol. 2007, 43, 267–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Blais, J.J.; Craig, W.M.; Pepler, D.; Connolly, J. Adolescents Online: The Importance of Internet Activity Choices to Salient Relationships. J. Youth Adolesc. 2008, 37, 522–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Law, D.M.; Shapka, J.D.; Domene, J.F.; Gagné, M.H. Are Cyberbullies really bullies? An investigation of reactive and proactive online aggression. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2012, 28, 664–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cullerton-Sen, C.; Crick, N.R. Understanding the Effects of Physical and Relational Victimization: The Utility of Multiple Perspectives in Predicting Social-Emotional Adjustment. Sch. Psychol. Rev. 2005, 34, 147–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, K.J.; Wolak, J.; Finkelhor, D. Trends in Youth Reports of Sexual Solicitations, Harassment and Unwanted Exposure to Pornography on the Internet. J. Adolesc. Health 2007, 40, 116–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Timmerman, G. Sexual Harassment of Adolescents Perpetrated by Teachers and by Peers: An Exploration of the Dynamics of Power, Culture, and Gender in Secondary Schools. Sex Roles 2003, 48, 231–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mcmaster, L.E.; Connolly, J.; Pepler, D.; Craig, W.M. Peer to peer sexual harassment in early adolescence: A developmental perspective. Dev. Psychopathol. 2002, 14, 91–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roberto, A.J.; Eden, J.; Savage, M.W.; Ramos-Salazar, L.; Deiss, D.M. Prevalence and Predictors of Cyberbullying Perpetration by High School Seniors. Commun. Q. 2014, 62, 97–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pettalia, J.L.; Levin, E.; Dickinson, J. Cyberbullying: Eliciting harm without consequence. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013, 29, 2758–2765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andleeb, S.; Ahmed, R.; Ahmed, Z.; Kanwal, M. Identification and classification of cybercrimes using text mining technique. In Proceedings of the Proceedings-2019 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, FIT 2019, Islamabad, Pakistan, 16–18 December 2019; pp. 227–232. [Google Scholar]
D.F | Categories | Frequency | Percent | D.F | Categories | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 447 | 44.2 | Education | Level 1 | 161 | 15.9 |
Female | 565 | 55.8 | Level 2 | 152 | 15.0 | ||
Total | 1012 | 100.0 | Level 3 | 404 | 39.9 | ||
Age | 18–20 | 295 | 29.2 | Level 4 | 148 | 14.6 | |
21–24 | 634 | 62.6 | Total | 1012 | 100.0 | ||
25–29 | 56 | 5.5 | Specialization | Social Science | 215 | 21.2 | |
30–34 | 27 | 2.7 | Engineering | 292 | 28.9 | ||
Total | 1012 | 100.0 | Science and Technology | 505 | 49.9 | ||
E.D | Foundation | 147 | 14.5 | Total | 1012 | 100.0 |
Factors | Code | Factor Loading | AVE | Composite Reliability | Factors | Code | Factor Loading | AVE | Composite Reliability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyber Bullying | CB1 | 0.8272 | 0.6828 | 0.9280 | Cyber Stalking | CS1 | 0.8049 | 0.7265 | 0.9299 |
CB2 | 0.8425 | CS2 | 0.8475 | ||||||
CB3 | 0.8407 | CS3 | 0.8477 | ||||||
CB4 | 0.8453 | CS4 | 0.8364 | ||||||
CB5 | 0.8289 | CS5 | 0.8332 | ||||||
CB6 | 0.7711 | CS6 | 0.6667 | ||||||
Cyber Harassment | CH1 | 0.8213 | 0.6351 | 0.9125 | Digital media Used | SMU1 | 0.7470 | 0.7116 | 0.9364 |
CH2 | 0.8187 | SMU2 | 0.7614 | ||||||
CH3 | 0.7607 | SMU3 | 0.8865 | ||||||
CH4 | 0.7586 | SMU4 | 0.8888 | ||||||
CH5 | 0.8256 | SMU5 | 0.8882 | ||||||
CH6 | 0.7944 | SMU6 | 0.8758 | ||||||
Cyber Engagement | CE1 | 0.7540 | 0.5997 | 0.9229 | Ethical behavior online | EE1 | 0.7935 | 0.6336 | 0.9236 |
CE2 | 0.8014 | EE2 | 0.8159 | ||||||
CE3 | 0.7972 | EE3 | 0.7929 | ||||||
CE4 | 0.7199 | EE4 | 0.7806 | ||||||
CE5 | 0.7884 | EE5 | 0.7943 | ||||||
CE6 | 0.7843 | EE6 | 0.8095 | ||||||
CE7 | 0.7592 | EE7 | 0.7846 | ||||||
CE8 | 0.7868 |
Factors | Code | CB | CH | CS | CE | EE | SMU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyber Bullying | CB | 0.9148 | |||||
Cyber Harassment | CH | 0.7052 | 0.8946 | ||||
Cyber Stalking | CS | 0.5657 | 0.5676 | 0.8573 | |||
Cyber Engagement | CE | 0.6068 | 0.6037 | 0.7278 | 0.9435 | ||
Ethical behavior online | EE | 0.6121 | 0.6241 | 0.5105 | 0.6366 | 0.8754 | |
Digital media Used | SMU | 0.6345 | 0.6794 | 0.6094 | 0.6446 | 0.6005 | 0.8873 |
H | Independent | Relationship | Dependent | Path | S.E. | T. Value | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | SMU | CH | 0.327228 | 0.016695 | 19.600304 | Supported | |
H2 | SMU | CB | 0.415814 | 0.017103 | 24.312815 | Supported | |
H3 | SMU | CS | 0.184128 | 0.015670 | 11.750318 | Supported | |
H4 | SMU | CE | 0.644735 | 0.011084 | 58.170153 | Supported | |
H5 | CE | CH | 0.134230 | 0.016558 | 8.106495 | Supported | |
H6 | CE | CB | 0.338938 | 0.018699 | 18.126086 | Supported | |
H7 | CE | CS | 0.531131 | 0.014811 | 35.859597 | Supported | |
H8 | CB | CH | 0.417426 | 0.015762 | 26.482890 | Supported | |
H9 | CB | CS | 0.189012 | 0.013903 | 13.595163 | Supported | |
H10 | CB | EE | 0.240507 | 0.021870 | 10.997126 | Supported | |
H11 | CH | EE | 0.292765 | 0.020175 | 14.511629 | Supported | |
H12 | CS | EE | 0.262394 | 0.016893 | 15.532662 | Supported |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alismaiel, O.A. Digital Media Used in Education: The Influence on Cyberbullying Behaviors among Youth Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021370
Alismaiel OA. Digital Media Used in Education: The Influence on Cyberbullying Behaviors among Youth Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021370
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlismaiel, Omar A. 2023. "Digital Media Used in Education: The Influence on Cyberbullying Behaviors among Youth Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021370
APA StyleAlismaiel, O. A. (2023). Digital Media Used in Education: The Influence on Cyberbullying Behaviors among Youth Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021370