Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Development and Multi-Use
2.1. Key Pillars of Maritime Sustainable Development
2.2. Multi–Use as at Sea
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. The Existence of MUs
4.2. MUs in the EU Sea Basins from the Perspective of Stakeholders
5. Discussion
5.1. Stakeholders Perception of MU Potential in Five EU Sea Basins
5.2. Supporting MU
- In the “Sustainable Blue Growth Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region” of 2014 there is a suggestion of supporting flagship projects related to exploiting the potential for co-existence of maritime uses [48].
- The Black Sea a New Regional Cooperation Initiative named Synergy [49] contains no single reference to MU, collocation, co-existence nor co-use. However, this initiative is not limited to blue growth but encompasses broader array of co-operation topics. Also, Common Maritime Agenda (Ministerial Declaration since 2019) and SRIA (Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda) for the Black Sea Basin (which replace the Synergy from 2007) do not include any reference to Maritime Spatial Planning and MU (although the MSP process for the Black Sea Basin (Bulgaria and Romania) was started in 2014 under the two pilot projects MSRSPLAN-BS I and II, supporting the ongoing process of MSP in both EU Member States).
- The Ministerial Declarations of the Union for the Mediterranean on the blue economy [50] also contains no links to the MU concept. However, in the EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region [51,52] some specific claims towards the development of the MU approach can be found. Coordination of aquaculture and fisheries with other activities (tourism, environmental protection) is suggested although it is not clear whether the final outcome should be in MU form or co-existence. Also, the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda of the Blue Med Initiative [53] explicitly address MU (multi-use platforms in support of environmental monitoring, safety and security, and renewable energy development). In the Declaration of the Meeting of the Ministers of the Countries participating in the Initiative for the Sustainable Development of the Blue Economy in the Western Mediterranean the ministers support multi-use offshore platforms and ask MSP for synergic uses of sea space and resources [54].
- In the Atlantic, the Atlantic Strategy was considered as a key blue growth document. The Action Plan for the Atlantic Strategy contains suggestions on integration of renewable energy installations for offshore wind, wave, tidal, and biomass energies with desalination plants and multipurpose offshore platforms [55].
- In the North Sea the blue growth strategy is under elaboration within preparatory action’ for a regional strategy in the North Sea region supporting regional cross-sectoral maritime cooperation. At the workshop on Strategic Cooperation on Blue Growth in the North Sea the MU have been discussed in depth, in particular in relation to technologies that ensure the multi-use of maritime space [56].
- The strongest policy support is provided by the U.K. and by some Mediterranean countries. The latter enhance sea uses combination in various types of policy documents, support schemes and national legislation [57] but only in a few sectors (pescatourism as a leader). In the U.K. support is mainly provided by MSP. It is expressed in the legal/policy MSP documents (e.g., in the Marine Policy Statement [58] that explicitly states that Marine Plans could ‘encourage co-existence of multiple uses’). This co-existence focus is generally observed in the Marine Plans for England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
- MU has been supported at national level in the Black Sea region. However, this concept is absent in the strategic documents at the regional level (sea-basin level) with exception of EU funded projects (MU concept and its support with MSP has been elaborated in the MARSPLAN-BS II project).
- In the North Sea support exists at various forms (legislation, economic incentives, administrative routines, MSP, sectoral strategies) in almost all countries, with the exception of Denmark in which economic incentives and MSP enhancing MU are missing. In the North Sea the various terms supporting co-combination of uses are used in the national legislation of the majority of sea basin countries, but their practical usage is limited to the UK and Belgium. However, in contrast to the Mediterranean case, maritime spatial planning in the North Sea countries is much more open to MU in the planning stage. However, the support is also very general.
- In the Baltic Sea Region MU support is limited to the western countries including Poland. However, this support is hardly systematic. For instance, in Poland MU is supported mainly by MSP. Economic incentives for MU are missing despite verbal support to this concept in regional strategies. MU is also missing in the national legislation of majority of countries in the Baltic Sea Region. MU is not excluded there but is not directly supported.
5.3. Contribution of MU to Sustainable Development
5.3.1. Need for the Territorialisation of MUs
5.3.2. Global Recognition and Agency-Driven, Content-Oriented Coordination
5.3.3. More Holistic MU Support
6. Conclusions
- Recognition of specifies of different EU sea basin in terms of impact of MU on various aspects of sustainable development
- Recognition of MU not only in MSP documents but also in other key strategies such as SDGs goals or Macroregional strategies and action plans
- Employment of more coherent and concise spectrum of MU support efforts covering not only MSP but also sectoral incentives and educational efforts.
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- Evaluation of policy performance with regard to supporting MUs. In particular, more research is necessary on how to integrate an MU concept within the blue growth or environment policy and social sustainability idea. While the initial analysis indicated that the MU concept is well aligned with sustainable development ambitions, reality does not support this finding. Although MU fits into the sustainable development in real applications in maritime governance it is decidedly absent.
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- More profound research on MUs, and the impact MU has on societal goals. Typically, such goals include enhancing societal innovations, securing places for less influential but socially significant sectors, leaving more space for the decisions of future generations, mitigating climate change, contributing to the well-being of the environment, etc. However, the focus should remain on recognition and distribution. MUs might create several risks in this regard that require further investigations.
- -
- Evaluation and assessment of various types of costs and benefits, including external ones related to MUs and their incorporation into the price. The outcomes of such research can guide both the private sector’s decisions and the decision-makers’ allocation of sea space for various uses.
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- Compiling spatio-socio-economic multipliers of MUs (e.g., impact of MUs on spatial patterns, local cultures and economic growth on land).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wind Energy & Aquaculture 1 | Wind Energy & Tourism | Wind Energy & Fisheries | Aquaculture & Tourism | Fisheries & Tourism & Environmental Protection | Underwater Cultural Heritage & Tourism & Environmental Protection 2,3 | Tide & Wave | Wind Energy & Shipping terminal | Wave & Aquaculture | Aquaculture & Environmental Protection | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic | United Kingdom | ||||||||||
Ireland | |||||||||||
Portugal | |||||||||||
Spain | |||||||||||
France | |||||||||||
Mediterranean Sea | Spain | ||||||||||
France | |||||||||||
Italy | |||||||||||
Slovenia | |||||||||||
Croatia | |||||||||||
Greece | |||||||||||
Malta | |||||||||||
Cyprus | |||||||||||
Black Sea | Romania | ||||||||||
Bulgaria | |||||||||||
Baltic Sea | Finland | ||||||||||
Estonia | |||||||||||
Latvia | |||||||||||
Lithuania | |||||||||||
Poland | |||||||||||
Sweden | |||||||||||
Denmark | |||||||||||
Germany | |||||||||||
North Sea | Germany | ||||||||||
Denmark | |||||||||||
Netherlands | |||||||||||
Belgium | |||||||||||
United Kingdom | |||||||||||
France |
MU Name | Atlantic | North Sea | Baltic Sea | Mediterranean | Black Sea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MU1 | Offshore Wind and Aquaculture | 1/2 | 3/1 | 1/3 | 1/1 | - |
MU2 | Offshore Wind and Tourism | 1/1 | 1 | 3/2 | - | - |
MU3 | Offshore Wind and Fisheries | 1 | 4 | 1 | - | - |
MU4 | Aquaculture and Tourism | 3/1 | - | 1 | 3/3 | 2 |
MU5 | Fisheries and Tourism and Environmental Protection | 3 | - | 1/1 | 5/3 | 2 |
MU6 | Underwater Cultural Heritage and Tourism and Environmental Protection | 3 | - | 4/2 | 1/4 | 2 |
Explanation: The ‘existing’ category includes trial/pilot cases in the real environment that are ongoing or have been discontinued. The ‘having potential’ category constitutes hypothetical MU combinations considered by stakeholders as the most promising. |
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Przedrzymirska, J.; Zaucha, J.; Calado, H.; Lukic, I.; Bocci, M.; Ramieri, E.; Varona, M.C.; Barbanti, A.; Depellegrin, D.; de Sousa Vergílio, M.; et al. Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158159
Przedrzymirska J, Zaucha J, Calado H, Lukic I, Bocci M, Ramieri E, Varona MC, Barbanti A, Depellegrin D, de Sousa Vergílio M, et al. Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins. Sustainability. 2021; 13(15):8159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158159
Chicago/Turabian StylePrzedrzymirska, Joanna, Jacek Zaucha, Helena Calado, Ivana Lukic, Martina Bocci, Emiliano Ramieri, Mario Cana Varona, Andrea Barbanti, Daniel Depellegrin, Marta de Sousa Vergílio, and et al. 2021. "Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins" Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158159
APA StylePrzedrzymirska, J., Zaucha, J., Calado, H., Lukic, I., Bocci, M., Ramieri, E., Varona, M. C., Barbanti, A., Depellegrin, D., de Sousa Vergílio, M., Schultz-Zehden, A., Onyango, V., Papaioannou, E., Buck, B. H., Krause, G., Schupp, M. F., Läkamp, R., Szefler, K., Michałek, M., ... Lazić, M. (2021). Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins. Sustainability, 13(15), 8159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158159