Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO2 and NOX Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
Air Pollution in China
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Driving Factors behind SO2 and NOX Emissions in China
3.1.1. Economic Disparity and SO2 Emission
3.1.2. Urban Development Disparity and NOX Emission
3.2. Data Source
3.3. The Empirical Methodology
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. SO2 Emission Inequality
4.2. NOX Emission Inequality
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SO2 | Sulfur dioxide |
NOX | Nitrogen oxides |
FYP | Five-Year Plan |
NBS | National Bureau of Statistics of China |
EKC | Environmental Kuznets curve |
Appendix A. Supplementary Figures
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Variable | Index | Factor | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Air pollution | SO2, NOX | Emission | Ton |
Cause | Economic | Coal consumption | 10,000 tons |
Power generation | 100 million kWh | ||
GDP | 100 million Yuan | ||
Urban development | Gasoline consumption | 10,000 tons | |
Transportation (Urban vehicles) | 10,000 units | ||
Urban population | 10,000 persons |
Year | Theil Index | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 0.5734 | 0.0780 (13.60) | 0.0673 (11.75) | 0.0999 (17.43) | 0.1596 (27.84) | 0.0248 (4.32) | −0.0077 (−1.34) | 0.1514 (26.41) |
2007 | 0.5569 | 0.0757 (13.59) | 0.0600 (10.77) | 0.1047 (18.81) | 0.1447 (25.99) | 0.0334 (5.99) | −0.0127 (−2.28) | 0.1511 (27.13) |
2008 | 0.5189 | 0.0760 (14.64) | 0.0662 (12.76) | 0.1024 (19.73) | 0.1329 (25.60) | 0.0230 (4.43) | −0.0184 (−3.54) | 0.1369 (26.38) |
2009 | 0.5276 | 0.0699 (13.25) | 0.0644 (12.20) | 0.1100 (20.86) | 0.1220 (23.12) | 0.0249 (4.72) | −0.0058 (−1.09) | 0.1422 (26.95) |
2010 | 0.5205 | 0.0675 (12.97) | 0.0656 (12.61) | 0.1032 (19.84) | 0.1059 (20.34) | 0.0337 (6.47) | −0.0093 (−1.79) | 0.1539 (29.57) |
2011 | 0.5199 | 0.0434 (8.36) | 0.0633 (12.17) | 0.1033 (19.87) | 0.0975 (18.75) | 0.0451 (8.67) | −0.0072 (−1.38) | 0.1745 (33.57) |
2012 | 0.5337 | 0.0392 (7.34) | 0.0658 (12.32) | 0.1135 (21.26) | 0.0918 (17.20) | 0.0298 (5.58) | −0.0012 (−0.22) | 0.1949 (36.52) |
2013 | 0.5389 | 0.0394 (7.31) | 0.0756 (14.02) | 0.1214 (22.52) | 0.0869 (16.12) | 0.0212 (3.94) | −0.0012 (−0.22) | 0.1957 (36.31) |
2014 | 0.5698 | 0.0429 (7.52) | 0.0894 (15.70) | 0.1369 (24.02) | 0.0839 (14.73) | 0.0239 (4.19) | −0.0032 (−0.56) | 0.1960 (34.41) |
2015 | 0.6070 | 0.0513 (8.45) | 0.1039 (17.11) | 0.1377 (22.69) | 0.0824 (13.57) | 0.0366 (6.03) | −0.0002 (−0.03) | 0.1953 (32.18) |
Year | Theil Index | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 0.4902 | 0.1558 (31.78) | 0.0759 (15.48) | 0.0478 (9.75) | 0.0814 (16.61) | 0.0883 (18.01) | −0.0032 (−0.66) | 0.0443 (9.04) |
2007 | 0.5864 | 0.2305 (39.32) | 0.0992 (16.91) | 0.0471 (8.04) | 0.0735 (12.54) | 0.0939 (16.01) | 0.0060 (1.03) | 0.0361 (6.16) |
2008 | 0.4981 | 0.1962 (39.40) | 0.0931 (18.70) | 0.0455 (9.13) | 0.0658 (13.22) | 0.0673 (13.51) | −0.0051 (−1.03) | 0.0353 (7.08) |
2009 | 0.4915 | 0.1884 (38.33) | 0.0918 (18.69) | 0.0425 (8.64) | 0.0602 (12.25) | 0.0748 (15.22) | 0.0079 (1.61) | 0.0259 (5.27) |
2010 | 0.5606 | 0.1735 (30.95) | 0.0671 (11.96) | 0.0381 (6.80) | 0.0546 (9.74) | 0.2107 (37.58) | −0.0042 (−0.75) | 0.0208 (3.72) |
2011 | 0.6373 | 0.2310 (36.25) | 0.0710 (11.14) | 0.0372 (5.84) | 0.0490 (7.69) | 0.2396 (37.60) | −0.0084 (−1.31) | 0.0178 (2.79) |
2012 | 0.6428 | 0.2301 (35.79) | 0.0717 (11.15) | 0.0372 (5.78) | 0.0435 (6.76) | 0.2583 (40.18) | −0.0147 (−2.29) | 0.0169 (2.63) |
2013 | 0.6417 | 0.2081 (32.44) | 0.0639 (9.96) | 0.0335 (5.22) | 0.0400 (6.24) | 0.2939 (45.80) | −0.0132 (−2.06) | 0.0154 (2.40) |
2014 | 0.6483 | 0.2219 (34.23) | 0.0756 (11.67) | 0.0306 (4.72) | 0.0373 (5.75) | 0.2716 (41.89) | 0.0086 (1.32) | 0.0027 (0.42) |
2015 | 0.5064 | 0.1710 (33.76) | 0.0593 (11.71) | 0.0253 (4.99) | 0.0323 (6.37) | 0.1995 (39.39) | 0.0159 (3.13) | 0.0033 (0.64) |
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Azimi, M.; Feng, F.; Yang, Y. Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO2 and NOX Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015. Sustainability 2018, 10, 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020367
Azimi M, Feng F, Yang Y. Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO2 and NOX Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015. Sustainability. 2018; 10(2):367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020367
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzimi, Mohaddeseh, Feng Feng, and Yang Yang. 2018. "Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO2 and NOX Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015" Sustainability 10, no. 2: 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020367
APA StyleAzimi, M., Feng, F., & Yang, Y. (2018). Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO2 and NOX Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015. Sustainability, 10(2), 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020367