Mapping the Knowledge Landscape of Money Laundering for Terrorism Financing: A Bibliometric Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Questions
- What is the current status of publications on money laundering and terrorist financing?
- What are the emerging trends in terms of publishing citations for money laundering for terrorist financing?
- What are the leading authors, and which are the leading contributing organisations and countries, contributing to money laundering for terrorist financing?
2.2. Searching & Retrieving Data
2.3. Evaluative Parameters
- Keyword co-occurrence: This refers to the frequency with which two or more keywords appear together in a set of academic documents or publications. It helps to identify the relationships between concepts and topics in a research area by analyzing how often particular keywords are used together. The more frequently keywords co-occur, the stronger the connection between those research themes, revealing trends and key topics within the field.
- Co-authorship: This analysis examines the collaboration patterns between authors, organizations, or countries based on the shared authorship of publications. By studying co-authorship networks, one can understand the structure of academic collaboration, identify influential researchers or institutions, and observe how knowledge is being exchanged and co-produced across different entities in a field.
- Citation Analysis: This method evaluates the impact or influence of academic papers by examining how often they are cited by other researchers. Citation analysis can track the intellectual influence of specific papers, authors, or institutions. It helps in identifying key contributions to a field, highly cited works, and the flow of knowledge over time across different research areas.
3. Results
3.1. Co-Occurrence Keyword Analysis
3.2. Co-Authorship Analysis
3.3. Citation Analysis
- Total link strength according to sources: This evaluates the overall connections between different academic journals or sources. It indicates how frequently journals cite each other, helping to identify influential publications and core journals in a specific research domain. Understanding these relationships provides insights into the most important and central sources contributing to knowledge in the field.
- Total link strength to authors: This assesses the citation connections between individual authors, showing which researchers are most interconnected based on their work. It helps to identify leading authors and their influence on the research community. A high total link strength can signify the authors who are central to the dissemination of ideas, collaborations, and the development of new knowledge in a particular area.
- Total link strength to organizations: This measures how institutions or research organizations are connected through their published works and citations. It highlights the collaborative networks of institutions and can reveal the most influential research organizations. This analysis is essential for understanding the distribution of knowledge production and the key organizations driving research in specific fields.
- Total link strength to countries: This evaluates the global influence of countries by examining how often papers from different countries cite one another. It reflects the international collaboration and the impact of research at a national level. Countries with a high total link strength are often key players in global research, contributing significantly to the development of knowledge and international research partnerships.
3.4. Total Link Strength According to Sources
3.5. Total Link Strength to Authors
3.6. Total Link Strength to Organizations
3.7. Total Link Strength to Countries
4. Discussion
4.1. Focus Areas
- Thematic analysis using the co-occurrence of keywords identified “money laundering” as the most frequent term, followed by “terrorism”, “counterterrorism”, “anti-money laundering”, and “regulation.” This highlights the primary focuses of understanding the nature of ML and developing strategies to combat it.
- Citation analysis revealed that the most cited documents dealt with the broader themes of terrorism and counterterrorism, suggesting a potential gap in research specifically focused on the intersection of ML and TF.
4.2. Authorship and Collaboration:
- The analysis of co-authorship revealed the top 10 authors and institutions with the highest total link strength (Deveci 2023). These data are valuable for identifying leading researchers and potential collaborators within the domain.
- The nations with the highest total link strength among the top 10 include the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia, reflecting a strong research emphasis in developed countries.
4.3. Sources and Citations
- The “Journal of Money Laundering” emerged as the publication with the most citations, followed by “Crime, Law and Social Change” and the “Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance.” These findings suggest that these journals serve as important platforms for sharing research on money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF).
- Among the top 10 most cited authors were Masciandaro Donato, Levi Michael, and Teichmann Fabian Maximilian Johannes. These scholars have notably advanced the field.
- The results indicate that research on ML and TF is becoming more interdisciplinary, establishing links between financial crimes, terrorism studies, and regulatory frameworks. While prominent researchers and institutions have been identified, there remains a need for further investigation into the effectiveness of the prevailing strategies aimed at combating ML and TF activities.
4.4. Emerging Trends in Money Laundering for Terror Financing
4.4.1. Increased Focus on Network Analysis
4.4.2. Evolving Techniques and Actors
4.4.3. Regulatory and Compliance Landscape
4.4.4. Technological Advancements and Vulnerabilities
4.4.5. Heightened Focus on Specific Areas
4.4.6. Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange
4.4.7. Key Sources and Researchers
5. Conclusions
6. Future Scope of Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Abrahms, Max. 2008. What terrorists really want: Terrorist motives and counterterrorism strategy. International Security 32: 78–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahuja, Deeksha, Pallavi Bhardwaj, and Pankaj Madan. 2023. Money laundering: A bibliometric review of three decades from 1990 to 2021. Smart Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Performance Management in a Global Digitalised Economy 110: 55–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Suwaidi, Noura Ahmed, and Haitham Nobanee. 2020. Anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing: A survey of the existing literature and a future research agenda. Journal of Money Laundering Control 24: 396–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsuwailem, Alhanouf Abdulrahman Saleh Alsuwailem, and Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar. 2020. Anti-money laundering systems: A systematic literature review. Journal of Money Laundering Control 23: 833–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aria, Massimo, and Corrado Cuccurullo. 2017. bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics 11: 959–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boer, Monica Den, Claudia Hillebrand, and Andreas Nölke. 2007. Legitimacy under pressure: The european web of counter-terrorism networks*. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 46: 101–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan, and Eric S. Dickson. 2007. The propaganda of the deed: Terrorism, counterterrorism, and mobilization. American Journal of Political Science 51: 364–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davidescu, Adriana AnaMaria, Oana Ramona Lobont, Eduard Mihai Manta, and Răzvan Gabriel Hapau. 2023. Mapping the field. A text analysis of Money Laundering Research Publications. Smart Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Performance Management in a Global Digitalised Economy 2023: 171–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deveci, İsa. 2023. Bibliometric analysis of published documents on entrepreneurship in basic sciences (physics, chemistry, biology). Journal of Turkish Science Education 20: 211–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellegaard, Ole, and Johan A. Wallin. 2015. The bibliometric analysis of scholarly production: How great is the impact? Scientometrics 105: 1809–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ginting, Winardi, Margaretha Hanita, and Stanislaus Riyanta. 2024. Analysis of the impact of financial action task force on money laundering and terrorism financing (FATF) on the supervision of money laundering and terrorism financing crimes in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities 2: 1832–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldbarsht, Doron, and Katie Benson. 2023. From later to sooner: Exploring compliance with the Global Regime of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing in the legal profession. Journal of Financial Crime 31: 795–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. 2012. Counter-terrorism and the counterfactual: Producing the ‘radicalisation’ discourse and the UK prevent strategy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15: 394–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffman, Aaron M., and William Shelby. 2017. When the “Laws of Fear” do not apply: Effective counterterrorism and the sense of security from terrorism. Political Research Quarterly 70: 618–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Yu.-Jie, Shuo Cheng, Fu-Qiang Yang, and Chao Chen. 2022. Analysis and visualization of research on resilient cities and communities based on Vosviewer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19: 7068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Isolauri, Emilia A., and Irfan Ameer. 2022. Money laundering as a transnational business phenomenon: A systematic review and future agenda. Critical Perspectives on International Business 19: 426–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kalokoh, Amidu. 2024. Money laundering and terrorist financing risks and Democratic governance: A global correlational analysis. Journal of Money Laundering Control 27: 825–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katica, Admir. 2024. Money laundering and terrorism financing in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A review of the legislative framework and current situation. Kriminalističke Teme 24: 63–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khelil, Imen, Hichem Khlif, and Imen Achek. 2023. The economic consequences of money laundering: A review of empirical literature. Journal of Money Laundering Control 27: 901–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korauš, Antonín, Eva Jančíková, Miroslav Gombár, Lucia Kurilovská, and Filip Černák. 2024. Ensuring Financial System Sustainability: Combating hybrid threats through anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 17: 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koschade, Stuart. 2007. A social network analysis of Jemaah Islamiyah: The applications to counterterrorism and Intelligence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29: 559–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levi, Michael, and Peter Reuter. 2006. Money laundering. Crime and Justice 34: 289–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lum, Cynthia, Leslie W. Kennedy, and Alison Sherley. 2006. Are counter-terrorism strategies effective? the results of the Campbell systematic review on counter-terrorism evaluation research. Journal of Experimental Criminology 2: 489–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masciandaro, Donato. 2013. Money laundering and its effects on crime: A macroeconomic approach. In Research Handbook on Money Laundering. Edited by Brigitte Unger and Daan van der Linde. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, chap. 4. pp. 47–56. [Google Scholar]
- McCulloch, Jude, and Sharon Pickering. 2009. Pre-crime and counter-terrorism: Imagining future crime in the “war on terror”. British Journal of Criminology 49: 628–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moosa, Visal, Abdul Hafeez Khalid, and Ahmed Mohamed. 2021. The intellectual landscape of research on Change Management: A Bibliometric analysis. Management Research Review 45: 1044–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moral-Muñoz, José A., Enrique Herrera-Viedma, Antonio Santisteban-Espejo, and Manuel J. Cobo. 2020. Software tools for conducting bibliometric analysis in science: An up-to-date review. Profesional de la Información 29: 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nizzero, Maria. 2023. Anti-money laundering and countering terrorist financing from an IR, criminology, and compliance perspective. Countering Terrorist and Criminal Financing, 19–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ofoeda, Isaac, Elikplimi K. Agbloyor, Joshua Y. Abor, and Kofi A. Osei. 2020. Anti-money laundering regulations and financial sector development. International Journal of Finance & Economics 27: 4085–4104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pires, Ana Lusia, and Cella Rafael. 2022. Analysis of scientific production on Technological Innovation in Tourism. European Journal of Tourism Hospitality and Recreation 11: 22–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saxena, Charu, and Pardeep Kumar. 2023. Bibliometric analysis of the journal of money laundering control: Emerging trends and a way forward. Journal of Money Laundering Control 26: 947–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teichmann, Fabian, Sonia Ruxandra Boticiu, and Bruno S. Sergi. 2022. Compliance risks for crowdfunding. A neglected aspect of money laundering, terrorist financing and fraud. Journal of Financial Crime 31: 575–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teichmann, Fabian Maximilian Johannes, and Marie-Christin Falker. 2020. Money laundering through deposit boxes. Journal of Money Laundering Control 23: 805–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tiwari, Milind, Adrian Gepp, and Kuldeep Kumar. 2020. A review of Money Laundering Literature: The State of research in Key Areas. Pacific Accounting Review 32: 271–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tiwari, Milind, Jamie Ferrill, and Douglas M. C. Allan. 2024. Trade-based money laundering: A systematic literature review. Journal of Accounting Literature. ahead-of-print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tyler, Tom R., Stephen Schulhofer, and Aziz Z. Huq. 2010. Legitimacy and deterrence effects in Counterterrorism Policing: A Study of Muslim Americans. Law & Society Review 44: 365–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Eck, Nees, and Ludo Waltman. 2009. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for Bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics 84: 523–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Eck, Nees Jan, and Ludo Waltman. 2017. Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and Vosviewer. Scientometrics 111: 1053–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagner Filho, Jorge A., Carla Maria Dal Sasso Freitas, and Luciana Nedel. 2018. VirtualDesk: A comfortable and efficient immersive information visualization approach. Computer Graphics Forum 37: 415–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weinberg, Leonard, and Willim Eubank. 2008. Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism. Critical Studies on Terrorism 1: 185–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sr. No. | Authors | Title | Year |
---|---|---|---|
1 | (Tiwari et al. 2024) | “Trade-based money laundering: a systematic literature review” | 2024 |
2 | (Khelil et al. 2023) | “The economic consequences of money laundering: a review of the empirical literature” | 2023 |
3 | (Ahuja et al. 2023) | “Money Laundering: A Bibliometric Review of Three Decades from 1990 to 2021” | 2023 |
4 | (Saxena and Kumar 2023) | “Bibliometric analysis of Journal of Money Laundering Control: emerging trends and a way forward” | 2023 |
5 | (Davidescu et al. 2023) | “Mapping the Field. A Text Analysis of Money Laundering Research Publications” | 2023 |
6 | (Isolauri and Ameer 2022) | “Money laundering as a transnational business phenomenon: a systematic review and future agenda” | 2022 |
7 | (Tiwari et al. 2020) | “A review of money laundering literature: the state of research in key areas” | 2020 |
8 | (Al-Suwaidi and Nobanee 2020) | “Anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing: a survey of the existing literature and a future research agenda” | 2020 |
9 | (Alsuwailem and Saudagar 2020) | “Anti-money laundering systems: a systematic literature review.” | 2020 |
Type of Analysis | Unit of Analysis | Counting Method | Weights | Threshold | Visualization |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-occurrence | Author keywords | Fractional counting | Occurrences | MNO of a keyword = 5 | NV |
Co-authorship | Authors | Fractional counting | Total link strength | MND of an author = 1, MNC of an author = 0 | NV |
Organizations | Fractional counting | Total link strength | MND of an organization = 1, MNC of an organization = 0 | NV | |
Countries | Fractional counting | Total link strength | MND of a country = 1, MNC of a country = 0 | NV | |
Documents | Ignored | Citations | MNC of a document = 2 | NV | |
Sources | Ignored | Total link strength | MND of a source = 1, MNC of a source = 1 | NV | |
Citation | Authors | Ignored | Total link strength | MND of an author = 1, MNC of an author =1 | NV |
Organizations | Ignored | Total link strength | MND of an organization = 1, MNC of an organization = 1 | NV | |
Countries | Ignored | Total link strength | MND of a country = 1, MNC of a country = 1 | NV |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Thakkar, H.; Datta, S.; Bhadra, P.; Dabhade, S.B.; Barot, H.; Junare, S.O. Mapping the Knowledge Landscape of Money Laundering for Terrorism Financing: A Bibliometric Analysis. J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17, 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17100428
Thakkar H, Datta S, Bhadra P, Dabhade SB, Barot H, Junare SO. Mapping the Knowledge Landscape of Money Laundering for Terrorism Financing: A Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2024; 17(10):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17100428
Chicago/Turabian StyleThakkar, Himanshu, Saptarshi Datta, Priyam Bhadra, Siddharth Baburao Dabhade, Haresh Barot, and Shankar O. Junare. 2024. "Mapping the Knowledge Landscape of Money Laundering for Terrorism Financing: A Bibliometric Analysis" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 17, no. 10: 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17100428
APA StyleThakkar, H., Datta, S., Bhadra, P., Dabhade, S. B., Barot, H., & Junare, S. O. (2024). Mapping the Knowledge Landscape of Money Laundering for Terrorism Financing: A Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(10), 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17100428