Effect of Bitumen Production Process and Mix Heating Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Hot Recycled Mix Asphalt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objectives and Experimental Program
3. Materials and Specimen Preparation
- Rejuvenator A: a mix of different chemicals and consists of modified polyamines and vegetal oils.
- Rejuvenator B: miscible crude tall oil derived from pine wood processing in the paper industry, and contains fatty acids and resin acids and is unsaponifiable.
4. Test Methods
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Rheological Behavior
5.2. Application of the 2S2P1D Model
5.3. Analysis of Rheological Parameters
6. Conclusions
- All the tested specimens showed a thermo-rheologically simple behavior, which could be well simulated by the 2S2P1D model. In particular, the Huet–Sayegh model would have been as accurate as the 2S2P1D because the logβ was always higher than 6, so the dashpot was actually an infinitely rigid element.
- The addition of RAP in the mixtures induced a pronounced upwards shift on the |E*| master curve. The rejuvenators were able to take it back downwards in an intermediate position between the master curves of the 00RAP and 50RAP mixes. No remarkable differences were visible between the two rejuvenators, except when straight-run bitumen and a mixing temperature of 170°C were used, a scenario in which rejuvenator A seemed to be more efficient.
- When including 50% RAP, the phase angles master curves tended to flatten and shift leftward. The addition of rejuvenators left the shape and position of the ϕ master curves almost unchanged, meaning that the effect of the additive was mainly to reduce the stiffness of HRMA, without fully restoring its rheological characteristics.
- The master curves of the mixtures without RAP produced with VB or SR bitumen indicated a higher sensitivity to the short-term aging for VB than for SR. Also, mixtures with VB including RAP/rejuvenators showed higher stiffness and lower phase angle when compared to the analogous mixtures with SR.
- The mixing temperature poorly influenced the rheological behavior of the mixtures without RAP, while it had a high impact on the mixtures including 50% RAP. This denotes that the mixing temperature increase did not determine a significant worsening of the virgin bitumen short-term aging, but probably entailed the mobilization of a higher percentage of aged bitumen from the RAP.
- The parameters E∞, δ and β of the 2S2P1D model showed a low significance in representing the evolution of the mix rheological properties as a function of the different variables (presence of RAP/rejuvenator, origin of virgin bitumen and mixing temperature). The parameters E0, h, k and τ0 had a more relevant variation when RAP and, afterwards, rejuvenators were used, but they varied less significantly as a function of bitumen type and mixing temperature. The Glover–Rowe parameter, in the formulation proposed by Ogbo et al. [54] for bituminous mixtures, proved to be effective in summarizing the changes in the complex modulus with the different factors.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mix Code | Virgin Bitumen | RAP Content [%] | Rejuvenating Agent | Mixing Temperature [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|
00RAP_VB_170 | Visbreaker | 0 | - | 170 |
50RAP_VB_170 | 50 | - | 170 | |
50RAP_VB_170 + A | 50 | A | 170 | |
50RAP_VB_170 + B | 50 | B | 170 | |
00RAP_VB_140 | 0 | - | 140 | |
50RAP_VB_140 | 50 | - | 140 | |
50RAP_VB_140 + A | 50 | A | 140 | |
50RAP_VB_140 + B | 50 | B | 140 | |
00RAP_SR_170 | Straight-run | 0 | 170 | |
50RAP_SR_170 | 50 | - | 170 | |
50RAP_SR_170 + A | 50 | A | 170 | |
50RAP_SR_170 + B | 50 | B | 170 | |
00RAP_SR_140 | 0 | - | 140 | |
50RAP_SR_140 | 50 | - | 140 | |
50RAP_SR_140 + A | 50 | A | 140 | |
50RAP_SR_140 + B | 50 | B | 140 |
ID | Penetration at T = 25 ℃ [0.1 mm] | Softening Point [°C] | Retained Penetration after RTFOT [%] |
---|---|---|---|
VB | 62 | 50 | >50 |
SR | 63 | 49 | >50 |
ID | Density @ T = 20 °C [g/cm3] | Flash Point [°C] | Kinematic Viscosity @ T = 25 °C [mPa × s] |
---|---|---|---|
A | 0.80 | >150 | 45 |
B | 0.93 | >295 | 98 |
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Prosperi, E.; Bocci, E.; Bocci, M. Effect of Bitumen Production Process and Mix Heating Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Hot Recycled Mix Asphalt. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159677
Prosperi E, Bocci E, Bocci M. Effect of Bitumen Production Process and Mix Heating Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Hot Recycled Mix Asphalt. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159677
Chicago/Turabian StyleProsperi, Emiliano, Edoardo Bocci, and Maurizio Bocci. 2022. "Effect of Bitumen Production Process and Mix Heating Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Hot Recycled Mix Asphalt" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159677
APA StyleProsperi, E., Bocci, E., & Bocci, M. (2022). Effect of Bitumen Production Process and Mix Heating Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Hot Recycled Mix Asphalt. Sustainability, 14(15), 9677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159677