Enhancing Voltage and Power Stability in Distribution System with Photovoltaic from the Benefits of Battery Energy Storage

Abstract

This paper presents a method of enhancing voltage and power stability in a distribution system with the photovoltaic benefits of battery energy storage. The objective is to use photovoltaic-distributed generation and a battery energy storage system in order to reduce power loss to a minimum and generate a voltage up to or above 0.95 p.u, which is the voltage standard in Thailand. This paper used MATLAB (Version R2024b-acdemic use) to conduct test experiments, and the system for the case studies is an IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system. There are five study cases in this paper. Case 1 is before the installation of the photovoltaic and battery energy storage system. Case 2 is the installation of the photovoltaic-distributed generator in four buses. Case 3 is the installation of the photovoltaic-distributed generator in only one bus. Case 4 is the installation of the photovoltaic distributed generator in two buses that have the most voltage drop. Case 5 is the installation of the photovoltaic-distributing generator in four buses and the battery energy storage system in two buses. The results show that Case 5 is the best because the voltage drop is never below 0.95 per unit or below the lowest power loss.

1. Introduction

The supply voltages from far away or at the ends of power lines experience power loss from voltage fluctuations because there is no standard required of the internal load line resistance on electric supply voltage fluctuation or electric power. One of the solutions to this is to set up an auxiliary generator, which is a small piece of technology used to supply electricity. A distributed generator, which is another solution, can be used with small technologies for electric generation that requires access to the electric supplier’s electric system. At present, it implements renewable technology in the distributed generator [1].

In 2023 [2], there was a study about a selective-sizing battery energy storage system with a photovoltaic system installed in urban areas in the Maltese Islands. Due to the limited installation area in these islands, batteries have to be calculated to be of optimal size before they are installed in the system. In 2023 [3], this paper proposed an optimization considering many periods of power flow for the optimal allocation and operation of battery energy storage systems with photovoltaics, aiming to reduce energy power losses. An IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system was used. In 2024 [4], a study was conducted on a technique to solute voltage drops with a photovoltaic-distributed generator, with an experiment conducted using an IEEE 69-bus system using a tabu search algorithm, which showed that photovoltaic system generation is able to increase efficiency in voltage drop solutions. In 2024 [5], a case study explored the possibility of shortening the payback period of carbon credits from a photovoltaic rooftop system from 149.80 kWp to 25.68 kWp, measured by PVsyst, which was divided into 7 years, 14 years, and 25 years. In this case, study, it was found that after installing a photovoltaic on the rooftop of a factory, the generator was able to shorten the payback period. This is not only economically good, but it is also good as a carbon credit project. This article also calculates the economic results for the breakeven point, including carbon credit.

This paper presents the application of a photovoltaic and battery energy storage system to improve voltage drop in an electric supply system and increase efficiency in a distribution system. This distribution system was tested using an IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system with a program in MATLAB (Version R2024b-acdemic use) and analyzed in five cases. The photovoltaic system is shown in Figure 1.

2. Photovoltaic Technology

Photovoltaic technology is an invention that is able to convert solar energy directly into an electric current. This effect is called the photovoltaic laboratory. In the year 1954, photovoltaics were invented and used first in the USA, with an efficiency of 6%. Nowadays, photovoltaics have been developed to increase efficiency values. The early objective of photovoltaics is to generate electricity from solar rays in space projects. After general use in space projects, its applications can be expanded to the use of photovoltaics in global industry-grade applications [6].

Voltage drop and power loss enhancement commonly are enhanced by distributed generators, which consist of separated generators, such as water, wind, and solar generators. In this article, the focus is on solar energy, which comprises a type of photovoltaic generator [7].

Photovoltaics comprise equipment that converts solar energy to electric energy via solar rays. There are a lot of photovoltaic electric systems connected on a grid in order to enhance overloads or voltages under 0.95 p.u. and even power loss. This system consists of more than two photovoltaic systems that convert solar energy into electric energy in direct current solar power systems, which supply power to a direct current power source, where an inverter converts the direct current power into alternating current power. In recent years, almost all large urban power outages have been caused by the overloading of transmission lines, which are resolved by connecting the distribution system to distributed photovoltaic systems [8]. A photovoltaic system used in a factory is shown in Figure 2.

Therefore, a strategy for controlling electric power using solar cells is proposed in this paper to design and meet load demands. This is used within a high-end distribution system, and this strategy is mainly used in downstream power distribution systems and automatic and instantaneous external power supplies, where photovoltaic systems are programmed into a working model that can access the maximum new energy and operate in the grid-connected mode to deliver solar power. This solar cell is used for power users near the end of the transmission line. Distributed solar cell technology is arranged in the distribution system to improve the power loss and voltage drop. With distributed solar cell technology, under technical conditions, the model of the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system is developed using MATLAB (Version R2024b-acdemic use) [9].

3. Battery Energy Storage System Operation

A battery energy storage system is an additional photovoltaic device that stores the oversupply generated electricity when there is more electricity than the needed load. The battery energy storage system stores electric energy and direct currents, which react chemically to transform into preserved electric energy in order to supply the future [10]. The battery energy storage systems used in homes are shown in Figure 3.

Battery use for electric energy storage in systems: Solar energy can be stored in high capacities, and it supplies electric currents for a longer period than conventional batteries, which have special thick lead plates in them called deep-cycle batteries. However, this battery is not able to supply high-current electricity. So, it is not good in high-demand electric current applications. During use, the charge should not be lower than 60 percent and should be stored in a cool place with temperatures not exceeding 25 degrees Celsius. The charge must not be too high because it will make the battery very hot and deteriorate faster. Solar cell batteries are used for storing solar energy [11].

In this article, the authors use batteries to store overgenerated energy from solar cells, which is then supplied to transmission lines when photovoltaics are not able to generate electricity. This shows that batteries are able to support any enhanced voltage drops and power loss in IEEE 33 bus radial distribution systems [12].

4. Power Distribution System

A power distribution system is divided into three systems: one is an electrical generation system, which is a system that transforms other energy into electric energy (for example, photovoltaics from photovoltaic farms convert solar energy into electric energy; dams convert potential energy in water into electric energy; coal electric generators convert heat energy from burning coal into electric energy). Electric energy is supplied to transformers to change the voltage value to high voltages in order to reduce energy loss in electric systems [13]. After this, high-voltage electricity is supplied to switchyards in order to configure electric quality and supplies to the transmission system. The transmission system, which receives electricity from electrical generation systems, then supplies electricity to substations in order to reduce voltages from high voltages to medium voltages. Medium voltages are then supplied to the distribution system. This form of electricity is supplied to transformers, which transform either higher or lower voltages for consumption in houses or factories in one phase or three phases [14]. A power distribution system is shown in Figure 4.

The power distribution system is another important system of homes, office buildings, and various factories. It is also an important part of planning the use of electrical energy in factories or efficient buildings, in which power distribution systems form the basis of creating IEEE 33 bus radial distribution systems [15].

5. IEEE 33 Bus Radial Distribution System

The IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system was developed in 1989, and it is used in study cases about power loss reduction and load balance. This system was tested with respect to smart power and new technology, such as renewable energy generation and demand management mechanisms. In the following years, the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system for new distributed power supplies was developed, improved, and tested. In order to make the experiment more comprehensive relative to real limitations, a radial case study is proposed. Moreover, the use of case study data in the proposed test system is also increased. The goal is to develop a test system that is similar to a real distribution system with real lines. The original version has a bus voltage of 0.9 to 1.1 for testing, and it has been changed to 0.95 to 1.05, which is the acceptable range in general power distribution systems [16].

At the present time, the electrical energy dataset depends on the geographical location of the installation. In the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system, the problem of voltage drop and power loss is solved using distributed generators in the installation. Renewable energy or batteries, which are backup power storage systems, can be installed. The electrical energy storage system can be thought of as a power generator or a load depending on the amount of energy, regardless of whether it is the maximum or minimum power supply or a limitation of charging or distributing electricity to the energy storage as specified. This system has losses during charging or distributing electricity depending on the technology [17]. The IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system is shown in Figure 5.

6. Power Loss

In the transmission system, the distribution of electricity to remote locations and locations at the end of transmission lines may cause power losses, voltage drops, or overloads in the power system due to various physical and practical factors, which cause electrical energy to be dissipated in the form of heat and reduced efficiency. These losses occur during the process of transmitting electrical energy over long distances from the power generation site to the consumer. The main causes of power loss are transmission line resistance, transformer losses, and reactive power flow, which are compensated for by distributed generation, which consists of separate generators and sometimes renewable energy, such as hydro power, wind power, solar power, etc. [18].

Simulation power distribution systems with access to distributed generators: The direction of power flow is predominantly towards the network rather than the load side in a conventional distribution system without access to distributed generators. The inflow to the load side is proportional to the distance between the substation and the load side. The current flowing from the substation is the current flowing from the distributed generator power, the distance between the substation and the solar power, and the distance between the solar power and the load side. The generation of distributed generators and loads with a radial distribution system is represented by a bus impedance matrix. When power is lost, the radial distribution system is equivalent to a single node with all connections and loads [19]. The compensation for power loss is shown in Figure 6.

7. Power Flow Equation

The real power and reactive power between buses are calculated using Equations (1) and (2) [20].

$$P_{i+1}=P_i-P_{Li+1}-R_{i,i+1}\left({\displaystyle \frac{P_i^2+Q_i^2}{{\left|V_i\right|}^2}}\right)$$

(1)

$$Q_{i+1}=Q_i-Q_{Li+1}-X_{i,i+1}\left({\displaystyle \frac{P_i^2+Q_i^2}{{\left|V_i\right|}^2}}\right)$$

(2)

The power loss in line connections between bus i and bus i + 1 is calculated using Equation (3):

$$P_{Loss}(i,i+1)=R_{i,i+1}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(P_i^2+Q_i^2)}{{\left|V_i\right|}^2}}\right]$$

(3)

where $P_i,Q_i$ is the real power and reactive power value at bus i;

$V_i$ is the voltage value at bus i;

$R_{i,i+1}$ is the line resistance value between bus i and i + 1;

$X_{i,i+1}$ is the line reactance value between bus i and i + 1.

8. Flowchart

The flowchart shows the procedures for testing in this research paper. The flowchart is shown in Figure 7.

In Figure 7, we start by studying data from the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system. Then, we input the initial data of the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system into Matlab (Version R2024b-acdemic use). Then, we test the program and study the test results of the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system by looking at the voltage value and power loss. After this, we noticed that the buses that are mostly at the end of the transmission line of the power distribution system have voltage values that are lower than the standard of 0.95 P.U., and this indicates power loss in the distribution system. Due to this observation, the authors of this article study the voltage drop and power loss. The voltage in the power distribution system can be improved by installing solar cells to supply voltages at the point where the voltage drops, and using a battery helps store excess power produced by the solar cells and supply power when the voltage drops occur. Then, we test the program and study the test results voltage drop and power loss.

9. Case Study

In this study, every bus where a voltage drop occurred required either photovoltaic or battery storage installation. This was carried out to generate voltages of up to or above 0.95 per unit, which is the Thailand standard. There were 5 different condition tests. Due to the metropolitan electricity authority, a bus that exhibited less than 0.95 per unit was considered a site for voltage drops.

Case 1 shows the buses have voltage drops under 0.95 p.u. before the installation of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems. Case 2 comprises a case from theory, and it installs distributed generators in many buses, which is more efficient than installing a large generator in one bus. So, photovoltaics are installed where voltage drops occurred: bus 16, 18, 31, and 33 with voltage drops of 0.916, 0.913, 0.918, and 0.917, respectively, and photovoltaic sizes of 180, 240, 240, and 400 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. Case 3 comprises a case in which bus 18, which had the lowest voltage drop of 0.913 p.u. in the IEEE 33 bus system, has a distributed photovoltaic system installed, with the largest size of 1060 kW in one bus. Case 4 comprises a case with photovoltaic systems installed in both buses 18 and 33, which have voltage drops of 0.913 and 0.917 P.U. at photovoltaic sizes of 430 and 630 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. Case 5 comprises a case in which a more efficient distributed photovoltaic system is installed in one bus, resulting in distributed generator installations of 0.916, 0.913, 0.918, and 0.917 with photovoltaic sizes of 180, 240, 240, and 400 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic is 1060 kW. In order to increase the efficiency of battery energy storage systems, they are installed on buses 14 and 29, where voltage drops of 0.919 and 0.926, respectively, occur with sizes of 40 kWh; the total size of the battery energy storage system is 80 kWh. These batteries store electric energy from photovoltaic systems. Line data and load in the IEEE 33 bus system during peak load before the installation of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems as shown in

Table 1. Line data and load in the IEEE 33 bus system during peak load [1].

No. Branch	From Bus	To Bus	R (Ω)	X (Ω)	No Load Bus	Load at to Bus
						P (kW)	Q (kVAr)
1	1	2	0.0922	0.048	1	0	0
2	2	3	0.4930	0.251	2	100	60
3	3	4	0.3660	0.186	3	90	40
4	4	5	0.3811	0.194	4	120	80
5	5	6	0.8190	0.707	5	60	30
6	6	7	0.1872	0.619	6	60	20
7	7	8	17.114	12.35	7	200	100
8	8	9	1.0300	0.740	8	200	100
9	9	10	1.0400	0.740	9	60	20
10	10	11	0.1966	0.065	10	60	20
11	11	12	0.3744	0.124	11	45	30
12	12	13	1.4680	1.155	12	60	35
13	13	14	0.5416	0.713	13	60	35
14	14	15	0.5910	0.526	14	120	80
15	15	16	0.7463	0.545	15	60	10
16	16	17	1.2890	1.721	16	60	20
17	17	18	0.7320	0.574	17	60	20
18	18	19	0.1640	0.157	18	90	40
19	19	20	15.042	13.55	19	90	40
20	20	21	0.4095	0.478	20	90	40
21	21	22	0.7089	0.937	21	90	40
22	22	23	0.4512	0.308	22	90	40
23	23	24	0.8980	0.709	23	90	50
24	24	25	0.8960	0.701	24	420	200
25	25	26	0.2030	0.103	25	420	200
26	26	27	0.2842	0.145	26	60	25
27	27	28	1.0590	0.934	27	60	25
28	28	29	0.8042	0.701	28	60	20
29	29	30	0.5075	0.259	29	120	70
30	30	31	0.9744	0.963	30	200	600
31	31	32	0.3105	0.362	31	150	70
32	32	33	0.3410	0.530	32	210	100
					33	60	40

.

Case 1: Case 1 is the case before the installation of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems. Case 1 is shown in Figure 8.

Case 2: This is the case with photovoltaic systems installed on buses 16, 18, 31, and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 180, 240, 240, and 400 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. Case 2 is shown in Figure 9.

Case 3: This is the case in which a photovoltaic system was installed on bus 18 with a photovoltaic size of 1060 kW; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. Case 3 is shown in Figure 10.

Case 4: This is the case with a photovoltaic system installed on buses 18 and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 430 and 630 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. Case 4 is shown in Figure 11.

Case 5: This is the case with a photovoltaic system installed on buses 16, 18, 31, and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 180, 240, 240, and 400 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. Battery energy storage systems are installed on buses 14 and 29 with a size of 40 kWh; the total size of the battery energy storage system is 80 kWh. Case 5 is shown in Figure 12.

Location and size of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems case 1, case 2, case 3, case 4, and case 5 as show in

Table 2. Location and size of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems.

Case	Bus Photovoltaic Installation	Photovoltaic Size (kW)	Total Size of Photovoltaic System (kW)	Bus Battery Energy Storage System Installation	Size of Battery Energy Storage System (kWh)	Total Size of Battery Energy Storage System (kW)
1	-	-	-	-	-	-
2	16, 18, 31, 33	180, 240, 240, 400	1060	-	-	-
3	18	1060	1060	-	-	-
4	18, 33	430, 630	1060	-	-	-
5	16, 18, 31, 33	180, 240, 240, 400	1060	14, 29	40, 40	80

. Resultant voltage (p.u.) case 1, case 2, case 3, case 4, and case 5 as show in

Table 3. Resultant voltage (p.u.).

No. Bus	Voltage (p.u.)
	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5
1	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
2	0.997	0.998	0.998	0.998	0.998
3	0.983	0.987	0.987	0.987	0.987
4	0.975	0.983	0.982	0.982	0.982
5	0.968	0.978	0.977	0.978	0.978
6	0.950	0.966	0.965	0.966	0.966
7	0.946	0.963	0.963	0.963	0.963
8	0.941	0.960	0.963	0.960	0.960
9	0.935	0.957	0.964	0.957	0.957
10	0.929	0.954	0.965	0.954	0.954
11	0.928	0.954	0.965	0.954	0.954
12	0.927	0.953	0.966	0.954	0.954
13	0.921	0.952	0.970	0.952	0.952
14	0.919	0.951	0.972	0.951	0.951
15	0.917	0.951	0.974	0.951	0.951
16	0.916	0.952	0.978	0.952	0.952
17	0.914	0.952	0.985	0.954	0.954
18	0.913	0.952	0.989	0.955	0.955
19	0.997	0.997	0.997	0.997	0.997
20	0.993	0.994	0.994	0.994	0.994
21	0.992	0.993	0.993	0.993	0.993
22	0.992	0.992	0.992	0.992	0.992
23	0.979	0.984	0.984	0.984	0.984
24	0.973	0.977	0.977	0.977	0.977
25	0.969	0.974	0.974	0.974	0.974
26	0.948	0.965	0.963	0.965	0.965
27	0.945	0.963	0.960	0.963	0.963
28	0.934	0.957	0.949	0.956	0.956
29	0.926	0.952	0.941	0.952	0.952
30	0.922	0.951	0.938	0.950	0.950
31	0.918	0.951	0.934	0.950	0.950
32	0.917	0.951	0.933	0.951	0.951
33	0.917	0.951	0.932	0.952	0.952

. Figure 13 shows the resultant adjustment voltage drops for case 1 and case 2; this figure shows a comparison between case 1 (the original case with no photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems installed) and case 2 (distributed photovoltaic generator installed on bus 4). Case 1 comprises the case before photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems are installed. The voltage drop numbers below 0.95 per unit bus are 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33. The total number of buses with voltage drops is 20 buses, and the bus with the lowest voltage is bus 18. Case 2 comprises photovoltaic systems installed on buses 16, 18, 31, and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 180, 240, 240, and 400 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. None of the voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the lowest-voltage buses are 14, 15, 30, 31, 32, and 33.

Figure 14 shows the resultant adjustment voltage drops in case 3, case 4, and case 5. This figure shows a comparison between the cases. Case 3 comprises the installation of a distributed photovoltaic generator in only one bus. Case 4 is the case with a distributed photovoltaic generator installed on the two buses that have the most voltage drops, and case 5 comprises the installation of a distributed photovoltaic generator in four buses and the installation of battery energy storage systems in two buses. Case 3 comprises a photovoltaic system installation at bus 18 with a photovoltaic size of 1060 kW; the total photovoltaic size is 1060 kW. The voltage drop numbers below 0.95 per unit bus are 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33. The total number of voltage drop buses is six buses, and the lowest-voltage bus is 33. Case 4 comprises a photovoltaic system installation at buses 18 and 33 with a photovoltaic size of 430 and 630 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 1060 kW. No voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the lowest-voltage buses are 30 and 31. Case 5 comprises a photovoltaic system installation at buses 16, 18, 31, and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 140, 240, 200, and 400 kW, respectively; the total size of the photovoltaic system is 980 kW, and both battery energy storage systems at buses 14 and 29 had a size 40 of kWh; the total size of the battery energy storage system is 80 kWh. None of the voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the lowest-voltage buses are 30 and 31.

Table 4. The resultant power loss and the number of buses that had voltage drops.

Case	Power Loss (kW)	Number of Buses with Voltage Drops	Total Buses with Voltage Drops	The Lowest Voltage Drop
1	202.45	7–18, 26–33	20	18
2	108.64	0	0	14,15, 30, 31, 32, 33
3	147.17	28–33	6	32
4	110.65	0	0	30, 31
5	104.55	0	0	30, 31

shows power loss results and the number of buses that experienced voltage drops. Case 1, which is the case without photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems installed, had a total power loss of 202.45 kW. Case 2, which had photovoltaic systems installed on buses 16, 18, 31, and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 180, 240, 240, and 400 kW, respectively, and a total photovoltaic size of 1060 kW, had a total power loss of 108.64 kW. Case 3, which comprises a photovoltaic system installed on bus 18 with a photovoltaic size of 1060 kW and a total photovoltaic size of 1060 kW, had a total power loss of 147.17 kW. Case 4, which is the case with a photovoltaic system installed on buses 18 and 33 with a photovoltaic size of 430 and 630 kW, respectively, and a total photovoltaic size of 1060 kW, had a total power loss of 110.65 kW. Case 5 had a total power loss of 104.55 kW; this is the case with a photovoltaic system installed on buses 16, 18, 31, and 33 with a photovoltaic size of 140, 240, 200, and 400 kW, respectively, and a total size of photovoltaic 980 kW, and battery energy storage systems were installed on both buses 14 and 29 with a size of 40 kWh. The total size of the battery energy storage system is 80 kWh.

10. Conclusions

Battery storage systems were applied to increase photovoltaic system efficiency in distribution systems. This paper presents the utilization of distributed photovoltaic generation using photovoltaic systems and batteries to support voltage drops and power loss, and five cases were examined. Case 1 comprises the case before the installation of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems. The total number of voltage drop buses is 20 buses, and the power loss is 202.45 kW. Case 2 comprised the installation of a distributed photovoltaic generator in four buses, buses 16, 18, 31, and 33, with photovoltaic sizes of 180, 240, 240, and 400 kW. None of the voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the power loss was 108.64 kW, which was even more reduced than the power loss in case 1 (93.81 kW). Case 3 is the case in which a distributed photovoltaic generator was installed on only one bus. Case 3 comprised the case with a photovoltaic system installed on bus 18 with a photovoltaic size of 1060 kW. The total number of voltage drop buses is six buses, and the power loss is 147.17 kW, which is even more reduced than the power loss in case 1 (55.28 kW). Case 4 is the case in which a distributed photovoltaic generator was installed on two buses with the most voltage drops. Case 4 is the case in which a photovoltaic system was installed on buses 18 and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 430 and 630 kW. None of the voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the power loss was 110.65 kW, which was even more reduced than the power loss in case 1 (91.80 kW). Case 5 comprised a distributed photovoltaic generator installed in four buses, and battery energy storage systems were installed in two buses. Case 5 comprised a photovoltaic system installed in buses 16, 18, 31, and 33 with photovoltaic sizes of 140, 240, 200, and 400 kW, and battery energy storage systems were installed in buses 14 and 29 with a size of 40 kWh. None of the voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the power loss was 104.55 kW, which was even more reduced than the power loss in case 1 (97.90 kW). So, case 2 is the best distributed photovoltaic generation installation without a battery system. None of the voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the power loss was 108.64 kW, but case 5 is better than case 2 because case 5’s total size is larger than case 2, and more battery energy storage systems are installed as auxiliary systems. No voltage drop numbers fell below 0.95 per unit, and the power loss was 104.55 kW.

In this article, studies about voltage drop solutions in an IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system with respect to photovoltaic and battery systems were divided into five cases. In all five cases, the installation of different photovoltaic systems on different buses was carried out. However, the total size of the solar cell in all five cases was equal.

In obvious voltage drop solutions, case 2, case 4, and case 5 were able to solve voltage drop situations in every bus with respect to the voltage standard, which is higher than or equal to 0.95. However, when compared in terms of the power loss in case 2 and case 5, which both have equal sizes, Case 5, with a battery installed additionally, exhibits higher voltages and a decrease in power loss compared to case 2.