The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Parent–Child Relationship, Loneliness and Self-Efficacy among Senior High School Students in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Research Hypotheses
2.1. Theoretical Background
2.2. Research Hypotheses
2.2.1. Association between Parent–Child Relationship and Loneliness
2.2.2. Association between Parent–Child Relationship and Smartphone Addiction
2.2.3. Association between Loneliness and Smartphone Addiction
2.2.4. Association between Self-Efficacy and Smartphone Addiction
2.2.5. Self-Efficacy Mediates and Moderates Parent–Child Relationship, Loneliness and Smartphone Addiction
3. Method
3.1. Participants and Procedure
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Description for Instruments
- Smartphone Addiction
- Parent–child relationship Scale
- Loneliness
- Self-efficacy
3.2.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Instruments
3.3. Analytical Strategy
4. Results
4.1. Test the Extent of the Common Method Variance (CMV)
4.2. Correlation Analysis and Descriptive Statistics
4.3. Estimating Parameters of the Moderated Mediation model
4.4. Testing Each Effect of the Moderated Mediation Mechanism
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implication
5.3. Limitations and Scope of Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Categories | N | Percentage % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 1205 | 55.50 |
Male | 966 | 44.50 |
School Type | ||
Senior High School | 944 | 43.48 |
Vocational High School | 924 | 42.56 |
Comprehensive High School | 303 | 13.96 |
Grade | ||
Tenth grade | 1312 | 60.43 |
Eleventh grade | 465 | 21.42 |
Twelfth grade | 394 | 18.15 |
Scale Name | Factor Name | Factor Loadings | CA | CR | AVE | Fit Indices |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphone Addiction Scale | Compulsive | 0.515–0.796 | 0.786 | 0.551 | 0.456 | RMSEA = 0.066 GFI = 0.911 AGFI = 0.890 NFI = 0.908 NNFI = 0.906 CFI = 0.916 IFI = 0.916 Overall CA = 0.94 |
Withdrawal reaction | 0.676–0.780 | 0.854 | 0.624 | 0.553 | ||
Tolerance | 0.662–0.844 | 0.847 | 0.616 | 0.542 | ||
Interpersonal and health problems | 0.581–0.729 | 0.849 | 0.539 | 0.437 | ||
Time management issues | 0.585–0.833 | 0.849 | 0.573 | 0.484 | ||
Parent–child relationship Scale | Positive relationship | 0.654–0.805 | 0.914 | 0.662 | 0.536 | RMSEA = 0.077 GFI = 0.912 AGFI = 0.884 NFI = 0.913 NNFI = 0.904 CFI = 0.918 IFI = 0.918 Overall CA = 0.91 |
Negative relationship | 0.608–0.836 | 0.867 | 0.583 | 0.499 | ||
UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 | Positive loneliness | 0.469–0.694 | 0.851 | 0.498 | 0.381 | RMSEA = 0.065 GFI = 0.923 AGFI = 0.902 NFI = 0.915 NNFI = 0.912 CFI = 0.923 IFI = 0.923 Overall CA = 0.94 |
Negative loneliness | 0.518–0.802 | 0.891 | 0.555 | 0.461 | ||
Self-efficacy scale for high school students | Academic performance | 0.690–0.829 | 0.844 | 0.605 | 0.528 | RMSEA = 0.066 GFI = 0.904 AGFI = 0.884 NFI = 0.921 NNFI = 0.920 CFI = 0.928 IFI = 0.928 Overall CA = 0.91 |
Career development | 0.652–0.860 | 0.914 | 0.692 | 0.645 | ||
Interpersonal relations | 0.676–0.854 | 0.902 | 0.640 | 0.574 | ||
Physical performance | 0.784–0.843 | 0.918 | 0.699 | 0.652 |
Variable | Mean | SD | X | M | V | Y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent–child relationship (X) | 3.510 | 0.657 | 1 | |||
Loneliness (M) | 2.371 | 0.570 | −0.305 *** | 1 | ||
Self-efficacy (V) | 3.408 | 0.605 | 0.303 *** | −0.480 *** | 1 | |
Smartphone Addiction (Y) | 2.487 | 0.678 | −0.179 *** | 0.245 *** | −0.181 *** | 1 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome Variable | Loneliness (M) | Smatphone Addiction (Y) | ||||||||
Predictor | B | SE | t | B | SE | t | ||||
Constant | 0.928 | 0.063 | 14.647 | *** | 2.875 | 0.081 | 35.484 | *** | ||
Parent-child Re. (X) | a | −0.264 | 0.018 | −14.901 | *** | c’ | −0.103 | 0.023 | −4.533 | *** |
Lonelinss(M) | b1 | 0.238 | 0.029 | 8.241 | *** | |||||
Self-efficacy (V) | b2 | −0.065 | 0.027 | −2.410 | * | |||||
M*V | b3 | 0.153 | 0.038 | 4.008 | *** | |||||
Model summary | R2 = | 0.093 | F (1.2169) = | 222.035 | *** | R2 = | 0.082 | F (4.2166) = | 48.119 | *** |
Interaction ∆R2 = | 0.007 | F (1.2166) = | 16.062 | *** |
Bootstrapping 95% CI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type (Coefficient) | Effect Path | Estimated Effect | T | p | LL | UL |
Direct effect(c’) | X -> Y | −0.103 | −4.533 | <0.001 | −0.148 | −0.059 |
Conditional indirect effect | X ->M -> Y | A * (b1 + b3 * V) | ||||
low V −1SD | −0.604 | −0.038 | −0.058 | −0.020 | ||
Medium V | 0.000 | −0.063 | −0.083 | −0.045 | ||
High V +1SD | 0.605 | −0.087 | −0.116 | −0.060 |
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Cheng, Y.-C.; Yang, T.-A.; Lee, J.-C. The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Parent–Child Relationship, Loneliness and Self-Efficacy among Senior High School Students in Taiwan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169475
Cheng Y-C, Yang T-A, Lee J-C. The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Parent–Child Relationship, Loneliness and Self-Efficacy among Senior High School Students in Taiwan. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):9475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169475
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Yao-Chung, Tian-Ai Yang, and Jin-Chuan Lee. 2021. "The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Parent–Child Relationship, Loneliness and Self-Efficacy among Senior High School Students in Taiwan" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169475
APA StyleCheng, Y.-C., Yang, T.-A., & Lee, J.-C. (2021). The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Parent–Child Relationship, Loneliness and Self-Efficacy among Senior High School Students in Taiwan. Sustainability, 13(16), 9475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169475