Exergy Analysis in Highly Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine at Diverse Equivalence Ratios via Two-Zone Quasi-Dimensional Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Outline of the Energy Analysis Modeling
2.2. Outline of the Exergy Analysis Modeling
2.3. Test Engine, Measuring Instruments, Properties of Fuels and Available Experimental Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Energy Analysis Results and Validation to Be Used in the Exergy Analysis
3.2. Exergy Assumptions and Methodology Adaptation to the Engine Operation
3.3. Absolute Exergy and Entropy Terms Crank Angle Diagrams for Each Zone Discretely and for the Sum Content of Both Zones
3.4. Normalized Exergy Terms Crank Angle Diagrams for the Sum Content of Both Zones
3.5. Normalized Chemical Exergy Components Crank Angle Diagrams in the Burned Zone
3.6. Analysis of the Combustion Irreversibility Term
3.7. Normalized Energy and Exergy Balances for the Closed Cycle of the Engine at EVO
3.8. Review by Comparison vs. Reported Data and Trends for SI Engines with Hydrogen Blends
4. Conclusions
- –
- The blow-by loss exergy at any conditions is really minimal.
- –
- In the unburned zone, the heat loss transfer exergy decreases initially to negative values and then reverts increasing to positive values that are in any case small, and the work transfer exergy decreases continuously with negative values. The thermomechanical exergy of the charge obtains sensibly equal values (with different sign) to the work transfer exergy.
- –
- In the burned zone, the heat loss transfer and the work transfer exergies increase continuously with positive values. The thermomechanical exergy initially shows a considerable boost due to combustion that nonetheless later on begins to decrease.
- –
- The irreversibility bgins with the combustion starting (inside the burned zone only) and increases continuously lasting until its ending, and the flow exergy due to the mass of entrained fresh-mixture originating from the unburned zone follows exactly the same shape, hence revealing an intimate link with the irreversibility.
- –
- The cylinder-content chemical exergy possesses a (large) value in the unburned zone that remains constant before combustion, then it drops rapidly with the course of combustion as its fuel is exhausted in the burned zone, and lastly it obtains the lowest (remaining) values at the late expansion stage.
- –
- For the sum content of both zones, the cylinder-content thermomechanical exergy curve shifts smoothly as the flow exergy exchange between the two zones takes place with its shape following fairly closely the in-cylinder mean-temperatures curve. Further, the work transfer exergy curve alters from negative to positive values a little after the TDC position increasing then continuously, and the heat loss transfer exergy curve is positive increasing much over the combustion and expansion phases.
- –
- In the unburned zone, the heat loss transfer entropy decreases initially to negative values and then reverts increasing to positive values that are in any case small, and the mixture charge entropy acquires in essence a constant value all over this period equal to the one at the IVC event.
- –
- In the burned zone, the heat loss transfer entropy increases continuously with positive (but still small) values, and the zone-content acquires high entropy values as it gains generation (production) of entropy due to (combustion) irreversibility and receives flow entropy (from the unburned zone). The related to the zone-content entropy term is shifted as influenced by the curve associated with the flow entropy.
- –
- For the sum content of both zones norm. exergy values, the cylinder-content thermomechanical exergy curves trail an analogous pattern to that of the mean-temperature curves with their ascending limb possessing a higher inclination the higher the hydrogen value in the blended fuel, hence following the same ordering as that of the respective mean-temperature curves. When comparing the variation and relative positioning of the previous curves with reference to the different EQR values, the corresponding curves present no appreciable differences in shape but are advancing the higher the EQR value.
- –
- For the sum content of both zones norm. exergy values, the irreversibility curves acquire a final value (at the end of combustion) that is lower the higher the H2 value in the blended fuel, whereas the corresponding flow exergy curves acquire a final value that follows an exactly reverse order of dependence on the H2 values. When comparing the relative positioning of these curves with reference to the different EQR values, the corresponding final values of the flow exergy and irreversibility curves slightly increase with decreasing EQR values.
- –
- For the sum content of both zones norm. exergy values, the heat loss transfer exergy curves acquire higher (positive) values the higher the H2 or EQR values.
- –
- For the sum content of both zones norm. exergy values, the work transfer exergy curves acquire slightly higher values the higher the H2, while they acquire slightly higher values the lower the EQR value.
- –
- The norm. (in the burned zone) diffusion component of the chemical exergy term increases and thereafter obtains a stable value in the expansion stage, while the corresponding reactive component increases and then falls close to zero at the ending of the expansion, thus following rather closely the pattern of the incomplete combustion products of CO and H2 concentration curves. The diffusion component acquires lower values the higher the H2 and lower values the lower the EQR. The oxidation component acquires higher values the higher the H2 or EQR values.
- –
- The shape of the norm. irreversibility rate curve trails very tightly the respective mass fraction burned (MFB) rate curve for all cases examined, thus disclosing the dominant authority of the combustion process on the irreversibility produced.
- –
- The CA diagrams of the flame front radius that manifests the flame front propagation assume a nearly straight line pattern, with their relative positioning (inclination) following closely the relative positioning of the respective norm. irreversibility curves with respect to the various H2 and EQR values combinations.
- –
- Unfortunately, an adverse trade-off between the norm. irreversibility and NO concentration (at EVO) values exists.
- –
- At the EVO timing, the values of the norm. exergy work and heat loss transfers are smaller than their norm. energy counterparts, exhibiting a similar trend with the variation of either the H2 or EQR values.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Evaluation of the Chemical Exergy Diffusion and Reactive Components
Appendix B
Differential Equations of Exergy Balance for Each Zone Discretely and Explication of Terms
- − Unburned zone
- − Burned zone
- − For the unburned zone
- − For the burned zone
- − For the unburned zone
- − For the burned zone
Appendix C
Combustion Stoichiometry for Hydrogen-Methane Blends and Related Quantities
References
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Giakoumis, E.G. Diesel Engine Transient Operation—Principles of Operation and Simulation Analysis; Springer: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, H.; Wen, M.; Yang, H.; Yue, Z.; Yao, M. A review of thermal management system and control strategy for automotive engines. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 2021, 147, 03121001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reitz, R.D. Directions in internal combustion engine research. Combust. Flame 2013, 160, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Kyritsis, D.C.; Nikolopoulos, N.P.; Rakopoulos, D.C. Frontiers in engine and power plant combustion technologies: Innovation for a sustainable future. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 2023, 149, 01023001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D.; Kosmadakis, G.M.; Mavropoulos, G.C. Assessing the cyclic variability of combustion and NO emissions in hydrogen-methane fueled HSSI engine via quasi-dimensional modeling under the influence of flame-kernel turbulence and equivalence ratio variation mechanisms. Energy 2024, 288, 129813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkidas, A.C. Combustion advancements in gasoline engines. Energy Convers. Manag. 2007, 48, 2751–2761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giakoumis, E.G.; Rakopoulos, C.D.; Dimaratos, A.M.; Rakopoulos, D.C. Exhaust emissions of diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2012, 38, 691–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- D’Ambrosio, S.; Mancarella, A.; Andrea Manelli, A. Utilization of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) in a Euro 6 dual-loop EGR diesel engine: Behavior as a drop-in fuel and potentialities along calibration parameter sweeps. Energies 2022, 15, 7202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sterlepper, S.; Fischer, M.; Classen, J.; Huth, V.; Pischinger, S. Concepts for hydrogen internal combustion engines and their implications on the exhaust gas aftertreatment system. Energies 2021, 14, 8166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlucci, A.P.; Ficarella, A.; Strafella, L.; Trullo, G. Comprehensive characterization of the behavior of a diesel oxidation catalyst used on a dual-fuel engine. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 2020, 146, 04020055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D.; Giakoumis, E.G.; Papagiannakis, R.G. Evaluating oxygenated fuel’s influence on combustion and emissions in diesel engines using a two-zone combustion model. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 2018, 144, 04018046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Rakopoulos, D.C.; Kosmadakis, G.M.; Papagiannakis, R.G. Experimental comparative assessment of butanol or ethanol diesel-fuel extenders impact on combustion features, cyclic irregularity, and regulated emissions balance in heavy-duty diesel engine. Energy 2019, 174, 1145–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Kosmadakis, G.M.; Pariotis, E.G. Evaluation of a combustion model for the simulation of hydrogen spark-ignition engines using a CFD code. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35, 12545–12560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verhelst, S.; Wallner, T. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2009, 35, 490–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, M.B. Cyclic Dispersion in the Homogeneous-Charge Spark-Ignition Engine—A Literature Survey; SAE Paper No. 810020; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Kosmadakis, G.M.; Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D. Effect of two mechanisms contributing to the cyclic-variability of a methane-hydrogen fueled spark-ignition engine by using a fast CFD methodology. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 2023, 149, 04022058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Rakopoulos, D.C.; Kosmadakis, G.M.; Zannis, T.C.; Kyritsis, D.C. Studying the cyclic variability (CCV) of performance and NO and CO emissions in a methane-run high-speed SI engine via quasi-dimensional turbulent combustion modeling and two CCV influencing mechanisms. Energy 2023, 272, 127042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozdor, N.; Dulger, M.; Sher, E. Cyclic Variability in Spark-Ignition Engines A Literature Survey; SAE Paper No. 940987; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Verhelst, S.; Sheppard, C.G.W. Multi-zone thermodynamic modeling of spark-ignition engine combustion—An overview. Energy Convers. Manag. 2009, 50, 1326–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaggioli, R.A.; Paulus, D.M., Jr. Available energy-Part II: Gibbs extended. Trans. ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2002, 124, 110–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunbar, W.R.; Lior, N.; Gaggioli, R.A. The component equations of energy and exergy. Trans. ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol. 1992, 114, 75–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caton, J.A. A Review of Investigations Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics to Study Internal-Combustion Engines; SAE Paper No. 2000-01-1081; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Giakoumis, E.G. Second-law analyses applied to internal combustion engines operation. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2006, 32, 2–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Rakopoulos, D.C.; Kyritsis, D.C.; Andritsakis, E.C.; Mavropoulos, G.C. Exergy evaluation of equivalence ratio, compression ratio and residual gas effects in variable compression ratio spark-ignition engine using quasi-dimensional combustion modeling. Energy 2022, 244, 123080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunbar, W.R.; Lior, N. Sources of combustion irreversibility. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1994, 103, 41–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Wang, E.; Meng, F.; Zhang, F.; Zhao, C. Closed-loop PI control of an Organic Rankine Cycle for engine exhaust heat recovery. Energies 2020, 13, 3817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lior, N.; Rudy, G.L. Second-law analysis of an ideal Otto cycle. Energy Convers. Manag. 1988, 28, 327–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Gerpen, J.H.; Shapiro, H.N. Second-law analysis of diesel engine combustion. Trans ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 1990, 112, 129–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shapiro, H.N.; Van Gerpen, J.H. Two Zone Combustion Models for Second Law Analysis of Internal Combustion Engines; SAE Paper No. 890823; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Caton, J.A. Operating Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Effects of Speed and Load; SAE Paper No. 2000-01-0952; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Caton, J.A. A Cycle Simulation Including the Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Spark-Ignition Engine: Implications of the Use of Multiple-Zones for Combustion; SAE Paper No. 2002-01-0007; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Rakopoulos, C.D. Evaluation of a spark ignition engine cycle using first and second law analysis techniques. Energy Convers. Manage 1993, 34, 1299–1314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Michos, C.N.; Giakoumis, E.G. Studying the effects of hydrogen addition on the second-law balance of a biogas-fuelled spark-ignition engine by use of a quasi-dimensional multi-zone combustion model. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2008, 222, 2249–2268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Kyritsis, D.C. Comparative second-law analysis of internal combustion engine operation for methane, methanol and dodecane fuels. Energy 2001, 26, 705–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Andritsakis, E.C. DI and IDI diesel engines combustion irreversibility analysis. In Proceedings of the ASME-WA Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA, 28 November–3 December 1993; Volume 30, pp. 17–32. [Google Scholar]
- Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D.; Kosmadakis, G.M.; Giakoumis, E.G. Exergy assessment of combustion and EGR and load effects in DI diesel engine using comprehensive two-zone modeling. Energy 2020, 202, 117685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Michos, C.N. Generation of combustion irreversibilities in a spark ignition engine under biogas–hydrogen mixtures fueling. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2009, 34, 4422–4437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Kyritsis, D.C. Hydrogen enrichment effects on the second-law analysis of natural and landfill gas combustion in engine cylinders. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2006, 31, 1384–1393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozcan, H. Hydrogen enrichment effects on the second-law analysis of a lean burn natural gas engine. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35, 1443–1452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayad, S.M.M.E.; Belchior, C.R.P.; Sodre, J.R. Exergoeconomic analysis of a lean burn engine operating with ethanol and hydrogen addition. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2024, 61, 387–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, P.; Li, Y.; Duan, X.; Liu, J.; Wang, S.; Zou, P.; Fang, Y. Experimental investigation of the effects of CR, hydrogen addition strategies on performance, energy and exergy characteristics of a heavy-duty NGSI engine fueled with 99% methane content. Fuel 2020, 259, 116212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, S.; Wang, P.; Liu, J. Experimental investigation and numerical assessment the effects of EGR and hydrogen addition strategies on performance, energy and exergy characteristics of a heavy-duty lean-burn NGSI engine. Fuel 2020, 279, 117824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, X.; Li, D.; Sun, P.; Li, G.; Yang, S.; Yao, C. Energy and exergy analysis of a combined injection engine using gasoline port injection coupled with gasoline or hydrogen direct injection under lean-burn conditions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 8253–8268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, P.; Liu, Z.; Yu, X.; Yao, C.; Guo, Z.; Yang, S. Experimental study on heat and exergy balance of dual-fuel combined injection engine with hydrogen and gasoline. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2019, 44, 22301–22315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhyani, V.; Subramanian, K.A. Experimental based comparative exergy analysis of a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with different gaseous (CNG, HCNG, and hydrogen) fuels. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2019, 44, 20440–20451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosmadakis, G.M.; Rakopoulos, D.C.; Arroyo, J.; Moreno, F.; Munoz, M.; Rakopoulos, C.D. CFD-based method with an improved ignition model for estimating cyclic variability in a spark-ignition engine fueled with methane. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 174, 769–778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D.; Giakoumis, E.G.; Kosmadakis, G.M. Numerical and experimental study by quasi-dimensional modeling of combustion and emissions in variable compression ratio high-speed spark-ignition engine. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 2021, 147, 04021032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno, F.; Arroyo, J.; Munoz, M.; Monne, C. Combustion analysis of a spark ignition engine fueled with gaseous blends containing hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 13564–13573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno, F.; Munoz, M.; Arroyo, J.; Magen, O.; Monne, C.; Suelves, I. Efficiency and emissions in a vehicle spark ignition engine fueled with hydrogen and methane blends. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 11495–11503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferguson, C.R. Internal Combustion Engines; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Heywood, J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Annand, W.J.D. Heat transfer in the cylinders of reciprocating internal combustion engines. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 1963, 177, 973–990. [Google Scholar]
- Lavoie, G.A.; Heywood, J.B.; Keck, J.C. Experimental and theoretical study of nitric oxide formation in internal combustion engines. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1970, 1, 313–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosmadakis, G.M.; Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D. Investigation of nitric oxide emission mechanisms in a SI engine fueled with methane/hydrogen blends using a research CFD code. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, 15088–15104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blizard, N.C.; Keck, J.C. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Turbulent Burning Model for Internal Combustion Engines; SAE Paper No. 740191; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- Tabaczynski, R.J.; Trinker, F.H.; Shannon, B.A.S. Further refinement and validation of a turbulent flame propagation model for spark-ignition engines. Combust. Flame 1980, 39, 111–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beretta, G.P.; Rashidi, M.; Keck, J.C. Turbulent flame propagation and combustion in spark ignition engines. Comb. Flame 1983, 52, 217–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouimette, P.; Seers, P. Numerical comparison of premixed laminar flame velocity of methane and wood syngas. Fuel 2009, 88, 528–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verhelst, S.; Sierens, R. A quasi-dimensional model for the power cycle of a hydrogen-fuelled ICE. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32, 3545–3554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhodes, D.B.; Keck, J.C. Laminar Burning Speeds Measurements of Indolene-Air Diluent Mixtures at High Pressures and Temperatures; SAE Paper No. 850047; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Di Sarli, V.; Di Benedetto, A. Laminar burning velocity of hydrogen-methane/premixed flames. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32, 637–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, C.; Liu, X.; Wang, S.; Gao, B.; Yang, J. Development and validation of a laminar flame speed correlation for the CFD simulation of hydrogen-enriched gasoline engines. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 1997–2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Sherif, S.A. Control of emissions by gaseous additives in methane–air and carbon monoxide–air flames. Fuel 2000, 79, 567–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Annand, W.J.D. Geometry of spherical flame propagation in a disc-shaped combustion chamber. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1970, 12, 146–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moran, M.J. Availability Analysis: A Guide to Efficient Energy Use; Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Bejan, A.; Tsatsaronis, G.; Moran, M. Thermal Design and Optimization; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Moran, M.J.; Shapiro, H.N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Lewis, G.N.; Randall, M. Thermodynamics; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1961. [Google Scholar]
- Kosmadakis, G.M.; Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D. Assessing the cyclic-variability of spark-ignition engine running on methane-hydrogen blends with high hydrogen content of up to 50%. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 17955–17968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turns, S.R. An Introduction to Combustion—Concepts and Applications; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Fox, J.W.; Cheng, W.K.; Heywood, J.B. A Model for Predicting Residual Gas Fraction in Spark-Ignition Engines; SAE Paper No. 931025; Society of Automotive Engineers International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Mavropoulos, G.C. Experimental instantaneous heat fluxes in the cylinder head and exhaust manifold of an air-cooled diesel engine. Energy Convers. Manag. 2000, 41, 1265–1281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakopoulos, C.D.; Giakoumis, E.G.; Rakopoulos, D.C. Study of the short-term cylinder wall temperature oscillations during transient operation of a turbocharged diesel engine with various insulation schemes. Int. J. Engine Res. 2008, 9, 177–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, C.F. The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1985; Volume II. [Google Scholar]
- Stone, R. Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 2nd ed.; MacMillan: London, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Kosmadakis, G.M.; Rakopoulos, C.D.; Demuynck, J.; De Paepe, M.; Verhelst, S. CFD modeling and experimental study of combustion and nitric oxide emissions in hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engine operating in a very wide range of EGR rates. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 10917–10934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irimescu, A.; Vaglieco, B.M.; Merola, S.S.; Zollo, V.; De Marinis, R. Conversion of a small-size passenger car to hydrogen fueling: 0D/1D simulation of EGR and related flow limitations. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, C.; Chai, S.; Wang, H.; Ji, C.; Ge, Y.; Di, L. An insight into direct water injection applied on the hydrogen-enriched rotary engine. Fuel 2023, 339, 127352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, J.; Qu, P.; Wang, H.; Zhou, C.; Zhang, L.; Shi, C. Implementation of various bowl designs in an HPDI natural gas engine focused on performance and pollutant emissions. Chemosphere 2022, 303, 135275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pressure p0 = 0.101325 MPa | Temperature T0 = 298.15 K |
---|---|
Species | Molar (vol.) Composition |
N2 Molecular Nitrogen | 0.7567 |
O2 Molecular Oxygen | 0.2035 |
H2O Water (vapor) | 0.0303 |
CO2 Carbon Dioxide | 0.0003 |
Rest trace gases, as e.g., Argon | 0.0092 |
Properties of Fuels for Combustion in Air | Methane | Hydrogen |
---|---|---|
Molecular weight (kg/kmol) | 16.043 | 2.015 |
Density at 25 °C and 1 atm (kg/m3) | 0.656 | 0.082 |
Octane number | 120 | 130 |
Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by vol. | 9.52 | 2.38 |
Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by mass | 34.50 | 17.25 |
Lower heating value per unit mass of fuel (MJ/kg) | 50.00 | 120.00 |
Fuel specific chemical exergy (MJ/kg) | 52.00 | 117.00 |
Lower heating value per Nm3 of fuel (kJ/Nm3) | 35,714 | 10,713 |
Lower heating value per Nm3 of stoich. fuel-air mixture (kJ/Nm3) | 3384 | 3173 |
EQR Lean flammability limit | 0.46 | 0.14 |
EQR Rich flammability limit | 1.64 | 2.54 |
Laminar flame speed (LFS) at 25 °C and 1 atm (m/s) | 0.40 | 2.10 |
Mass diffusivity in air at 0 °C and 1 atm (cm2/s) | 0.16 | 0.61 |
Minimum ignition energy at EQR = 1.0 (10−5 J) | 33.0 | 2.0 |
Quenching distance at EQR = 1.0 (mm) | 2.50 | 0.64 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rakopoulos, D.C.; Rakopoulos, C.D.; Kosmadakis, G.M.; Giakoumis, E.G.; Kyritsis, D.C. Exergy Analysis in Highly Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine at Diverse Equivalence Ratios via Two-Zone Quasi-Dimensional Modeling. Energies 2024, 17, 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163964
Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Kosmadakis GM, Giakoumis EG, Kyritsis DC. Exergy Analysis in Highly Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine at Diverse Equivalence Ratios via Two-Zone Quasi-Dimensional Modeling. Energies. 2024; 17(16):3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163964
Chicago/Turabian StyleRakopoulos, Dimitrios C., Constantine D. Rakopoulos, George M. Kosmadakis, Evangelos G. Giakoumis, and Dimitrios C. Kyritsis. 2024. "Exergy Analysis in Highly Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine at Diverse Equivalence Ratios via Two-Zone Quasi-Dimensional Modeling" Energies 17, no. 16: 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163964
APA StyleRakopoulos, D. C., Rakopoulos, C. D., Kosmadakis, G. M., Giakoumis, E. G., & Kyritsis, D. C. (2024). Exergy Analysis in Highly Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine at Diverse Equivalence Ratios via Two-Zone Quasi-Dimensional Modeling. Energies, 17(16), 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163964