Urbanization, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation: Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Specification of the Model
3.2. Asymmetric Technique
4. Study Findings and Discussion
4.1. Unit Root Testing
4.2. Bounds Testing with Cointegration
4.3. Long-Run and Short-Run Consequences
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CO2e | RECO | ECGR | TRSE | URBN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 0.657 | 0.596 | 2.003 | 4.314 | 11.576 |
Median | 0.866 | 0.514 | 1.991 | 4.377 | 11.588 |
Maximum | 1.339 | 1.494 | 3.262 | 4.630 | 12.300 |
Minimum | −0.361 | −0.932 | 0.923 | 3.830 | 10.962 |
Std. Dev. | 0.538 | 0.569 | 0.435 | 0.233 | 0.437 |
Skew. | −0.526 | −0.549 | −0.110 | −0.552 | 0.150 |
Kurt. | 1.988 | 3.508 | 5.028 | 2.119 | 1.672 |
Jarque-Bera | 2.755 | 1.893 | 5.376 | 2.575 | 2.392 |
Probability | 0.252 | 0.387 | 0.067 | 0.275 | 0.302 |
CO2e | RECO | ECGR | TRSE | URBN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2e | 1.000 | −0.919 | −0.283 | 0.299 | 0.950 |
RECO | −0.919 | 1.000 | 0.256 | −0.257 | −0.927 |
ECGR | −0.283 | 0.256 | 1.000 | −0.283 | −0.265 |
TRSE | 0.299 | −0.257 | −0.283 | 1.000 | 0.391 |
URBN | 0.950 | −0.927 | −0.265 | 0.391 | 1.000 |
[DF-GLS Tests (at the Level)] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2e | RECO | ECGR | TRSE | URBN | |
Test statistics and p-values | −0.741 (0.467) | 0.828 (0.414) | −4.457 (0.000) | −2.000 (0.054) | −2.061 (0.057) |
[At the first difference] | |||||
Test statistics and p-values | −2.588 (0.016) | −2.312 (0.032) | −7.703 (0.000) | −4.830 (0.000) | −2.152 (0.040) |
[P-P test (at the level)] | |||||
Test statistics and p-values | −1.830 (0.359) | 0.374 (0.978) | −4.715 (0.000) | −2.031 (0.051) | 2.318 (0.164) |
[At the first difference] | |||||
Test statistics and p-values | −10.965 (0.000) | −6.259 (0.000) | −8.296 (0.000) | −4.997 (0.000) | −1.429 (0.027) |
N-Hypothesis: Founds No Levels Relationship | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Significance Level | I(0) | I(1) | ||
F-statistic | 4.777 | 10% | 1.92 | 2.89 |
K | 7 | 5% | 2.17 | 3.21 |
2.5% | 2.43 | 3.51 | ||
1% | 2.73 | 3.9 |
Trace Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
H-No. of CE(s) | Eigen-Values | T-Statistics | 0.05 C-Value | p-Values ** |
None * | 0.727 | 91.457 | 69.818 | 0.000 |
At most 1 * | 0.700 | 53.748 | 47.856 | 0.012 |
At most 2 | 0.304 | 18.787 | 29.797 | 0.508 |
At most 3 | 0.220 | 8.244 | 15.494 | 0.439 |
At most 4 | 0.035 | 1.033 | 3.841 | 0.309 |
Maximum Eigenvalue | ||||
H-No. of CE(s) | Eigen-Values | M-Eigen Statistics | 0.05 C-Value | p-Values ** |
None * | 0.727 | 37.709 | 33.876 | 0.016 |
At most 1 * | 0.700 | 34.960 | 27.584 | 0.004 |
At most 2 | 0.304 | 10.543 | 21.131 | 0.692 |
At most 3 | 0.220 | 7.2104 | 14.264 | 0.464 |
At most 4 | 0.035 | 1.033 | 3.841 | 0.309 |
Short-Run Results (Panel A) | ||||
Variables | Coefficients | S-Error | t-Stat. | Prob. |
C | 5.137 | 6.943 | 0.739 | 0.468 |
CO2e(−1) | −0.556 | 0.186 | −2.977 | 0.008 |
RECO_POS(−1) | 0.348 | 0.278 | 1.253 | 0.026 |
RECO_NEG | −0.227 | 0.117 | −1.936 | 0.068 |
ECGR_POS | 0.047 | 0.056 | 0.842 | 0.410 |
ECGR_NEG | −0.070 | 0.063 | −1.104 | 0.283 |
TRSE_POS | −0.096 | 0.127 | −0.758 | 0.458 |
TRSE_NEG | 0.195 | 0.189 | 1.029 | 0.016 |
URBN(−1) | −0.481 | 0.633 | −0.759 | 0.457 |
D(RECO_POS) | −1.020 | 0.384 | −2.653 | 0.016 |
D(URBN) | 5.362 | 1.684 | 3.184 | 0.005 |
CointEq(−1) | −0.556 | 0.070 | −7.880 | 0.000 |
Long-Run Results (Panel B) | ||||
RECO_POS | 0.625 | 0.406 | 1.540 | 0.040 |
RECO_NEG | −0.408 | 0.213 | −1.917 | 0.071 |
ECGR_POS | 0.086 | 0.110 | 0.776 | 0.447 |
ECGR_NEG | −0.126 | 0.130 | −0.970 | 0.344 |
TRSE_POS | −0.173 | 0.263 | −0.661 | 0.516 |
TRSE_NEG | 0.350 | 0.364 | 0.959 | 0.049 |
URBN | −0.864 | 1.197 | −0.721 | 0.479 |
C | 9.226 | 13.151 | 0.701 | 0.491 |
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Rehman, A.; Radulescu, M.; Cismas, L.M.; Alvarado, R.; Secara, C.G.; Tolea, C. Urbanization, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation: Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159337
Rehman A, Radulescu M, Cismas LM, Alvarado R, Secara CG, Tolea C. Urbanization, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation: Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159337
Chicago/Turabian StyleRehman, Abdul, Magdalena Radulescu, Laura Mariana Cismas, Rafael Alvarado, Carmen Gabriela Secara, and Claudia Tolea. 2022. "Urbanization, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation: Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159337
APA StyleRehman, A., Radulescu, M., Cismas, L. M., Alvarado, R., Secara, C. G., & Tolea, C. (2022). Urbanization, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation: Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use. Sustainability, 14(15), 9337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159337