Determining the Effectiveness of Street Cleaning with the Use of Decision Analysis and Research on the Reduction in Chloride in Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chlorides and Their Impact on the Environment
3. Proposed Research Methodology
- a selection of test times and places, and a selection of sampling locations;
- laboratory testing of the samples, processing of the test results, and conclusions from the analytical tests; and
- a decision analysis and a selection of the system of treatments and removal of chlorides from the environment according to the following scheme: development of treatment options taking into account environmental quality studies with costs, proposal of conditions and limitations to the decision analysis, and identification of the most beneficial scenario taking into account environmental and economic factors.
4. Description and Results of Analytical Research
5. Results of Decision Analysis Using Multi-Criteria Analysis
- Amount of waste collected cumulatively in consecutive days of cleaning measured in kg/technological km;
- Amount of wastewater from street cleaning, cumulatively over successive days of street cleaning, measured in l/technological km;
- Reduction in suspended solids calculated as the result of the difference between the first (on the first day) and the last street washing (on the last day);
- Costs of each consecutive street cleaning activity, including equipment maintenance costs, water and fuel consumption, employee costs, and environmental emissions fees, that were estimated on the basis of actual measurements; and
- Reduction in chloride content calculated as the difference in chloride content between the first and last days of cleaning and washing.
- It is possible to select a cleaning scenario for a selected area using a decision analysis, proposing environmental and economic criteria for evaluation.
- According to the results of the calculations presented in Table 3, it can be seen that the most frequently selected scenario is Scen2 with sweeping and one-day street washing.
- Scen4, sweeping and washing the street in a 5-day system, is selected as the most advantageous eight times (including two times while the weight of the cost criterion was reduced in relation to environmental criteria), which allows us to conclude that costs should be taken into account and calculated in the selection and analysis of cleaning strategies each time.
- Scen1 (sweeping only) and Scen4 (where the cleaning and washing process is the longest 5-day process) are selected as the least favorable in a significant number of cases; therefore, it can be said that, by balancing the economic and ecological effects, a scenario that allows for an observance of the principles of sustainable development is selected.
- This method gives the possibility of additional weighting of the criteria by using the α exponent in formula (2). This exponent allows for additional weighting of each deviation from the ideal point in proportion to their value. The larger the value of α is, the greater the importance of large deviations of the strategy from the ideal point. For α = ∞, scenario 2 is always selected as the most favorable.
6. Conclusions
- The results of this research carried out in a medium city show how much chloride is present in sweepings. The diversification of sampling locations allowed us to determine where pollutants accumulate. These differences are very significant and amount to almost 1050 mg/dm3 in the period after winter between the place of sampling near the sewage gully and the roadway. Such a high concentration of chlorides in the sweepings deposited in the landfill in large quantities can cause an increase in the salinity of the landfill leachate, which in turn affects the prolonged decomposition of matter, the formation of biogas, and the possibility of salinization of groundwater and impede biological processes in sewage-treatment plants.
- The selection of a cleaning strategy with a particular emphasis on chloride reduction in this region is a difficult decision task that must take into account various, often conflicting goals and objectives, and socioeconomic interests. The measuring criteria defined allowed us to establish a quantitative and objectified evaluation of the performance of such a system. The proposed methodology provides the possibility of a quantitative; multifaceted; and at the same time, objectified evaluation of scenario solutions, replacing intuitive evaluations or those requiring expert opinions used so far. In the proposed example, Scen2, which includes sweeping and one-time street cleaning in a 1-day system, was selected as the most beneficial.
- The proposed methodology allows us to evaluate the system on an ongoing basis in accordance with the requirements of environmental management even if the objective or conditions in the region change.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Chloride Content in Street Cleaning Wastewater (mg/dm3) after Summer | Chloride Content in Street Cleaning Wastewater (mg/dm3) after Winter | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | |
Street 1 | 29.3 | 41.4 | 321.6 | 399.8 |
Street 2 (gullies) | 45.6 | 71.9 | 1201.4 | 1732.8 |
Street 3 (washing) | 38.3 | 49.3 | 436.3 | 468.5 |
Sidewalk | 25.8 | 46.2 | 45.9 | 59.2 |
Criteria | Unit | Sweeping | Sweeping + Washing 1 Day | Sweeping + Washing 2 Days | Sweeping + Washing 5 Days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scen1 | Scen2 | Scen3 | Scen4 | ||
waste amount | kg/km | 200 | 200 | 250 | 270 |
amount of wastewater from street cleaning | l/km | 0 | 25 | 50 | 75 |
reduction in suspended solids on subsequent cleaning days | 0 | 30 | 45 | 67 | |
costs | euro/km | 3 | 5 | 7.5 | 10 |
chloride content reduction | 0 | 56 | 78 | 90 |
Validity of the Criteria | Ranking of Scenarios | ||
---|---|---|---|
α = 1 | α = 2 | α = ∞ | |
1:1:1:1:1 | Scen2→Scen3→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2→Scen3→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen1⟷Scen4 |
2:1:1:1:1 | Scen3→Scen2→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2→Scen3→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen1⟷Scen4 |
10:1:1:1:1 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen3→Scen4→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen1⟷Scen4 |
1:2:1:1:1 | Scen2→Scen1→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen2→Scen1→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen1 |
1:10:1:1:1 | Scen1→Scen2→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen1→Scen2→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen1 |
1:1:2:1:1 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen3→Scen2→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen4 |
1:1:10:1:1 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen4 |
1:1:1:2:1 | Scen2→Scen1→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen2→Scen1→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen1 |
1:1:1:10:1 | Scen1→Scen2→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen1→Scen2→Scen3→Scen4 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen1 |
1:1:1:1:2 | Scen3→Scen4→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen3→Scen2→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen4 |
1:1:1:1:10 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3→Scen4 |
2:2:2:1:2 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen2→Scen3→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3 |
10:10:10:1:10 | Scen4→Scen3→Scen2→Scen1 | Scen3→Scen2→Scen4→Scen1 | Scen2⟷Scen3 |
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Gronba-Chyła, A.; Generowicz, A.; Kwaśnicki, P.; Cycoń, D.; Kwaśny, J.; Grąz, K.; Gaska, K.; Ciuła, J. Determining the Effectiveness of Street Cleaning with the Use of Decision Analysis and Research on the Reduction in Chloride in Waste. Energies 2022, 15, 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103538
Gronba-Chyła A, Generowicz A, Kwaśnicki P, Cycoń D, Kwaśny J, Grąz K, Gaska K, Ciuła J. Determining the Effectiveness of Street Cleaning with the Use of Decision Analysis and Research on the Reduction in Chloride in Waste. Energies. 2022; 15(10):3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103538
Chicago/Turabian StyleGronba-Chyła, Anna, Agnieszka Generowicz, Paweł Kwaśnicki, Dawid Cycoń, Justyna Kwaśny, Katarzyna Grąz, Krzysztof Gaska, and Józef Ciuła. 2022. "Determining the Effectiveness of Street Cleaning with the Use of Decision Analysis and Research on the Reduction in Chloride in Waste" Energies 15, no. 10: 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103538
APA StyleGronba-Chyła, A., Generowicz, A., Kwaśnicki, P., Cycoń, D., Kwaśny, J., Grąz, K., Gaska, K., & Ciuła, J. (2022). Determining the Effectiveness of Street Cleaning with the Use of Decision Analysis and Research on the Reduction in Chloride in Waste. Energies, 15(10), 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103538