The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers’ COVID-19 Workplace Safety
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Political Economy of Farmworker Health
1.2. Latinx Farmworkers and COVID-19
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Positionality Statement
2.2. Data
2.3. The CLIMA Study
2.4. Sample Selection
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overview of the Themes
3.2. Theme 1: Regulatory Oversight and Access to Protections
“One time, a young worker arrived sick, and he got angry at me, but I told him to go home. I told him, ‘Look, just go home.’ [The worker said,] ‘But who is going to pay this, pay that?’ [I said,] ‘If you have COVID, they will help you. They will pay you your 80 h.”
“Every year we attend an 8-h class, and they talk to us about sexual assault in the workplace, hot weather—all the implications of the job. Before, Cal/OSHA visited our workplace to confirm that we had clean bathrooms, that the workers had what they needed, like their hat; to check that you treated the workers well, if you are paying workers…but this year they focused on COVID.”
3.3. Theme 2: Employer Economic Interests and Decisions about Workplace Safety
“Here in the [agriculture] fields we don’t have the same rules… The more the [growers] save, the more they earn…they don’t want to spend [on safety].”
“[Employers] are not interested in protecting our health…We are workers and that’s it. [Employers] must think that there is no shortage of those who will come asking for work if one or another gets sick.”
3.4. Theme 3: Mayordomos and Workplace Safety
“[When] the boss sees green fruit, the mayordomo is the first person he scolds…Sometimes he asks you to suspend that worker [who picked green fruit], or to not bring him back the next day. It is difficult sometimes….”
“The mayordoma just tells us to use masks, to use the face coverings, but we have told her, ‘The boss has to give us masks, or make sure we’re not crowded.’ But she says, ‘Well, if you have the sufficient means, I advise you to buy your own farm so that you can be your own boss and do whatever you want, because here we come to work and obey.’ And that’s all she told us, basically, that we don’t have a choice.”
“And I tell [the mayordomo], ‘All you do is tell us [to take COVID-19 precautions] but you don’t give us the tools we need. Since we started working, you told us there would be disinfectant in the bathrooms. The bathrooms don’t even have water to wash our hands, they don’t have toilet paper, they don’t have anything’. And then [the mayordomo] would just stand there, quietly, and didn’t know what to say.”
“The mayordomo called a meeting with all the workers and he pleaded with them to wear their masks, because one of his workers died [of COVID-19]. He said, ‘Please wear your masks. I am asking you as a favor, not to be impolite, and I don’t want to be rude, because you know what mayordomos in other crews are doing. They are stopping those without a mask and sending them home.’”
3.5. Theme 4: Farmworker Agency and COVID-19 Practices in the Workplace
“If I go home, I take care of my health. But then, who is going to feed me at home? We either die of hunger, or we die of the virus.”
“And right now, I am carpooling with my brother, because we only have one car. I leave the car at the house because sometimes my wife needs it to run household errands, and that is why I don’t drive to work, I carpool with my brother right now.”
“There are workers who don’t receive anything, like those without papers, and they worry about, ‘How am I going to work if I’m sick? How am I going to pay for the bills? How will I buy food for my kids?’”
3.6. Theme 5: Job Tasks, Work Arrangements, and Workers’ Risk Perception
“What we would do, instead, was eat our lunch outside, where we could be by ourselves. Out of fear, you know. You see that crowds bring a lot of risk, of getting infected, so instead we would go outside and eat under the little trees.”
3.7. Theme 6: Personal Responsibility vs. Workplace Camaraderie
“I will say that COVID did impact me. Because one doesn’t even trust your coworkers and they don’t trust you. We are all here, afraid.”
“When we were almost done with the day, we teamed up with three or four others to help [finish the crop row]; but we were just with those in our crew, because we knew that we took care of ourselves…”
“And people didn’t even want to talk to me because they said, ‘This one is probably sick. She probably has COVID.’ I even heard a coworker say, ‘If a worker gets sick and comes to work, that’s now a crime…Because they know that they’re sick and can infect others, and we have the right to call the police so that they can come arrest them and take them to get checked by a doctor because that’s now a crime.’ And I froze and thought, ‘Why do they think that?’ It was something complicated and also sad.”
“They ask me, ‘Are you angry? Bitter?’ And I tell them, yes, because I feel embarrassed to tell them [that I want to social distance]…But really it is because I do not let people near me. Because I have children at home, and if I do not take care of myself, who is going to take care of my kids?”
4. Discussion
4.1. Policy Recommendations
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N or Mean (SD) |
---|---|
County | |
Fresno | 6 |
Merced | 2 |
Tulare | 6 |
Farm | |
Field crop | 11 |
Dairy | 2 |
Fruit-packing warehouse | 1 |
Gender | |
Female | 6 |
Male | 8 |
Mean years living in the U.S. | 22 (11) |
Highest level of education | |
High school or less | 11 |
College degree | 1 |
Unknown | 2 |
Marital status | |
Single | 2 |
Married or living with a partner | 10 |
Unknown | 2 |
Mean household size | 5 (3) |
Citizenship | |
U.S. citizen | 1 |
Lawful permanent resident (LPR) | 2 |
Undocumented | 7 |
Refused or unknown | 4 |
Food security 1 | |
High | 1 |
Marginal | 4 |
Low or very low | 7 |
Ever used… | |
Social Security | 1 |
Unemployment | 3 |
Disability insurance | 0 |
Worker’s compensation | 3 |
In the past 2 years, anyone in the household used… | |
Food stamps (CalFresh), Medi-Cal, or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) | 11 |
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Share and Cite
Perez-Lua, F.M.; Chan-Golston, A.M.; Burke, N.J.; Young, M.-E.D.T. The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers’ COVID-19 Workplace Safety. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237138
Perez-Lua FM, Chan-Golston AM, Burke NJ, Young M-EDT. The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers’ COVID-19 Workplace Safety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(23):7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237138
Chicago/Turabian StylePerez-Lua, Fabiola M., Alec M. Chan-Golston, Nancy J. Burke, and Maria-Elena De Trinidad Young. 2023. "The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers’ COVID-19 Workplace Safety" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 23: 7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237138
APA StylePerez-Lua, F. M., Chan-Golston, A. M., Burke, N. J., & Young, M. -E. D. T. (2023). The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers’ COVID-19 Workplace Safety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(23), 7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237138