Environmental and Economic Concerns in Residents’ Attitudes in Punta del Este (Uruguay)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
- Economic benefits, in particular, highlight the potential for increased employment and trade opportunities. Both items refer to the development of local entrepreneurship, which is expected to generate more jobs for people residing in the area, and the possibility of the development of new businesses, which will contribute more strongly to improvements in the region (economic, social, and environmental) compared to businesses run by people from outside this geographical area that promote tourism development.
- Cultural change is one of the consequences of the development of tourism. Cultural change has an impact on the local population, who perceives a loss of its culture and traditions. These cultural changes can be lessened in two specific cases. In the first case, one can “commercialize” traditional culture, but much of it will be preserved or even strengthened. The second case is only possible for sun and beach destinations located in continents with little cultural differences, such as Punta del Este (i.e., differences between tourists and residents are almost null, and, therefore, cultural change is virtually impossible).
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Variable. | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Sex: | ||
Man. | 230 | 54.76% |
Woman. | 190 | 45.24% |
Age: | ||
Less than 25. | 104 | 24.76% |
From 25 to 34. | 67 | 15.95% |
From 35 to 44. | 81 | 19.29% |
From 45 to 54. | 80 | 19.05% |
From 55 to 64. | 49 | 11.67% |
65 or more. | 39 | 9.29% |
Level of studies: | ||
No Studies. | 8 | 1.90% |
Primary Studies. | 39 | 9.29% |
Secondary Studies. | 177 | 42.14% |
University Studies. | 196 | 46.67% |
Birthplace: | ||
In the region. | 181 | 43.10% |
Outside the region. | 239 | 56.90% |
Works in Tourism: | ||
Yes. | 243 | 57.86% |
No. | 177 | 42.14% |
AVE | Composite Reliability | R2 | Cronbach’s Alpha | Communality | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Concern | 0.546 | 0.828 | 0.722 | 0.546 | |
Economic Concern | 0.604 | 0.753 | 0.645 | 0.604 | |
Economic Benefits | 0.599 | 0.882 | 0.039 | 0.832 | 0.599 |
Socio-cultural Benefits | 0.561 | 0.864 | 0.036 | 0.804 | 0.561 |
Environmental Benefits | 0.513 | 0.808 | 0.014 | 0.687 | 0.513 |
Economic Costs | 0.792 | 0.884 | 0.039 | 0.744 | 0.792 |
Socio-cultural Costs | 0.555 | 0.832 | 0.024 | 0.734 | 0.555 |
Environmental Costs | 0.602 | 0.883 | 0.075 | 0.835 | 0.602 |
Overall Attitude | 0.627 | 0.871 | 0.353 | 0.802 | 0.627 |
Constructs | Arithmetic Average | Standard Deviation | Loading |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental Concern: | |||
Protection of the environment is more important than economic benefits. | 3.548 | 1.161 | 0.743 |
The priority in new projects must be the preservation of the environment. | 3.795 | 1.054 | 0.763 |
The environment cannot withstand the impacts generated by modern society. | 3.740 | 0.979 | 0.769 |
Infrastructures cause negative impacts to the environment that are difficult to remedy. | 3.600 | 1.041 | 0.680 |
Economic Concern: | |||
Young people must leave the town to find employment. | 2.776 | 1.204 | 0.773 |
The local economic situation is worrying. | 3.640 | 1.065 | 0.782 |
Economic Benefits: | |||
Tourism generates many job opportunities for residents. | 4.350 | 0.780 | 0.779 |
Tourism generates numerous business opportunities for residents and small businesses. | 4.195 | 0.837 | 0.835 |
Tourism generates greater opportunities for investment in the town. | 4.264 | 0.798 | 0.768 |
Tourism generates revenue for the Administration and local organisms. | 4.293 | 0.818 | 0.748 |
Tourism significantly increases residents’ levels of income. | 4.048 | 0.940 | 0.736 |
Socio-cultural Benefits: | |||
Thanks to tourism, residents have a better and more varied selection of leisure activities and entertainment. | 3.740 | 1.072 | 0.684 |
Thanks to tourism, basic services are better. | 2.967 | 1.276 | 0.761 |
Thanks to tourism, there are better public services. | 2.855 | 1.225 | 0.778 |
Tourism promotes the restoration and conservation of historical heritage. | 3.274 | 1.150 | 0.745 |
Tourism improves the quality of infrastructure and public works. | 3.555 | 1.062 | 0.774 |
Environmental Benefits: | |||
Tourism encourages the protection of natural areas. | 3.379 | 1.101 | 0.755 |
Tourism converts natural resources into a source of income for residents. | 3.652 | 1.009 | 0.720 |
Tourism is less polluting than other economic activities. | 3.429 | 1.118 | 0.707 |
Tourism promotes respect for the environment. | 2.936 | 1.101 | 0.680 |
Economic Costs: | |||
Tourism has led to an increase in prices and the cost of living. | 4.076 | 1.007 | 0.853 |
Tourism has led to an increase in the cost of housing and land. | 4.136 | 0.945 | 0.926 |
Socio-cultural Costs: | |||
Tourism hinders the enjoyment of public spaces by overcrowding them. | 3.269 | 1.164 | 0.702 |
Tourism has made residents feel like strangers in their own town. | 2.817 | 1.145 | 0.821 |
Tourism has generated a negative effect on the local culture. | 2.588 | 1.023 | 0.768 |
Tourism has generated conflicts between visitors and residents. | 2.969 | 1.103 | 0.681 |
Environmental Costs: | |||
Tourism causes serious environmental pollution problems. | 3.057 | 1.052 | 0.753 |
Tourism leads to the loss of local ecosystems. | 3.002 | 1.025 | 0.822 |
Tourism consumes resources in excess. | 3.319 | 1.064 | 0.764 |
Tourism has contributed to the degradation of the natural environment of the town. | 3.062 | 1.063 | 0.809 |
Tourism has caused the saturation of some natural spaces. | 3.362 | 1.077 | 0.728 |
Overall Attitude: | |||
Tourism development has been very beneficial to the town and its inhabitants. | 4.093 | 0.836 | 0.772 |
Tourism must continue to be promoted as an essential part of the town. | 4.300 | 0.802 | 0.823 |
Tourism is beneficial for residents’ day to day lives. | 3.988 | 0.930 | 0.816 |
There is a better quality of life thanks to tourism. | 3.848 | 0.996 | 0.755 |
Hypotheses | Path Coefficients | Standard Error | T Statistic | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hypothesis 1: | ||||
Economic Benefits→Overall Attitude (H1.1) | 0.374 ** | 0.117 | 3.191 | 0.001 |
Socio-cultural Benefits→Overall Attitude (H1.2) | 0.111 ns | 0.112 | 0.990 | 0.161 |
Environmental Benefits→Overall Attitude (H1.3) | 0.074 ns | 0.113 | 0.656 | 0.256 |
Hypothesis 2: | ||||
Economic Costs→Overall Attitude (H2.1) | 0.106 ns | 0.128 | 0.827 | 0.204 |
Socio-cultural Costs→Overall Attitude (H2.2) | −0.224 * | 0.114 | 1.967 | 0.025 |
Environmental Costs→Overall Attitude (H2.3) | −0.067 ns | 0.109 | 0.610 | 0.271 |
Hypothesis 3: | ||||
Economic Concern→Economic Benefits (H3.1) | 0.002 ns | 0.131 | 0.014 | 0.494 |
Economic Concern→Socio-cultural Benefits (H3.2) | −0.066 ns | 0.132 | 0.500 | 0.309 |
Economic Concern→Environmental Benefits (H3.3) | 0.007 ns | 0.139 | 0.048 | 0.481 |
Hypothesis 4: | ||||
Economic Concern→Economic Costs (H4.1) | 0.168 * | 0.124 | 1.354 | 0.088 |
Economic Concern→Socio-cultural Costs (H4.2) | 0.096 ns | 0.129 | 0.746 | 0.228 |
Economic Concern→Environmental Costs (H4.3) | 0.055 ns | 0.125 | 0.442 | 0.329 |
Hypothesis 5: | ||||
Environmental Concern→Economic Benefits (H5.1) | 0.197 * | 0.130 | 1.514 | 0.065 |
Environmental Concern→Socio-cultural Benefits (H5.2) | 0.181 * | 0.140 | 1.289 | 0.099 |
Environmental Concern→Environmental Benefits (H5.3) | 0.117 ns | 0.173 | 0.678 | 0.249 |
Hypothesis 6: | ||||
Environmental Concern→Economic Costs (H6.1) | 0.094 ns | 0.137 | 0.690 | 0.245 |
Environmental Concern→Socio-cultural Costs (H6.2) | 0.116 ns | 0.134 | 0.865 | 0.194 |
Environmental Concern→Environmental Costs (H6.3) | 0.266 * | 0.136 | 1.957 | 0.025 |
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Sánchez-Fernández, M.D.; Álvarez-Bassi, D.; Ramón-Cardona, J. Environmental and Economic Concerns in Residents’ Attitudes in Punta del Este (Uruguay). Sustainability 2019, 11, 7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247246
Sánchez-Fernández MD, Álvarez-Bassi D, Ramón-Cardona J. Environmental and Economic Concerns in Residents’ Attitudes in Punta del Este (Uruguay). Sustainability. 2019; 11(24):7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247246
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Fernández, María Dolores, Daniel Álvarez-Bassi, and José Ramón-Cardona. 2019. "Environmental and Economic Concerns in Residents’ Attitudes in Punta del Este (Uruguay)" Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247246
APA StyleSánchez-Fernández, M. D., Álvarez-Bassi, D., & Ramón-Cardona, J. (2019). Environmental and Economic Concerns in Residents’ Attitudes in Punta del Este (Uruguay). Sustainability, 11(24), 7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247246