Next Article in Journal
Cryopreservation and Cryotolerance Mechanism in Zygotic Embryo and Embryogenic Callus of Oil Palm
Next Article in Special Issue
Fluorescence Properties of Pterocarpus Wood Extract
Previous Article in Journal
Analysis of Trace Elements in Tree Rings of Pines Growing Nearby Steelwork in Southern Poland during the Industrial and Post-Industrial Periods
Previous Article in Special Issue
TiO2-WO3 Loaded onto Wood Surface for Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Forests
Volume 14
Issue 5
10.3390/f14050965
forests-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

B and N Co-Doped Wood Scrap Charcoal for Decorated Supercapacitor with High Conductivity

by
Gaojun Chen
1,
Yudong Li
2,
Enshan Han
1,
Ziqiang Zhang
1,
Xiaohui Yang
3,*,
Desheng Zhou
4 and
Yanzhen He
1,*
1
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
2
Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
3
Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
4
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2023, 14(5), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050965
Submission received: 12 February 2023 / Revised: 20 March 2023 / Accepted: 18 April 2023 / Published: 7 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Chemical Traits)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The optimization of supercapacitive properties in carbon materials derived from cheap and sustainable wood scraps exhibits great application potential. Herein, in support of interfacial groups, polyaniline nanospheres were in situ constructed in the internal pore structure of wood scraps; further, the B and N elements were imported by carbonized and hydrothermal methods. The doped B regulated the species of N doping to improve the electrical conductivity of carbonized wood scraps, and it endowed a certain pseudo-capacitance. Coupled with the fine double-layer capacitance from the hierarchical structures constructed by carbonized nanospheres and wood scrap channels, a high specific capacitance of 406 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, high energy density (17.71 Wh kg−1 at 250 W kg−1) and cycle stability (93.04% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles) were performed simultaneously. This study provided a new strategy to improve the supercapacitive performance of bio-carbon materials in terms of structure and conductance.

1. Introduction

Compared with rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors with short charging time, high power density, long service life and high cycle stability are currently one of the most popular energy storage devices among researchers [1,2,3,4,5]. The electrochemical characteristics of the supercapacitor mainly depend on the properties of electrode materials. Although high-performance supercapacitor materials, such as graphene, carbon nanomaterials, metal oxides and conductive polymers, have been greatly developed [6,7,8,9], the low sustainability and high cost limit their practical applications. Therefore, the development of low-cost carbon sources to prepare superb electrodes becomes an important topic in this field. Carbon precursors come from a wide range of sources [10], where biomass materials are favored by researchers due to their low cost, such as peanut shell, soybean, etc. [11,12,13,14,15,16]. However, problems, such as simple structure, single element, low specific capacitance, low energy density and poor wettability, in electrolytes limit the application of biomass carbon electrodes.
Wood scrap is an abundant waste biomass material in nature, which naturally possesses rich porous structure, excellent mechanical properties and multi-functional physical and chemical properties [17,18,19,20]. However, the specific capacitance of carbon materials prepared from traditional and single wood in aqueous electrolytes is low (<200 F g−1) [21]. According to the different modification methods, two categories could be generally divided: the introduction of pseudocapacitor materials and the enrichment of double-layer electrode materials. The former is pseudocapacitive active materials, such as manganese dioxide, cobalt hydroxide and polypyrrole, which were added to wood-derived carbon materials to increase their capacitance [22,23,24]. The latter is to enrich the electrode materials of a double-layer capacitor, such as heteroatom doping, adjusting the surface shape and etching of carbon materials [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Many researchers have explored this method, such as B, O and N co-doped biomass-derived graded porous carbon (382.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−l) [31], the preparation of the B-doped wood-derived porous carbon (285.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) [32] and N-doped biomass carbon (261 F g−1 at 0.5A g−1) [33] exhibited no special morphological characteristics, leading to a relatively low specific surface area and, thus, a low contribution rate of the pseudocapacitance [34,35,36]. Furthermore, the advantages of B or N elements were not fully exploited.
The conductive polymer polyaniline (PANI) was deeply researched because of its high theoretical specific capacity and excellent conductivity. The introduction of PANI into wood scrap channels could enrich the surface morphology of carbon material and increase the specific surface area. The cyclic stability of PANI was significantly improved by using wood as the base. Due to the delignification, a large number of hydroxyl groups are exposed on the wood cell wall, where PANI could react with hydroxyl groups to form new bonds, making the load of PANI firmer [37,38,39]. Compared to synthetic impregnation into wood channels, the in situ synthesis could prevent the agglomeration phenomenon formed when PANI is introduced, creating special morphologies, increasing the specific surface area and reducing the interfacial resistance between materials and PANI. The introduction of PANI can change the types of N element, thus inducing the surface charge redistribution of carbon materials, improving the electrical conductivity of carbon materials and improving the electrochemical performance of porous carbon. Some researchers have tried to prepare such composites, such as poplar/PANI composite (the specific capacity at 5 A g−1 is 312 F g−1) [40] and basswood/polyaniline composite (369.8 F g−1 at 10 A g−1) [41]. Moreover, the N and B elements are attracted to each other to form a bond bridge to optimize the electrical properties.
As a processing waste, wood scraps are cheaper and more readily available than blocks and simultaneously own the same three-dimensional porous structure characteristics, which could be optimized and adjusted by removing lignin, providing a large number of reaction sites for the next step to realize the modification design of physical structure [22,23]. Herein, elm wood scrap was employed as a raw and base material to synthesize the PANI nanosphere in situ in the lumen of wood scraps treated with delignification, which not only realized the synthesis of nitrogen-doped wood-derived carbon but also improved the utilization of lumen channels in wood. Finally, using boric acid as a boron source and pore-forming agent, the obtained carbon composite material was processed to obtain B/N co-doping porous carbon material (BNPCM). The introduction of boron increased the amount of special functional N element, improved its conductivity and wettability, high energy density and excellent power density of the symmetric supercapacitor (SSC). This method provides a new idea for the recombination of double electric layer and pseudocapacitor materials to make the electrode materials for supercapacitors.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Elm wood scraps were purchased from a local market. Aniline (AN) monomer was double distilled before use. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%), phosphoric acid (H3PO4 AR), sodium hydroxide (NaOH AR), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%) and potassium hydroxide (KOH AR) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. The AN, ferric chloride (FeCl3 AR) and boric acid (H3BO3 AR) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. In addition to the aniline, all reagents were of analytical grade and were used as received without further purification.

2.2. Pretreatment of Elm Wood Scraps

The wood scraps were washed to remove surface impurities, soaked in about 300 mL water, added 24 g NaOH, kept at 80 °C for 8 h, cleaned with distilled water to neutrality and soaked overnight. The wood block was immersed in 200 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 solution; then, 12–18 g of sodium chlorite was dissolved, kept at 80 °C for 8 h, washed with distilled water to neutrality and cryogenically freeze-dried for 36 h, finally producing the natural wood scraps (NW).

2.3. Preparation of BNPCM Active Carbon

NW (0.5 g) was added into 40 mL 0.4 M H3PO4 with 0.1 mL AN; then, ultrasonic mixing was conducted for about 30 min after 0.12 mL H2O2 solution was added. After being stirred for 10 min, 0.1 mL 0.1 M FeCl3 solution was added. After ultrasonic mixing for 10 min, the mixture was transferred to a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave (100 mL) and kept at 140 °C for 6 h, cooled to room temperature, washed with distilled water and ethanol and dried at 60 °C for 12 h to obtain PANI@nature wood (PNW). The PANI was impregnated into natural wood after aggregation produced PINW, and the PANI aggregation after NW carbonized as PANW.
The PNW was transferred to a tubular furnace. Calcination was conducted in N2 atmosphere at 700, 800 and 900 °C for 2 h with different weight KOH activation. After carbonization, the samples were washed to neutrality with distilled water and 1.5 M HCl solution, and then kept at 80 °C for 12 h to obtain the PANI@nature wood-derived porous N-doping carbon material (PNCM), depending on the carbonation temperature named PNCM-700, PNCM-800 and PNCM-900. According to the mass ratio of KOH and PNCM, the carbon materials were named PNCM-1, PNCM-3, PNCM-5 and PNCM-7. The NW, PINW and PANW go through the same process to obtain NCM, PINCM and PANCM. Finally, 0.2 g PNCM and 1 g H3BO3 were added into 50 mL H2O. After fully stirring, the mixture was transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave. The autoclave was sealed quickly and maintained at 180 °C for 12 h in a digital temperature-controlled oven. After washing, temperature was kept at 60 °C for 12 h to obtain the BNPCM.

2.4. Characterizations

The morphology of the samples was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Nova Nano SEM 450, the FEI. Co., Ltd., Hillsboro, ‎OR‎, USA, with acceleration voltage of 10.0 kV) and transmission electron microscopy (Talos F200S, the FEI. Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China, with operating at 200 kV). The crystal structures of the samples were characterized using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D8-Discover, the Bruker Optics. Co., Ltd., Ettlingen, Germany) with a scanning speed of 6° min−1 and a scanning range of 10–80°. Raman spectroscopy was carried out on a Raman spectrometer (inVia-Reflex, the Renishaw Co., Ltd., Endland) at room temperature using an argon laser beam with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm and a sampling step length of 1.45 cm−1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed on an Escalab 250XI (Thermo Fisher Scientific. Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) was utilized under 77 K and N2 protection by a surface area and porosity analyzer (ASAP 2460, the Micromeritics Co., Ltd., Norcross, GA, USA). The pore size distribution was determined via the BJH method.

2.5. Electrochemical Properties

The BNPCM, acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride, according to the mass ratio of 8:1:1 mixing, mixed with N-methylpyrrolidone paste, evenly coated on 1 × 1 cm2 nickel foam, drying at 80 °C for 24 h to remove moisture, followed by testing, the mass loading of sample on the nickel foam is 1 mg. The cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed on CHI660C workstation (CH Instruments, Inc., Shanghai, China). In the three-electrode system, the prepared sample was used as the working electrode, the Hg/HgO electrode was used as the reference electrode, the platinum electrode was used as the counter electrode and the electrolyte was 6 M KOH solution. CV was performed between −1 and 0 V (vs. Hg/HgO, 6 M KOH). GCD was performed between −1 and 0 V (vs. Hg/HgO, 6 M KOH) at different current densities. The EIS was measured at frequencies ranging from 100 K Hz to 0.01 Hz with AC perturbations of 5 mV. The life cycle was measured using a blue battery tester (CT2001A) with a current density of 3 A g−1, between −1 and 0 V for 10,000 consecutive cycles. The specific capacity can be calculated according to the GCD curve using Equation (1) as follows [42]:
C = I × ∆ t m × ∆ V
where I (A) is the discharge current, ΔV (V) is the working potential window, Δt (s) is the discharge time and m (g) is the mass of the active substance in the electrode.
The specific capacitance of the SSC in two-electrode system was obtained by Equation (2) [43]:
C s = I × ∆ t M × ∆ V
where I (A) is the discharge current, Δt (s) is the discharge time (s), ΔV (V) is the potential window and M (g) is the total mass of the active material on the two electrodes.
The specific energy density (E, Wh kg−1) and specific power density (P, W kg−1) of the SSC can be calculated using Equations (3) and (4) as follows [43,44]:
E = C s × ( Δ V ) 2 2 × 3.6
P = E × 3600 Δ t
where Cs is the specific capacitance of the SSC, Δt (s) is the discharge time and ΔV (V) is the potential window.

3. Results and Discussion

The process used to prepare BNPCM electrodes for the supercapacitor is illustrated in Figure 1.
The surface morphologies of the samples were studied via SEM, as shown in Figure 2a. Under high temperature and pressure, aniline was polymerized as a spherical structure by the action of hydrogen peroxide and ferric chloride. The distribution PANI nanospheres, compared with PINW (Figure S1) and PANW (Figure S2), was more uniform, and the loading was higher. Meanwhile, by the combination between the amino group in PANI and the hydroxyl group on the cellulose inside the wood, the PANI was firmly riveted on the surface of the wood hole and did not easily fall off, which led to the enhanced stability and increased the morphology amounts of biomass carbon [41]. As shown in Figure 2b, after carbonization, the BNPCM exhibited an irregular bulk structure, and the volume of PANI shrunk into carbon spheres on the surface of wood-derived carbon, thus improving the surface area (Table 1) and providing more active sites. The TEM image of BNPCM materials (Figure 2c) illustrates that a large number of holes existed on the surface, and no obvious lattice appeared, indicating that amorphous carbon was predominant. The holes and the phases in the porous structure played an important role as ion transport channels in the charging and discharging process of the supercapacitor, which is conducive to the adsorption and transport of electrolyte ions. Compared with non-carbonized materials, carbonized materials possessed obvious defect morphologies on the surface, which improved the specific surface area of the composites, thus significantly affecting the specific capacitance. For the stable bonding, the B and N atoms were successfully doped, and all elements were evenly distributed, as exhibited in Figure 2d–h, which would enhance the wettability, conductivity and stability, thus improving the capacity, both by the double-layer capacitor and pseudocapacitor.
The specific surface area and pore size distribution characteristics of the sample were further explored through N2 sorption. As shown in Figure 3a, the isotherm of the samples showed type I behavior, and the adsorption was significant at low relative pressure due to micropores and small mesopores [45]. P/P0 increased rapidly between 0 and 0.1 and still increased rapidly when 0.3 > P/P0 > 0.1, implying that the material owned a large number of micropores and equivalent mesopores. The curves of BNPCM and PNCM were much higher than those of NCM, indicating that the adsorption amount is much larger than that of NCM, which is mutually confirmed with the specific surface area data in Table 1. PNCM increased slightly between 0.9 and 1.0, indicating that it contained a small number of macropores. The three porous carbons possessed many small mesopores (2–10 nm), the pore size decreased sharply between 5 and 10 nm and the pore volume increased slowly when the pore size was larger than 10 nm, indicating that a small mesopore existed (Figure 3b). This is corroborated by the N2 sorption isotherm (Figure 3a) and the average pore size in Table 1. The micropores provided a larger specific surface area for ion adsorption, and mesoporous pores provided a more favorable channel for ion transport [34,35], which provide a highly specific surface area of as high as 2333.5 m2 g−1, higher than those of relevant materials reported [32,33,40,46]. The pore size distribution images showed that BNPCM contained the most micropores and small mesopores, proving that BNPCM could provide a large number of attachment sites for electrolyte ions and possessed low ion conduction resistance, which were important determinants of specific capacitance [46].
XRD images confirmed the amorphous state illustrated in TEM, as shown in Figure 4a. The wide peaks of (002) produced at 2θ ≈ 21.2° and (100) at 2θ ≈ 43.3° in all samples were typical amorphous carbon [30,41]. The peak value of (100) for BNPCM became less intense, indicating that the doping of B elements would lead to a decrease in the order of the carbon material, and the degree of disorder and the active sites was increased, which induced a material storage performance increase. To further verify the degree of disorder of the carbon material, Raman spectroscopy was used for characterization shown in Figure 4b. The samples exhibited two peaks located at approximately 1340 cm−1 (D-band, defect and disorder) and 1590 cm−1 (G-band, graphitic) [47]. Due to the presence of disordered and graphitic carbon, the height ratio of the Raman signals originating from the D-bands and G-bands (ID/IG) was generally considered as a measure of the degree of overall disorder in the sample; a higher ID/IG ratio denoted a higher degree of disorder in the carbon material. Due to the introduction of PANI, the C-N content of the PNCM increased, with its Raman spectra corresponding to peaks at 1339 cm−1; then, the PNCM has a higher ID/IG ratio than NCM. BNPCM owned a higher ID/IG ratio than the others and higher than those of relevant materials reported [5,30,32,40]. Hence, a higher degree of disorderly carbon significantly affected the electron transport rate, enhanced the wettability of the material, reduced the internal resistance of the device and further improved the electrochemical performance.
Furthermore, the bonding relationship between N and B determined lots of electoral performances. Figure 5a exhibits XPS spectra of BNPCM. The spectrogram of the sample confirmed the existence of characteristic peaks of elements C, N, O and B matching the mapping. The characteristic peak of element B in the sample measurement spectrum indicated that the doping of element B was successful. Based on the high resolution, the C 1s peak was divided into four peaks at 284.3, 285.2, 286.9 and 289.6 eV, corresponding to C-C, C-N, C-O and C-B, respectively (Figure 5b) [46]. O 1s consists of three peaks located at 535.3, 531.1 and 532.7 eV, corresponding to O-C, O-B and O-N, respectively (Figure S3b), proving the successful doping of the B element. N 1s consists of three peaks located at 397.6, 399.5 and 400.8 eV, corresponding to pyridinic-N (N-6), the quinoid amine (N-5) and the benzenoid amine (N-Q), respectively (Figure 5c). N-6 and N-5 created defects and provided electroactive sites, while N-Q was beneficial in improving the conductivity of porous carbon [32]. Comparing Figure S3c with Figure S3d, it is found that the amount of N-Q increased significantly, indicating that B doping could induce the increase in N-Q content, the redistribution of electrons on the surface of carbon materials and improvement in the electrochemical performance [5,46,48]. The B 1s peak was divided into two peaks at 190.0 and 192.6 eV, corresponding to BC2O and BCO2, respectively (Figure 5d) [32,49,50,51]. According to the comparison with the spectra of NCM, PNCM and BNPCM in Figure S3a, boron mainly came from boric acid. The quantitative analysis of each element (Table S1) illustrated that the nitrogen content in BNPCM was higher than that of other samples. The element B could anchor N, thereby increasing the content, the surface wettability, the adsorption ability and the stability, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance of carbon materials.
To investigate the best PANI composite method, different synthesis and entry times of AN were explored, and the electrochemical performance of the carbon materials obtained was compared, which is shown in Figure S4. The in situ synthesis of PANI possessed high specific capacitance and the best performance. After exploring the optimal carbonization temperature (Figure S5) and activation ratio (Figure S6) of PNCM material, BNPCM was prepared using the hydrothermal method. The electrochemical properties of NCM, PNCM and BNPCM were investigated in a three-electrode system. As shown in Figure 6a, the closed curve area of BNPCM was the largest, and the discharge time in Figure 6b was the largest, illustrating that the BNPCM electrode possessed the largest specific capacitance. The CV curve of BNPCM in Figure 6a exhibited a redox peak, which was due to the pseudo-capacitive property of heteroatom N and B [33,50]. The B and N groups in the electrode occurred in the following redox reactions.
C* = NH + 2e− + 2H+ ⟷ C*H − NH2
C* − NHOH + 2e− + 2H+ ⟷ C* − NH2 + H2O
C* − B − C = O + 2H+ + 2e− ⟷ C* − B − CH − OH
C* denotes the carbon skeleton.
After the fitted equivalent circuit inset, the Nyquist plot of the samples (Figure 6c and Figure S7) showed that the arc radius of BNPCM material was the smallest in the high-frequency region, which indicated its electron conduction resistance was the smallest (0.74 Ω), and the slope was the largest in the low-frequency region corresponding to the smallest ion transport resistance (0.01 Ω), lower than 0.77 Ω and 0.06 Ω of PNWC and the 0.78 Ω and 0.012 Ω of NWC, indicating that the best performance of B-doped carbon material and the wettability of the material were improved. In order to clearly compare the capacitance of the samples at different current densities, the change curve of specific capacitance calculated by GCD (Figure 6d), the BNPCM electrode reached 406 F g−1, which was much larger than that of PNCM electrode (340 F g−1) and NCM electrode (153.7 F g−1) at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Moreover, when the current density increased to 10 A g−1, 77.34% of the material specific capacitance of BNPCM was still retained, presenting a superior rate capability on BNPCM.
The electrochemical performance of BNPCM was further measured. The CV curves of the electrode prepared by BNPCM material presented an approximate rectangular shape at scan rates from 5 to 200 mV s−1 (Figure 7a), indicating that the material possessed classic EDLC behavior. Meanwhile, the charging and discharging performance of the electrode material at current densities ranging from 0.5 A g−1 to 10 A g−1 was measured (Figure 7b). The GCD curves at different current densities presented an isosceles triangle, indicating that the electrode material possessed high reversibility. The specific capacitance reached 406 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, much higher than other materials (Table 2). In the Nyquist diagram of the BNPCM electrode (Figure 7c) after the fitted equivalent circuit inset, the semicircle diameter in the high-frequency region of the charge transfer resistance was very small, indicating that the wetting effect of the electrode was good, and the liquid connection resistance was very small (the resistance only 0.74 Ω), and the slope was very large in the low-frequency region; the resistance was 0.01 Ω. The low resistance of the electrode implied a high electronic transfer rate ability, which would improve the capacity. The cycling performance of the BNPCM electrode was performed in the three-electrode system (Figure 7d). The excellent and stable capacity retention rate of the electrode was 97.27% after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge at a current density of 3 A g−1.
Based on the results of the above, an SSC was assembled with BNPCM electrodes to further explore and evaluate the application performance. The CV curves of SSC at different scanning rates from 5 mV s−1 to 200 mV s−1 were approximately rectangular (Figure 8a). The GCD curves of the SSC at different current densities are shown in Figure 8b, which exhibits a typical isosceles triangle shape. The specific capacitance was 127.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, the specific capacitance was 109 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 and the capacitance retention rate was 85.49% (Figure 8c). The symmetric supercapacitor assembled by the BNPCM electrode possessed an excellent rate performance. The Nyquist plot (Figure 8d, after the fitted equivalent circuit inset) implied that resistance could only reach 1.12 Ω, indicating that the charge transfer rate of the electrode material was slightly reduced compared with the three-electrode system after assembly. Significantly, the electrode material possessed excellent cycle stability, and the SSC device showed a capacity retention rate that reached 93.04% at a current density of 3 A g−1 after 10,000 cycles (Figure 8e). Moreover, the device possessed a high energy density. The energy density of 17.71 Wh Kg−1 could be achieved at 0.5 A g−1, and it still maintained 15.51 Wh Kg−1 at a maximum power density of 5000 W kg−1, much higher than those reported (Figure 8f).
The energy density in the supercapacitor was the most important feature for practicability [58]. An SSC was assembled of BNPCM and testes in 1 M Na2SO4. The doping of boron has the function of an expanding voltage range in CV plots (Figure 9a) [59]; therefore, in a voltage window of 0–1.8 V, the CV curve changed a little, showing an approximately rectangular shape and isosceles triangle shape, with only a little deformation at the voltage window of 2 V. However, it still maintained the corresponding shape, indicating that the SSC possessed the ideal performance under a large electrochemical window. Thus, electrochemical performance tests under different scanning rates (Figure 9b) and different current densities (Figure 9c) were conducted under a working voltage of 0–2 V. Under different voltage rates, the CV curve presented a classical rectangle, indicating good reversibility. At a current density of 0.5 A g−1, the specific capacitance reaches 75 F g−1, which was higher than that previously reported [60]. The Nyquist plot (Figure 9d, after the fitted equivalent circuit inset) implied that the resistance could only reach 1.32 Ω, indicating that the charge transfer rate of the electrode material was slightly reduced compared with the three-electrode system after assembly and the SSC in KOH. The electrode material possessed excellent cycle stability, and the SSC device showed a capacity retention rate, reaching 91.76% at a current density of 3 A g−1 after 10,000 cycles (Figure 9e). Benefiting from the large working voltage and specific capacitance, the SSC in Na2SO4 exhibited a high energy density 41.67 Wh Kg−1 at a power density of 500 W kg−1. It still maintained 24.72 Wh Kg−1 at a maximum power density of 5000 W kg−1 (Figure 9f).

4. Conclusions

This study proposed a method in elm wood scraps for internal channel in situ growth of a PANI nanoball for supercapacitor carbon electrode materials with special morphology. Through the hydrothermal method, it is easy to implement B element doping. Excellent specific capacitance was found in B-doped PANI elm composite carbon material under a current density of 0.5 A g−1, quality specific capacitance reached 406 F g−1 after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge and the capacity retention rate was 97.27%. Then, in the test of the assembled symmetric supercapacitor, it has a high mass specific capacitance of 127.5 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1; moreover, it has a high energy density of 17.71 Wh kg−1 at an excellent power density of 250.02 W kg−1. The capacity retention rate is 93.06% after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge at 3 A g−1. Furthermore, in 1 M Na2SO4, the specific capacitance reaches 75 F g−1, with a high energy density of 41.67 Wh Kg−1 at a power density of 500 W kg−1. The excellent specific capacitance and cycle stability of this material are due to the combination of an amino group of aniline and hydroxyl group on the wall of the wood channel, which makes it more firm, stable and will not easily fall off. It provides a new idea and a new reference method for the research of the modification of carbon electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/f14050965/s1, Figure S1: The SEM of polyaniline was impregnated into nature wood after aggregation; Figure S2: The SEM of the polyaniline aggregation after NW carbonized; Figure S3: The XPS of the samples. (a) The full XPS survey spectrum of three samples, (b) the O1s high resolution spectra of BNPCM (c) the N1s high resolution spectra of PNCM. (d) the N1s high resolution spectra of NCM; Figure S4: Comparison of electrochemical data of different introduction times of aniline; Figure S5: Comparison of electrochemical data of PNWC carbonized at 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C; Figure S6: Comparison of electrochemical data of PNWC at C:KOH = 1, 3, 5 and 7 respectively; Figure S7: The enlarged view of high frequency region of Figure 6c; Table S1: Table of element content distribution of samples.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and methodology, G.C. and Y.L.; validation and formal analysis, Y.H. and E.H.; investigation and resources, G.C. and Z.Z.; data curation and writing—original draft preparation, G.C.; writing—review and editing, X.Y. and D.Z.; supervision, project administration and funding acquisition, Y.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2572019BB04), Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52102235, Project leader: Yanzhen He), Youth Foundation of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. C2020202009, Project leader: Yanzhen He) and Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (E2022202095, Project leader: Enshan Han).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

References

  1. Li, L.; Hu, X.; Guo, N.; Chen, S.; Yu, Y.; Yang, C. Synthesis O/S/N doped hierarchical porous carbons from kelp via two-step carbonization for high rate performance supercapacitor. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2021, 15, 6918–6928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Miller, E.E.; Hua, Y.; Tezel, F.H. Materials for energy storage: Review of electrode materials and methods of increasing ca-pacitance for supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage 2018, 20, 30–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Phiri, J.; Dou, J.; Vuorinen, T.; Gane, P.A.; Maloney, T.C. Highly porous willow wood-derived activated carbon for high performance superca-pacitor electrodes. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 18108–18117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Duan, Y.; Kashif, M.; Dhar, A.; Vekariya, R.L.; Sangani, C.B.; Bhadja, P.; Muddassir, M. Balsa wood derived condensed, heteropore-connected 3D carbon–sojourn from herbal, non-hazardous stuff to flexible energy-storage device. J. Energy Storage 2021, 34, 102183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Yu, P.; Zhang, Z.; Zheng, L.; Teng, F.; Hu, L.; Fang, X. A Novel Sustainable Flour Derived Hierarchical Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon/Polyaniline Electrode for Advanced Asymmetric Supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1601111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Rosli NH, A.; Lau, K.S.; Winie, T.; Chin, S.X.; Zakaria, S.; Chia, C.H. Rapid microwave synthesis of molybdenum disulfide-decorated reduced-graphene oxide nanosheets for use in high electrochemical performance supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage 2022, 52, 104991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Wang, Y.; Guo, J.; Wang, T.; Shao, J.; Wang, D.; Yang, Y.-W. Mesoporous Transition Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors. Nanomaterials 2015, 5, 1667–1689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Meng, Q.; Cai, K.; Chen, Y.; Chen, L. Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials. Nano Energy 2017, 36, 268–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Wei, L.; Deng, W.; Li, S.; Wu, Z.; Cai, J.; Luo, J. Sandwich-like chitosan porous carbon Spheres/MXene composite with high specific capacitance and rate performance for supercapacitors. J. Bioresour. Bioprod. 2022, 7, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Shaker, M.; Ghazvini, A.A.S.; Cao, W.; Riahifar, R.; Ge, Q. Biomass-derived porous carbons as supercapacitor electrodes—A review. New Carbon Mater. 2021, 36, 546–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jiang, X.; Guo, F.; Jia, X.; Zhan, Y.; Zhou, H.; Qian, L. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbons from peanut shell as a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage 2020, 30, 101451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Yu, J.; Li, X.; Chen, D.; Pang, X.; Chen, Y.; Cui, Z.; Gao, T.; Zhang, Q.; Sui, J.; Yu, L.; et al. Soybean root-derived heteroatoms co-doped porous carbon with ultra-high specific surface area for high performance supercapacitors. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2022, 126, 109044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Ouyang, J.; Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Xiong, W.; Li, M.; Hua, Z.; Zhao, L.; Zhou, C.; Liu, X.; Chen, H.; et al. Construction of a porous carbon skeleton in wood tracheids to enhance charge storage for high-performance supercapacitors. Carbon 2022, 196, 532–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Shan, X.; Wu, J.; Zhang, X.; Wang, L.; Yang, J.; Chen, Z.; Yu, J.; Wang, X. Wood for Application in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 2, 100654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Han, L.; Wang, J.; Mu, X.; Liao, C.; Cai, W.; Zhao, Z.; Kan, Y.; Xing, W.; Hu, Y. Anisotropic, low-tortuosity and ultra-thick red P@C-Wood electrodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 14642–14650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Jiao, M.; Liu, T.; Chen, C.; Yue, M.; Pastel, G.; Yao, Y.; Xie, H.; Gan, W.; Gong, A.; Li, X.; et al. Holey three-dimensional wood-based electrode for vanadium flow batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 27, 327–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Murali, G.; Kesavan, T.; Ponnusamy, S.; Harish, S.; Navaneethan, M. Improved supercapacitor performance based on sustainable synthesis using chem-ically activated porous carbon. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 906, 164287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Huang, J.; Hu, Y.; Wang, H.; Wang, T.; Wu, H.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, M.; Zhang, J. Lignin Isolated from Poplar Wood for Porous Carbons as Electrode for High-Energy Renewable Supercapacitor Driven by Lignin/Deep Eutectic Solvent Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 6393–6400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Gunasekaran, S.S.; Gopalakrishnan, A.; Subashchandrabose, R.; Badhulika, S. Single step, direct pyrolysis assisted synthesis of nitro-gen-doped porous carbon nanosheets derived from bamboo wood for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitor. J. Energy Storage 2021, 42, 103048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Song, J.; Chen, C.; Yang, Z.; Kuang, Y.; Li, T.; Li, Y.; Huang, H.; Kierzewski, I.; Liu, B.; He, S.; et al. Highly Compressible, Anisotropic Aerogel with Aligned Cellulose Nanofibers. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 140–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhu, L.; Shen, F.; Smith, R.L.; Yan, L.; Li, L.; Qi, X. Black liquor-derived porous carbons from rice straw for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem. Eng. J. 2017, 316, 770–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Tang, Q.; Fang, L.; Wang, Y.; Zou, M.; Guo, W. Anisotropic flexible transparent films from remaining wood microstructures for screen pro-tection and AgNW conductive substrate. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 4344–4353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Liu, Y.; Huang, B.; Lin, X.; Xie, Z. Biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbons: Boosting the energy density of supercapacitors via an ionothermal approach. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 13009–13018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Nugroho, A.; Erviansyah, F.; Floresyona, D.; Mahalingam, S.; Manap, A.; Afandi, N.; Lau, K.S.; Chia, C.H. Synthesis and characterization NS-reduced graphene oxide hydrogel and its electrochemical properties. Lett. Mater. 2022, 12, 169–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Zhao, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, A.; Xiao, L.; Hou, L. Facile synthesis of N, S co-doped hierarchical porous carbon/MnO2 composites for supercapacitor electrodes via sodium alginate crosslinking. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 923, 166333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Yue, T.; Shen, B.; Gao, P. Carbon material/MnO2 as conductive skeleton for supercapacitor electrode material: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 158, 112131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Wang, X.; Wu, W.; Wang, Z.; Li, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhou, C.; Luo, Y. Cobalt Hydroxide Nanosheets Grown on Carbon Nanotubes Anchored in Wood Carbon Scaffolding for High-Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors. Energy Fuels 2021, 35, 18815–18823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Liu, J.; Wang, Z.; Liu, Q.; Li, S.; Wang, D.; Zheng, Z. Rational design of freestanding and high-performance thick electrode from carbon foam modified with polypyrrole/polydopamine for supercapacitors. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 447, 137562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Mastantuoni, G.G.; Van Chinh Tran, I.E.; Berglund, L.A.; Zhou, Q. In Situ Lignin Sulfonation for Highly Conductive Wood/Polypyrrole Porous Composites. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 10, 2201597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Xiong, C.; Li, M.; Nie, S.; Dang, W.; Zhao, W.; Dai, L.; Ni, Y. Non-carbonized porous lignin-free wood as an effective scaffold to fabricate lignin-free Wood@Polyaniline supercapacitor material for renewable energy storage application. J. Power Sources 2020, 471, 228448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Kong, S.; Xiang, X.; Jin, B.; Guo, X.; Wang, H.; Zhang, G.; Huang, H.; Cheng, K. B, O and N Codoped Biomass-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon for High-Performance Elec-trochemical Energy Storage. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Poornima, B.H.; Vijayakumar, T. Hydrothermal synthesis of Boron-doped porous carbon from Azadirachta Indica wood for supercapacitor application. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2022, 145, 109953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Dai, X.; Zheng, L.; Tang, B.; Peng, J.; Chen, H. Notoginseng-derived B/N co-doped porous carbon with high N-doped content and good electrochemical performance. Ionics. 2021, 27, 1439–1449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Zhang, H.; He, X.; Wei, F.; Dong, S.; Xiao, N.; Qiu, J. Moss-Covered Rock-like Hybrid Porous Carbons with Enhanced Electrochemical Properties. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 3065–3071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Yuan, M.; Wang, Z.; Rao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Gao, B.; Yu, J.; Li, H.; Chen, X. Laser direct writing O/N/S Co-doped hierarchically porous graphene on carboxymethyl chi-tosan/lignin-reinforced wood for boosted microsupercapacitor. Carbon 2023, 202, 296–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Rosli, N.H.A.; Lau, K.S.; Winie, T.; Chin, S.X.; Chia, C.H. Synergistic effect of sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide created via microwave-assisted synthesis for supercapacitor applications. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2021, 120, 108696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Jiang, L.; Sheng, L.; Fan, Z. Biomass-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage. Sci. China Mater. 2018, 61, 133–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Wang, F.; Cheong, J.Y.; Lee, J.; Ahn, J.; Duan, G.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Q.; Kim, I.-D.; Jiang, S. Pyrolysis of Enzymolysis-Treated Wood: Hierarchically Assembled Porous Carbon Electrode for Advanced Energy Storage Devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2101077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. He, W.; Qiang, H.; Liang, S.; Guo, F.; Wang, R.; Cao, J.; Guo, Z.; Pang, Q.; Wei, B.; Sun, J. Hierarchically Porous Wood Aerogel/polypyrrole (PPy) Composite Thick Electrode for Supercapacitor. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 137331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Wang, X.; Zeng, X.; Cao, D. Biomass-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbons (NPC) and NPC/ polyaniline composites as high performance supercapacitor materials. Eng. Sci. 2018, 1, 55–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Cui, M.; Wang, F.; Zhang, Z.; Min, S. Polyaniline-filled carbonized wood membrane as an advanced self-supported electrode for superior pseudocapacitive energy storage. Electrochim. Acta. 2020, 359, 136961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Quan, H.; Tao, W.; Wang, Y.; Chen, D. Enhanced supercapacitor performance of Camellia oleifera shell derived hierarchical porous carbon by carbon quantum dots. J. Energy Storage 2022, 55, 105573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Wang, X.; Qu, G.; Hao, S.; Zhao, G.; Zhang, X.; Ma, W.; Xu, X. Improvement of nickel-cobalt-based supercapacitors energy storage performance by modification of elements. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 602, 712–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Zhang, Y.S.; Xu, W.H.; Yao, W.T.; Yu, S.H. Oxidation−reduction reaction driven approach for hydrothermal synthesis of polyaniline hollow spheres with controllable size and shell thickness. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 8588–8594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Jang, H.; Park, Y.H.; Kim, M.H.; You, J.; Ko, J.H.; Lee, J.T. Surface characteristics of porous carbon derived from genetically designed transgenic hybrid poplar for electric double-layer capacitors. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 545, 148978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Du, J.; Zhang, Y.; Lv, H.; Chen, A. N/B-co-doped ordered mesoporous carbon spheres by ionothermal strategy for enhancing supercapacitor performance. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 587, 780–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Jiao, S.; Zhang, L.; Li, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, P.; Tao, Y.; Zhao, X.; Chen, H.; Jiang, J. Efficient construction of a carbon-based symmetric supercapacitor from soybean straw by coupling multi-stage carbonization and mild activation. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 183, 114906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Wu, F.; Gao, J.; Zhai, X.; Xie, M.; Sun, Y.; Kang, H.; Tian, Q.; Qiu, H. Hierarchical porous carbon microrods derived from albizia flowers for high performance supercapacitors. Carbon 2019, 147, 242–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Qiu, S.; Chen, Z.; Zhuo, H.; Hu, Y.; Liu, Q.; Peng, X.; Zhong, L. Using FeCl3 as a Solvent, Template, and Activator to Prepare B, N Co-Doping Porous Carbon with Excellent Supercapacitance. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 15983–15994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Zeng, M.J.; Li, X.; Li, W.; Zhao, T.; Wu, J.; Hao, S.M.; Yu, Z.Z. Self-supported and hierarchically porous activated carbon nanotube/carbonized wood electrodes for high-performance solid-state supercapacitors. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 598, 153765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Wang, R.; Li, X.; Nie, Z.; Jing, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Song, H.; Wang, H. Ag nanoparticles-decorated hierarchical porous carbon from cornstalk for high-performance supercapacitor. J. Energy Storage 2022, 51, 104364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Li, Y.-N.; Xu, D.; Zhang, M.; Qin, Q.; Song, M.; Zhou, J.; Chen, Z.; Teng, C.; Ren, G. 3D nitrogen and sulfur co-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from mung bean jelly for high performance supercapacitors. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2021, 901, 115781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Li, L.; Wei, X.-Y.; Shao, C.-W.; Yin, F.; Sun, B.-K.; Liu, F.-J.; Li, J.-H.; Liu, Z.-Q.; Zong, Z.-M. Honeycomb-like N/O self-doped hierarchical porous carbons derived from low-rank coal and its derivatives for high-performance supercapacitor. Fuel 2023, 331, 125658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Yi, J.L.; Yu, X.H.; Zhang, R.L.; Liu, L. Chitosan-Based Synthesis of O, N, and P Codoped Hierarchical Porous Carbon as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors. Energy Fuels 2021, 35, 20339–20348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Hu, S.C.; Cheng, J.; Wang, W.P.; Sun, G.T.; Hu, L.L.; Zhu, M.Q.; Huang, X.H. Structural changes and electrochemical properties of lacquer wood activated carbon prepared by phosphoric acid-chemical activation for supercapacitor applications. Renew. Energy 2021, 177, 82–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Wu, M.; Xu, S.; Li, X.; Zhang, T.; Lv, Z.; Li, Z.; Li, X. Pore regulation of wood-derived hierarchical porous carbon for improving electrochemical performance. J. Energy Storage 2021, 40, 102663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Demir, M.; Doguscu, M. Preparation of porous carbons using NaOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3 and Na2S2O3 activating agents and their supercapacitor application: A comparative study. ChemistrySelect 2022, 7, e202104295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Cai, N.; Cheng, H.; Jin, H.; Liu, H.; Zhang, P.; Wang, M. Porous carbon derived from cashew nut husk biomass waste for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 861, 113933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Zhang, Y.; Chen, H.; Wang, S.; Shao, W.; Wu, Q.; Zhao, X.; Kong, F. A new lamellar larch-based carbon material: Fabrication, electrochemical characterization and supercapacitor applications. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 148, 112306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Ren, X.; Yuan, Z.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, C.; Qin, C.; Jiang, X. Nitrogen-/Boron-Doped Carbon from Poplar Powder and Carbon Nanotube Composite as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors. Energy Fuels 2022, 36, 2841–2850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Forests 14 00965 g001 550
Figure 1. The schematics of preparation route of BNPCM.
Figure 1. The schematics of preparation route of BNPCM.
Forests 14 00965 g001
Forests 14 00965 g002 550
Figure 2. The morphology of as-prepared materials. (a) SEM of PNW; (b) SEM of BNPCM. (c) TEM image of BNPCM. (d–h) The original SEM image and elemental mapping images of BNPCM for B, C, N and O.
Figure 2. The morphology of as-prepared materials. (a) SEM of PNW; (b) SEM of BNPCM. (c) TEM image of BNPCM. (d–h) The original SEM image and elemental mapping images of BNPCM for B, C, N and O.
Forests 14 00965 g002
Forests 14 00965 g003 550
Figure 3. Physical characterizations of BNPCM, PNCM and NCM. (a) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, (b) pore size distributions.
Figure 3. Physical characterizations of BNPCM, PNCM and NCM. (a) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, (b) pore size distributions.
Forests 14 00965 g003
Forests 14 00965 g004 550
Figure 4. Physical characterizations of BNPCM, PNCM and NCM. (a) XRD patterns, (b) Raman spectra.
Figure 4. Physical characterizations of BNPCM, PNCM and NCM. (a) XRD patterns, (b) Raman spectra.
Forests 14 00965 g004
Forests 14 00965 g005 550
Figure 5. The XPS of BNPCM. (a) The full XPS survey spectrum and the high-resolution spectra of (b) C 1s, (c) N 1s, (d) B 1s.
Figure 5. The XPS of BNPCM. (a) The full XPS survey spectrum and the high-resolution spectra of (b) C 1s, (c) N 1s, (d) B 1s.
Forests 14 00965 g005
Forests 14 00965 g006 550
Figure 6. Electrochemical performance of the BNPCM, PNCM and NCM. (a) The CV curves at 20 mV s−1. (b) The GCD curves at 0.5 A g−1. (c) The Nyquist plot. (d) The capacity retention at different current densities.
Figure 6. Electrochemical performance of the BNPCM, PNCM and NCM. (a) The CV curves at 20 mV s−1. (b) The GCD curves at 0.5 A g−1. (c) The Nyquist plot. (d) The capacity retention at different current densities.
Forests 14 00965 g006
Forests 14 00965 g007 550
Figure 7. Electrochemical performance of BNPCM. (a) The CV curves in 5-200 mV s−1. (b) the GCD curves in 0.5 A g−1–10 A g−1. (c) The Nyquist plot. (d) The diagram of charge and discharge cycle at 3 A g−1.
Figure 7. Electrochemical performance of BNPCM. (a) The CV curves in 5-200 mV s−1. (b) the GCD curves in 0.5 A g−1–10 A g−1. (c) The Nyquist plot. (d) The diagram of charge and discharge cycle at 3 A g−1.
Forests 14 00965 g007
Forests 14 00965 g008 550
Figure 8. Electrochemical performance of the SSC. (a) The CV curves at 5–200 mV s−1. (b) The GCD curves at 0.5 A g−1–10 A g−1. (c) The capacitances at various discharge current densities. (d) The Nyquist plot. (e) The diagram of charge and discharge cycle at 3 A g−1. (f) Ragone plots of BNPCM device compared with other carbon materials.
Figure 8. Electrochemical performance of the SSC. (a) The CV curves at 5–200 mV s−1. (b) The GCD curves at 0.5 A g−1–10 A g−1. (c) The capacitances at various discharge current densities. (d) The Nyquist plot. (e) The diagram of charge and discharge cycle at 3 A g−1. (f) Ragone plots of BNPCM device compared with other carbon materials.
Forests 14 00965 g008
Forests 14 00965 g009 550
Figure 9. Electrochemical performance of the SSC in 1 M Na2SO4. (a) CV curves at 20 mV s−1. (b) CV curves at 5–200 mV s−1 between 0 and 2 V. (c) GCD curves at 0.5 A g−1–10 A g−1 between 0 and 2 V. (d) Nyquist plot. (e) Diagram of charge and discharge cycle at 3 A g−1. (f) Ragone plots of BNPCM device.
Figure 9. Electrochemical performance of the SSC in 1 M Na2SO4. (a) CV curves at 20 mV s−1. (b) CV curves at 5–200 mV s−1 between 0 and 2 V. (c) GCD curves at 0.5 A g−1–10 A g−1 between 0 and 2 V. (d) Nyquist plot. (e) Diagram of charge and discharge cycle at 3 A g−1. (f) Ragone plots of BNPCM device.
Forests 14 00965 g009
Table
Table 1. BET specific surface area, pore volume and pore size of NCM, PNCM and BNPCM samples.
Table 1. BET specific surface area, pore volume and pore size of NCM, PNCM and BNPCM samples.
SamperBET Specific Surface Area (m2 g−1)BJH Pore Volume (cm3 g−1)BJH Adsorption Average Pore Size (nm)
NCM1335.1940.3592.388
PNCM2294.9410.7572.412
BNPCM2333.5070.9572.426
Table
Table 2. The comparison of electrochemical performance of this work with others’ work.
Table 2. The comparison of electrochemical performance of this work with others’ work.
Carbon MaterialsElectrolytesWorking Window of ElectrolyteCurrent Density
(A g−1)		Capacitance
(F g−1)		Ref.
Azadirachta Indica wood3 M KOH0~1 V1.0285.6[33]
Camellia oleifera shell1 M H2SO4−0.2~0.8 V1.0259.0[42]
Cornstalks6 M KOH−1~0 V0.5323.8[51]
Mung bean jelly6 M KOH−1~0 V0.5330.2[52]
RL and SSBC6 M KOH0~1 V0.5373.0[53]
Chitosan6 M KOH−1~0 V0.2230.0[54]
Lacquer wood1 M H2SO4−0.8~0.4 V0.2354.0[55]
Poplar wood6 M KOH−1~0 V0.5323.0[56]
Laver6 M KOH−1~0 V1382.5[57]
BNPCM6 M KOH−1~0 V0.5406.0This work
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, G.; Li, Y.; Han, E.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, X.; Zhou, D.; He, Y. B and N Co-Doped Wood Scrap Charcoal for Decorated Supercapacitor with High Conductivity. Forests 2023, 14, 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050965

AMA Style

Chen G, Li Y, Han E, Zhang Z, Yang X, Zhou D, He Y. B and N Co-Doped Wood Scrap Charcoal for Decorated Supercapacitor with High Conductivity. Forests. 2023; 14(5):965. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050965

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Gaojun, Yudong Li, Enshan Han, Ziqiang Zhang, Xiaohui Yang, Desheng Zhou, and Yanzhen He. 2023. "B and N Co-Doped Wood Scrap Charcoal for Decorated Supercapacitor with High Conductivity" Forests 14, no. 5: 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050965

APA Style

Chen, G., Li, Y., Han, E., Zhang, Z., Yang, X., Zhou, D., & He, Y. (2023). B and N Co-Doped Wood Scrap Charcoal for Decorated Supercapacitor with High Conductivity. Forests, 14(5), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050965

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop