Greatest Risk Factor for Death from COVID-19: Older Age, Chronic Disease Burden, or Place of Residence? Descriptive Analysis of Population-Level Canadian Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Population
2.2. Data Availability
2.3. Outcome Measure
2.4. Independent Variables
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Characteristics of Individuals with Positive PCR Tests
3.3. Characteristics of Those Dying within 60 Days of Positive PCR Testing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (in Years) | <55 | 55–64 | 65–74 | 75–84 | 85–94 | 95+ |
10,254,362 (68.26%) | 2,108,364 (14.03%) | 1,502,030 (10.0%) | 798,404 (5.31%) | 319,448 (2.13%) | 40,566 (0.27%) | |
Sex | Female | Male | ||||
7,609,994 (50.66%) | 7,413,180 (49.34%) | |||||
Number of Ontarians by Residence Location +/− Homecare (% of total population) | ||||||
Long-term Care (LTC) | Home + Home Care | Other | Total | |||
85,076 (0.57%) | 512,093 (3.41%) | 14,426,005 (96.02%) | 15,023,174 | |||
Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | |
56,710 (0.38%) | 28,366 (0.19%) | 280,483 (1.87%) | 231,610 (1.54%) | 7,272,801 (48.41%) | 7,153,204 (47.61%) | 15,023,174 |
Number of reported chronic diseases by location (% of all at that location) | ||||||
LTC | Home w/Home Care | Other | ||||
0 | 10,665 (12.5%) | 256,835 (50.2%) | 11,630,000 (80.6%) | |||
1 | 41,530 (48.8%) | 163,132 (31.9%) | 2,511,994 (17.4%) | |||
2 | 22,183 (26.1%) | 70,331 (13.7%) | 266,163 (1.8%) | |||
3 | 8807 (10.4%) | 19,632 (3.8%) | 21,644 (0.1%) | |||
4+ | 1891 (2.2%) | 2163 (0.4%) | 845 (0.0%) | |||
Column Total | 85,076 | 512,093 | 14,430,000 |
Sex | Positive Test Numbers | % of All +Tests |
---|---|---|
Female | 24,953 | 53.58% |
Male | 21,617 | 46.42% |
Total | 46,570 | 100% |
LTC Residents | Community Dwelling with Homecare | Community Dwelling without Homecare | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No * | Yes | No * | Yes | No * | Yes | |
80,003 (94.04%) | 5073 (5.96%) | 508,783 (99.30%) | 3310 (0.07%) | 14,384,644 (99.74%) | 38,187 (0.26%) | 15,020,000 |
(X2 (2) = 90,806.4053, p < 0.0001) |
Age | Long-Term Care (Total n = 5073) | Home Care (Total n = 3310) | Other (Total n = 38,187) |
---|---|---|---|
<65 | 65 | 38 | 141 |
65–74 | 165 | 101 | 124 |
75–84 | 409 | 168 | 125 |
85+ | 1015 | 315 | 100 |
Total (% dying after positive test within each residence category) | 1654 (32.6%) | 622 (19.8%) | 490 (1.3%) |
Analysis of Effects | |||
---|---|---|---|
Effect | DF | Wald Chi-Squared | p Value |
Age group | 3 | 895.8376 | <0.0001 |
Sex | 1 | 141.0318 | <0.0001 |
Location (LTCH vs. Home with Home Care vs. Other) | 2 | 6185.5641 | <0.0001 |
Chronic disease load | 3 | 46.5759 | <0.0001 |
Odds Ratio Estimates of Death after a positive PCR Test | |||
Effect | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals * | |
65–74 vs. 1_<65 | 6.118 | 5.160 | 7.252 |
75–84 vs. 1_<65 | 8.976 | 7.577 | 10.633 |
85+ vs. 1_<65 | 13.427 | 11.323 | 15.923 |
Sex: M vs. F | 1.596 | 1.478 | 1.724 |
Location: LTC vs. Other | 117.113 | 102.919 | 133.264 |
Location: Home Care vs. Other | 9.991 | 8.718 | 11.448 |
Chronic diseases: 1 vs. 0 | 1.202 | 1.098 | 1.317 |
Chronic diseases: 2 vs. 0 | 1.228 | 1.099 | 1.374 |
Chronic diseases: 3+ vs. 0 | 1.532 | 1.346 | 1.744 |
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Phillips, S.P.; Carver, L.F. Greatest Risk Factor for Death from COVID-19: Older Age, Chronic Disease Burden, or Place of Residence? Descriptive Analysis of Population-Level Canadian Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 7181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20247181
Phillips SP, Carver LF. Greatest Risk Factor for Death from COVID-19: Older Age, Chronic Disease Burden, or Place of Residence? Descriptive Analysis of Population-Level Canadian Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(24):7181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20247181
Chicago/Turabian StylePhillips, Susan P., and Lisa F. Carver. 2023. "Greatest Risk Factor for Death from COVID-19: Older Age, Chronic Disease Burden, or Place of Residence? Descriptive Analysis of Population-Level Canadian Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 24: 7181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20247181
APA StylePhillips, S. P., & Carver, L. F. (2023). Greatest Risk Factor for Death from COVID-19: Older Age, Chronic Disease Burden, or Place of Residence? Descriptive Analysis of Population-Level Canadian Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(24), 7181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20247181