Energy Awareness, Energy Use, and Energy-Saving Opportunities in the Caribbean: The Island Curaçao as a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Background
3. Materials and Methods
- the interviewer introduces himself/herself;
- a short and clear description of the survey;
- an explanation of the procedure of the survey;
- an estimation of the time needed to complete the survey;
- the respondent is asked to join the survey; and
- after having completed the survey, the interviewer extends gratitude to the respondent.
- E: is the energy use of the appliance
- P: is the power of the appliance in kW
- t: is the time used per day
- n: is the total number of appliances
4. Results Findings of the Conducted Household Energy Survey
5. Discussion
5.1. Scientific Contributions
5.2. Policy Implications
5.3. Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Survey Questions Energy Use by Households in Curaçao
- How many people live in your household?
- What is the total monthly income of your household?
- Do you practice energy saving?
- What motivates you to save energy?
- What methods do you use to save energy?
- Which appliances do you utilize?
- How do you determine the cost of energy-efficient appliances?
- Are you seeking additional information on energy conservation?
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Household Sizes | 1p | 2p | 3p | 4p | 5p | 6p | >6p | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of households | 65 | 108 | 88 | 66 | 36 | 11 | 8 | 382 |
Income Categories | Percentages and Number of Households | |
---|---|---|
Census 2011 | Survey 2023 | |
Low income < 1125 USD | (30.0%) | 115 (27.0%) |
Middle income: 1125–2808 USD | (32.0%) | 122 (38.0%) |
High income > 2808 USD | (33.0%) | 126 (33.0%) |
Unknown | (5.0%) | 19 (3.0%) |
Total | (100%) | 382 (100%) |
No | Motives to Save Energy | Low-Income Households | Middle-Income Households | High-Income Households | Total Households |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Financial | 79.0% | 36.1% | 37.2% | 50.1% |
2 | Environment | 0.9% | 41.5% | 15.5% | 19.6% |
3 | Environment and financial | 13.1% | 11.6% | 32.6% | 19.4% |
4 | No motives (do not take action) | 7% | 10.8% | 14.7% | 10.9% |
5 | Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
No | Energy-Saving Methods | Low-Income Households | Middle-Income Households | High-Income Households | Total Households |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Turning off lights and appliances when they are not used | 94.3% | 96.6% | 92.2% | 94.3% |
2 | LED Lamps | 82.0% | 85.0% | 82.9% | 83.3% |
3 | Energy-saving air conditioner (AC) Inverter | 49.0% | 80.3% | 89.9% | 73.7% |
4 | LED-TV | 74.0% | 79.6% | 79.8% | 77.9% |
5 | Inverter refrigerator or efficient refrigerator | 16.0% | 54.4% | 64.3% | 45.7% |
6 | Inverter washing machine or efficient washing machine | 9.40% | 31.3% | 50.3% | 31.0% |
7 | Energy-saving lamps | 15.1% | 30.6% | 33.3% | 26.6% |
8 | Candle | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.7% |
9 | Pool pump timer | 0.7% | 0.2% |
No | Type of Appliances | Appliances Low-Income Households | Appliances Middle-Income Households | Appliances High-Income Households | Total Number of Appliances | Energy Use (kWh) per Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Inverter air conditioner | 70 | 224 | 298 | 592 | 1,608,864 |
2 | Refrigerator with freezer | 108 | 145 | 142 | 395 | 462,265 |
3 | Non-inverter air conditioner | 27 | 32 | 37 | 96 | 402,296 |
4 | Electric oven | 32 | 49 | 65 | 146 | 333,360 |
5 | Electric stove | 9 | 27 | 39 | 75 | 298,080 |
6 | Television | 158 | 259 | 314 | 731 | 294,041 |
7 | Small electric boiler | 12 | 54 | 94 | 160 | 201,600 |
8 | Freezer | 23 | 24 | 51 | 98 | 129,005 |
9 | Router | 90 | 127 | 146 | 363 | 94,090 |
10 | TV-Box/Telecommunication company | 88 | 132 | 122 | 342 | 88,646 |
11 | Iron | 108 | 133 | 133 | 374 | 84,823 |
12 | Desktop | 15 | 40 | 67 | 122 | 70,272 |
13 | Fan | 195 | 315 | 346 | 856 | 67,795 |
14 | Indoor light bulb | 66 | 201 | 242 | 509 | 65,966 |
15 | Laptop | 40 | 143 | 210 | 393 | 50,933 |
16 | Electric dryer | 8 | 19 | 27 | 54 | 44,064 |
17 | Indoor led lamp | 585 | 1034 | 1195 | 2814 | 42,548 |
18 | Outdoor led lamp | 203 | 482 | 716 | 1401 | 42,366 |
19 | Outdoor fluorescent lamp | 175 | 198 | 167 | 540 | 39,972 |
20 | Outdoor light bulb | 23 | 45 | 78 | 146 | 37,843 |
21 | TV-box/Android | 37 | 114 | 175 | 326 | 28,166 |
22 | Microwave | 60 | 100 | 103 | 263 | 26,684 |
23 | Electrical boiler for bathing | 3 | 10 | 10 | 23 | 25,308 |
24 | Rice-cooker | 75 | 104 | 112 | 291 | 20,873 |
25 | Semi-automatic washing machine | 83 | 64 | 45 | 192 | 18,931 |
26 | Automatic washing machine | 23 | 83 | 87 | 193 | 18,528 |
27 | Electric kettle | 24 | 74 | 76 | 174 | 6264 |
28 | Indoor fluorescent lamp | 67 | 61 | 27 | 155 | 6407 |
29 | Refrigerator without freezer | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 2400 |
30 | Printer | 28 | 78 | 93 | 199 | 239 |
31 | Non-automatic washing machine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Bulbaai, R.R.; Halman, J.I.M. Energy Awareness, Energy Use, and Energy-Saving Opportunities in the Caribbean: The Island Curaçao as a Case Study. Energies 2024, 17, 4829. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194829
Bulbaai RR, Halman JIM. Energy Awareness, Energy Use, and Energy-Saving Opportunities in the Caribbean: The Island Curaçao as a Case Study. Energies. 2024; 17(19):4829. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194829
Chicago/Turabian StyleBulbaai, Richenel R., and Johannes I. M. Halman. 2024. "Energy Awareness, Energy Use, and Energy-Saving Opportunities in the Caribbean: The Island Curaçao as a Case Study" Energies 17, no. 19: 4829. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194829
APA StyleBulbaai, R. R., & Halman, J. I. M. (2024). Energy Awareness, Energy Use, and Energy-Saving Opportunities in the Caribbean: The Island Curaçao as a Case Study. Energies, 17(19), 4829. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194829