Environmental Risk Mitigation by Biodiesel Blending from Eichhornia crassipes: Performance and Emission Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Research Literature
1.2. Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) in Iraq
1.3. Motivation and Research Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biodiesel Production Procedure
- A small amount of the stems and leaves were taken to the chemical department laboratory for bio composition characterization. The small amount was rinsed with distilled water and left to dry at room temperature. The sample was further dried in an electric oven at 110 °C for a day to remove the moisture.
- The dry sample was ground into powder using a grinding mill, and the particles were sieved using a 300 µm standard sieve.
- A sample of 100 g of the powder was tested by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) machine. The wavelength resultant was compared to a standard chart to identify the percentage of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
2.2. Diesel and Biodiesel Characterization
- ○
- Density: Anton Paar Densometer (model DMA 4500M with a resolution of 0.00001 g/cm³ and accuracy of 0.000005 g/cm³) was used to measure density following the ASTM D-5002 standard method.
- ○
- Viscosity: Anton Paar Lovis rolling ball viscometer (model 2000 M/ME with viscosity measuring range of 0.3 mPa.s to 10,000 mPa.s and accuracy of up to 0.5% of the reading) was used to measure viscosity according to the 2000M/ME method.
- ○
- Flashpoint was obtained using a CPP 5Gs analyzer, with an accuracy of 0.1 °C, following the ASTM D-2500 procedure.
- ○
- Pour point temperatures were found using a CPP 5G analyzer, with an accuracy of 0.1 °C following the ASTM D-97 testing procedure.
- ○
- Cold filter plugging point was obtained using an FPP 5Gs analyzer, with two infrared detection barriers, following the ASTM D-6371 standard test procedure.
- ○
- The Oxidation stability was obtained using an 873-CH-9101 Metrohm analyzer, with an accuracy of 0.3 °C, following EN-14112 standard testing procedure.
- ○
- The Cetane number was analyzed using SHATOX SX-100K equipment, with 1.0 Cetane level measurement error, following the ASTM D-613 standard method.
- ○
- Ramé-hart, Model 260, with an accuracy of ±0.10°, was used to measure the surface tension according to the pendant drop method.
- ○
- Pregl–Dumas method was adopted to determine the diesel contents of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen by CHNS analyzer.
- ○
- Gas chromatography with the flame ionization detector has been used to determine the fatty acid components.
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Uncertainty Analysis
3. Thermodynamic Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Characterization Results
4.2. Heat Release Rate
4.3. Cylinder Pressure
4.4. Brake Thermal Efficiency
4.5. Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption
4.6. Environmental Assessment Results
5. Conclusions
- Fuel properties: The density and viscosity of the fuel blend increase, and the calorific value decreases with the addition of biofuel.
- The engine performance of IC has been enhanced with the addition of E. crassipes biofuel. Compared with the neat diesel, the biodiesel blend of D + 10BE, D + 20BE, and D + 40BE enhanced brake thermal efficiency by 2.6%, 4.2%, and 6.3%, respectively.
- The reduction percentage of CO is 0.85–3.69% and 2.48–6.93% of HC compared with the neat diesel. The increasing percentage of NOx compared with pure diesel is 1.87 to 7.83%.
- The assessment results of 40% biofuel extracted from the E. crassipes and mixed with neat diesel demonstrate a remarkable effect on the engine performance with reduced emission.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
bTDC | Before the Top Dead Centre |
BSFC | Specific Fuel Consumption |
E. crassipes | Eichhornia crassipes |
HC | Hydrocarbon |
HRR | heat release rate |
PH | Potential of Hydrogen |
ppm | parts per million (1 ppm = 1 mg/L = 1/1 million = 0.000001) |
NOx | Oxides of Nitrogen |
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Components | Values in g per 100 g Dry Matter |
---|---|
Hemicellulose | 28.87 |
Cellulose | 32.56 |
Lignin | 4.16 |
Parameter | Values |
---|---|
No. of cylinders and Strokes | 1 Cylinder; four-stroke |
Cylinder bore | 85 mm |
Stroke | 88 mm |
Displacement volume | 653 cm3 |
Compression ratio | 21.5:1 |
Maximum speed | 3200 RPM |
Injection timing | 21° BTDC |
Parameters | Maximum Value Limit | Accuracy | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
Speed (rpm) | 6500 | ±1 rpm | ±1.75 |
Torque (N·m) | 450 | ±0.2 N·m | ±0.77 |
BSFC (g/kW·h) | - | ±2.12 g/kW∙h | ±0.89 |
CO (vol. %) | 20% | ±0.02 vol.% | ±1.56 |
NOx (ppm) | 10,000 ppm | ±2 ppm | ±3.21 |
HC (ppm) | 5000 ppm | ±2 ppm | ±1.85 |
Property | D | D + 10BE | D + 20BE | D + 40BE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | 823 | 834 | 847 | 859 |
Kinematic viscosity at 33 °C (10−6 m2/s) | 4.32 | 4.38 | 4.46 | 4.51 |
Calorific value (MJ/kg) | 45.3 | 44.82 | 42.67 | 42.15 |
Flash point (°C) | 52.5 | 73.1 | 94.3 | 107.5 |
Pour point (°C) | −7.6 | −8.5 | −9.2 | −10.3 |
Cetane number | 47 | 49 | 51 | 54 |
Oxidation stability (h) | 104.3 | 93.11 | 80.2 | 47.3 |
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Abdul Wahhab, H.A.; Al-Kayiem, H.H. Environmental Risk Mitigation by Biodiesel Blending from Eichhornia crassipes: Performance and Emission Assessment. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8274. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158274
Abdul Wahhab HA, Al-Kayiem HH. Environmental Risk Mitigation by Biodiesel Blending from Eichhornia crassipes: Performance and Emission Assessment. Sustainability. 2021; 13(15):8274. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158274
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Wahhab, Hasanain A., and Hussain H. Al-Kayiem. 2021. "Environmental Risk Mitigation by Biodiesel Blending from Eichhornia crassipes: Performance and Emission Assessment" Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8274. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158274
APA StyleAbdul Wahhab, H. A., & Al-Kayiem, H. H. (2021). Environmental Risk Mitigation by Biodiesel Blending from Eichhornia crassipes: Performance and Emission Assessment. Sustainability, 13(15), 8274. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158274