World Electric Vehicle Journal

17 pages, 5877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model Predictive Control Method for Vehicle Drifting Motions with Measurable Errors

by Dongxin Xu, Yueqiang Han, Chang Ge, Longtao Qu, Rui Zhang and Guoye Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030054 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3028

Vehicle drifting control has attracted wide attention, and the study methods are divided into expert-based and theory-based. In this paper, the vehicle drifting control was based on the vehicle drifting state characteristics. The vehicle drifting state parameters were obtained by the theory-based vehicle [...] Read more.

Vehicle drifting control has attracted wide attention, and the study methods are divided into expert-based and theory-based. In this paper, the vehicle drifting control was based on the vehicle drifting state characteristics. The vehicle drifting state parameters were obtained by the theory-based vehicle drifting motion mechanism analysis based on a nonlinear vehicle dynamics model, which was used to express the vehicle characteristics, together with the UniTire model, by considering the vehicle longitudinal, lateral, roll, and yaw motions. A vehicle drifting controller was designed by the model predictive control (MPC) theory and a linear dynamics model with the linearized expressions of nonlinear tire forces based on the consideration of measurable errors. The control targets were the vehicle drifting state parameters obtained by calculation, and the controller performance was proved by simulation in MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrating that the controller is good to realize vehicle drifting motions. The same target drifting motions were realized at different original states, which proved that the vehicle drifting control is possible with the designed controller. Full article

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21 pages, 6526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Steering Control in Electric Power Steering Autonomous Vehicle Using Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control and PI Control

by Bustanul Arifin, Bhakti Yudho Suprapto, Sri Arttini Dwi Prasetyowati and Zainuddin Nawawi

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030053 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6640

Abstract

The steering system in autonomous vehicles is an essential issue that must be addressed. Appropriate control will result in a smooth and risk-free steering system. Compared to other types of controls, type-2 fuzzy logic control has the advantage of dealing with uncertain inputs, [...] Read more.

The steering system in autonomous vehicles is an essential issue that must be addressed. Appropriate control will result in a smooth and risk-free steering system. Compared to other types of controls, type-2 fuzzy logic control has the advantage of dealing with uncertain inputs, which are common in autonomous vehicles. This paper proposes a novel method for the steering control of autonomous vehicles based on type-2 fuzzy logic control combined with PI control. The primary control, type-2 fuzzy logic control, has three inputs—distance, navigation, and speed. The fuzzy system’s output is the steering angle value. This was used as input for the secondary control, PI control. This control is in charge of adjusting the motor’s position as a manifestation of the steering angle. The study results applied to the EPS system of autonomous vehicles revealed that type-2 fuzzy logic control and PI control produced better and smoother control than type-1 fuzzy logic control and PI. The slightest disturbance in the type-1 fuzzy logic control showed a significant change in steering, while this did not occur in the type-2 fuzzy logic control. The results indicate that type-2 fuzzy logic control and PI control could be used for autonomous vehicles by maintaining the comfort and safety of the users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Vehicle Control Systems)

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13 pages, 8125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Double-Sided Offset Stator Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicles

by Han Wang, Xiaoze Pei, Boyuan Yin, John Frederick Eastham, Christopher Vagg and Xianwu Zeng

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030052 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3942

Abstract

Axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors have been attracting great interest due to their key advantages of high-torque density and compact structure. Concentrated windings are commonly used for AFPM motors since they significantly reduce the radial length of the end windings. This paper proposes [...] Read more.

Axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors have been attracting great interest due to their key advantages of high-torque density and compact structure. Concentrated windings are commonly used for AFPM motors since they significantly reduce the radial length of the end windings. This paper proposes a novel double-sided stator single-rotor motor topology where one stator is offset by π radians. This arrangement can cancel significant space harmonics produced by the concentrated winding and reduce the core and permanent magnet losses. Analytical analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to verify the principle and validate the topology. The simulation results demonstrate that this proposed double-sided offset stator motor can reduce the core loss and permanent magnet loss significantly at base speed compared with the conventional double-sided stator single-rotor motor. In addition, the magnetic core saturation and induced voltage for the double-sided offset stator motor are significantly reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

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34 pages, 12997 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of Different Winding Configurations for Dual Three-Phase Interior PM Machines in Electric Vehicles

by Shensheng Wang, Ziqiang Zhu, Adam Pride, Juntao Shi, Rajesh Deodhar and Chiaki Umemura

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030051 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6807

Abstract

In this paper, two dual three-phase winding configurations are compared based on the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. It is found that the winding configuration with single-layer full-pitched (SF) windings can improve average torque and reduce torque ripple in constant [...] Read more.

In this paper, two dual three-phase winding configurations are compared based on the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. It is found that the winding configuration with single-layer full-pitched (SF) windings can improve average torque and reduce torque ripple in constant torque range. The winding configuration with double-layer short-pitched (DS) windings has better torque performance in a constant power range. The electromagnetic performances of the two winding configurations when one winding set is excited and the other one is open-circuited are also compared. The DS winding configuration shows much better performance under this condition. Overall, the dual three-phase winding configuration with DS windings is preferred for dual three-phase IPM machines in electric vehicles. A Toyota Prius 2010 IPM machine equipped with DS windings was manufactured to verify the analyses presented in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

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13 pages, 5716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study on the Parameter Identification of an Equivalent Circuit Model for an Li-ion Battery Based on Different Discharge Tests

by Piyawong Poopanya, Kanchana Sivalertporn and Teeraphon Phophongviwat

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030050 - 5 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4310

Abstract

An effective model of battery performance is important for battery management systems to control the state of battery and cell balancing. The second-order equivalent circuit model of a lithium-ion battery is studied in the present paper. The identification methods that include the multiple [...] Read more.

An effective model of battery performance is important for battery management systems to control the state of battery and cell balancing. The second-order equivalent circuit model of a lithium-ion battery is studied in the present paper. The identification methods that include the multiple linear regression (MLR), exponential curve fitting (ECF) and Simulink design optimization tool (SDOT), were used to determine the model parameters. The aim of this paper is to compare the validity of the three proposed algorithms, which vary in complexity. The open circuit voltage was measured based on the pulse discharge test. The voltage response was collected for every 10% SOC in the interval between 0–100% SOC. The battery voltages calculated from the estimated parameters under the constant current discharge test and dynamic discharge tests for electric vehicles (ISO and WLTP) were compared to the experimental data. The mean absolute error and root mean square error were calculated to analyze the accuracy of the three proposed estimators. Overall, SDOT provides the best fit with high accuracy, but requires a heavy computation burden. The accuracy of the three methods under the constant current discharge test is high compared to other experiments, due to the nonlinear behavior at a low SOC. For the ISO and WLTP dynamic tests, the errors of MLR are close to that of SDOT, but have less computing time. Therefore, MLR is probably more suitable for EV use than SDOT. Full article

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17 pages, 5995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Structure Optimized Method Based on AFSA for Soft Magnetic Strips of Inner Double-Layer Shield for Wireless Power Transmission of EV

by Yening Sun, Yao Wei and Yi Tian

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030049 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2188

Abstract

A structure optimized method based on the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) for the soft magnetic strips of the inner double-layer shield is proposed in this paper and applied to the coupler of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system of an electrical vehicle [...] Read more.

A structure optimized method based on the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) for the soft magnetic strips of the inner double-layer shield is proposed in this paper and applied to the coupler of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system of an electrical vehicle (EV). Some structure parameters including length, height, width and distances of the strips are selected to fit their relationships with the coupling coefficient, which directly effects the transfer efficiency of the coupler by the linear fitting method. Based on these relationships, a group of parameters is obtained by the AFSA with the largest coupling coefficient and suitable volume to achieve optimal transfer efficiency without lots of repetitive results of the finite element analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated quantitatively according to the outcomes and comparisons among different structure parameters and algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modeling and Simulation Technology of E-Mobility)

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14 pages, 5799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Cascaded Single Phase PFC Based on Predictive PI Control

by Guoping Shi and Yece Qian

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030048 - 2 Mar 2022

Viewed by 2702

Abstract

In order to improve the charging speed and reduce the occupied volume of an electric vehicle charger, a single-phase boost power factor corrector (PFC) system with cascade CHB (cascaded H-bridge) topology was adopted. Due to the periodic fluctuation of single-phase AC input, there [...] Read more.

In order to improve the charging speed and reduce the occupied volume of an electric vehicle charger, a single-phase boost power factor corrector (PFC) system with cascade CHB (cascaded H-bridge) topology was adopted. Due to the periodic fluctuation of single-phase AC input, there is a large double power frequency ripple component in the output voltage of an AC-DC converter. When capacitor voltage is used as output for feedback control, the control system has the characteristics of a non-minimum phase system. In light of these factors that affect the dynamic stability of the system, a control method is proposed to improve the dynamic characteristics of the system without affecting its steady-state performance. The predictive PI control strategy was adopted to predict the error input signal of the lag process to attenuate the jitter in the control system and improve the dynamic performance and anti-interference of the system. Finally, the feasibility of the scheme was verified by experiments. Full article

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19 pages, 2744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Vehicle Moving Trajectory Prediction Based on Residual Attention Network

by Zhengcai Yang, Zhenhai Gao, Fei Gao, Chuan Shi, Lei He and Shirui Gu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030047 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2981

Abstract

Skilled drivers have the driving behavioral characteristic of pre-sighted following, and similarly intelligent vehicles need accurate prediction of future trajectories. The LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) is a common model of trajectory prediction. The existing LSTM models pay less attention to the interactions between [...] Read more.

Skilled drivers have the driving behavioral characteristic of pre-sighted following, and similarly intelligent vehicles need accurate prediction of future trajectories. The LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) is a common model of trajectory prediction. The existing LSTM models pay less attention to the interactions between the target and the surrounding vehicles. Furthermore, the impacts on future trajectories of the target vehicle have also barely been a focus of the current models. On these bases, a Residual Attention-based Long Short-Term Memory (RA-LSTM) model was proposed, an interaction tensor based on the surroundings of the target vehicle at the predictive moments was constructed and the weight coefficients of the interaction tensor for the surrounding vehicles relative to the target vehicle were calculated and re-programmed in this study. The proposed RA-LSTM model can implicitly represent the different degrees of influence of the surrounding vehicles on the target vehicle; the probability distributions of the future trajectory coordinates of the target vehicle is predicted based on the extracted interaction features. The RA-LSTM model was tested and verified in multiple scenarios by using the NGSIM (next generation simulation) public dataset, and the results showed that the prediction accuracy of the proposed model is significantly improved compared with the current LSTM models. Full article

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14 pages, 1068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Electromechanical Coupling Torsional Vibration for Wheel-Side Direct-Driven Transmission System under Transmission Clearance and Motor Excitation

by Jinyong Ju, Yufei Liu and Chunrui Zhang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030046 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

The wheel-side direct-driven transmission system (WDTS) is a new intelligent transmission technology, which has significant advantages in high-efficiency and few malfunctions for the electric bus. Based on the Lagrange–Maxwell equation, the WDTS electromechanical coupling dynamic model, whose effectiveness is verified by the PMSM [...] Read more.

The wheel-side direct-driven transmission system (WDTS) is a new intelligent transmission technology, which has significant advantages in high-efficiency and few malfunctions for the electric bus. Based on the Lagrange–Maxwell equation, the WDTS electromechanical coupling dynamic model, whose effectiveness is verified by the PMSM speed, is constructed for analyzing the system torsional vibration destabilization characteristics. Then, by determining the resonance curve equation for the torsional vibration response amplitude of the WDTS with the direct multi-scale method, the influences of the torque ripple amplitude of the PMSM and the transmission clearance on the system torsional vibration stability are analyzed. The results indicate that the WDTS torsional vibration response shows complex nonlinear characteristics especially under the effect of the system transmission clearance, which has an important impact on the system stable operation. The research results can lay a theoretical foundation for the design of the WDTS of the electric bus. Full article

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14 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Application Performance Index System of Pure Electric Buses Based on Extensible Cloud Model

by Xinghua Hu, Mintanyu Zheng, Jiahao Zhao, Runze Gao, Binbin Li, Xinghui Chen and Gao Dai

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030045 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

In order to help select high-quality electric buses, we established a performance index system for pure electric buses based on an extensible cloud model. With the rapid development of electric buses, choosing a suitable pure electric bus considering its applicability is challenging. Based [...] Read more.

In order to help select high-quality electric buses, we established a performance index system for pure electric buses based on an extensible cloud model. With the rapid development of electric buses, choosing a suitable pure electric bus considering its applicability is challenging. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the passenger car industry, a preliminary evaluation index system for pure electric passenger cars was constructed. The preliminary indicator system was formed based on the optimization of the main points of current laws and regulations, and divided into four aspects: safety assistance system, comfort, convenience, and economy. Then, the index system was determined from multiple perspectives, and the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method were applied to determine the comprehensive weight. Meanwhile, the evaluation level of the index system of pure electric buses was calculated by the extensible cloud model. At last, six electric buses were selected from Chinese electric bus companies as examples to determine the relevant level. The results show that the method has satisfactory feasibility and applicability in the comprehensive evaluation and that it provides a reference for pure electric bus selection based on application performance. Full article

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27 pages, 13489 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Understanding Complexity in Charging Infrastructure through the Lens of Social Supply–Demand Systems

by Jurjen Helmus, Mike Lees and Robert van den Hoed

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030044 - 24 Feb 2022

Viewed by 3436

Abstract

Since the first release of modern electric vehicles, researchers and policy makers have shown interest in the deployment and utilization of charging infrastructure. Despite the sheer volume of literature, limited attention has been paid to the characteristics and variance of charging behavior of [...] Read more.

Since the first release of modern electric vehicles, researchers and policy makers have shown interest in the deployment and utilization of charging infrastructure. Despite the sheer volume of literature, limited attention has been paid to the characteristics and variance of charging behavior of EV users. In this research, we answer the question: which scientific approaches can help us to understand the dynamics of charging behavior in charging infrastructures, in order to provide recommendations regarding a more effective deployment and utilization of these infrastructures. To do so, we propose a conceptual model for charging infrastructure as a social supply–demand system and apply complex system properties. Using this conceptual model, we estimate the rate complexity, using three developed ratios that relate to the (1) necessity of sharing resources, (2) probabilities of queuing, and (3) cascading impact of transactions on others. Based on a qualitative assessment of these ratios, we propose that public charging infrastructure can be characterized as a complex system. Based on our findings, we provide four recommendations to policy makers for taking efforts to reduce complexity during deployment and measure interactions between EV users using systemic metrics. We further point researchers and policy makers to agent-based simulation models that capture interactions between EV users and the use complex network analysis to reveal weak spots in charging networks or compare the charging infrastructure layouts of across cities worldwide. Full article

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World Electr. Veh. J., Volume 13, Issue 3 (March 2022) – 11 articles

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