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Review

Towards a More-than-Human Approach to Smart and Sustainable Urban Development: Designing for Multispecies Justice

by
Walter Fieuw
1,†,
Marcus Foth
1,* and
Glenda Amayo Caldwell
2
1
QUT Design Lab, School of Design, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
2
QUT Design Lab, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Deceased 23 January 2021.
Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020948
Submission received: 6 December 2021 / Revised: 10 January 2022 / Accepted: 10 January 2022 / Published: 14 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art and Future Perspectives in Smart and Sustainable Urban Development)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The term ‘sustainability’ has become an overused umbrella term that encompasses a range of climate actions and environmental infrastructure investments; however, there is still an urgent need for transformative reform work. Scholars of urban studies have made compelling cases for a more-than-human conceptualisation of urban and environmental planning and also share a common interest in translating theory into practical approaches and implications that recognise (i) our ecological entanglements with planetary systems and (ii) the urgent need for multispecies justice in the reconceptualisation of genuinely sustainable cities. More-than-human sensibility draws on a range of disciplines and encompasses conventional and non-conventional research methods and design approaches. In this article, we offer a horizon scan type of review of key posthuman and more-than-human literature sources at the intersection of urban studies and environmental humanities. The aim of this review is to (i) contribute to the emerging discourse that is starting to operationalise a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development, and; (ii) to articulate a nascent framework for more-than-human spatial planning policy and practice.

1. Introduction

Urban development processes are increasingly under the spotlight due to their potential for contributing to lowering the carbon footprints of cities, to achieving greater levels of sustainability, and to restoring sensitive ecologies and biodiversity hotspots. However, urban studies, in a similar way to many other social sciences, suffer from human exceptionalism in the ontological framing of these issues. So far, human concerns such as comfort and convenience usually take priority over ecological imperatives and the urgent need to avoid a planetary ecocide [1,2].
Scholars in environmental humanities as well as in urban design and planning are calling for a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development in order to grapple with how nonhuman agencies shape geographies and urban places. Other future directions for research include the role of planning in learning from Indigenous knowledge systems and cultures such as ‘Caring for Country’ [3,4,5]. These issues have been acknowledged as high priorities by the Planning Institute of Australia (PIA), and PIA’s Indigenous Planning Working Group continues to identify new planning approaches [6]. In this article, we respond to industrial, governmental, societal, and environmental needs by addressing an identified gap in knowledge within the urban development domain.
Here, we present a horizon scan [7,8,9,10] of recent investigations and studies offering a more-than-human perspective on urban planning. We elaborate upon these concepts in the main literature review section below. By way of an introduction, ‘more-than-human’ is considered to be an umbrella term that encompasses a diverse set of theories and practices with origins in and interrelationships across diverse fields of study including critical geography, urban studies, ecofeminism, new materialism, science and technology studies (STS), and decolonial studies. Just as the term ‘nature-based solutions’ has become an umbrella term that encompasses a range of environmental infrastructure interventions in response to anthropogenic climate change, the term ‘more-than-human’ is considered to be an approach to account for nonhuman agencies [11,12], recognise humanity’s entanglements with ecosystems and the planet [13], work towards multispecies justice [14], and design for cohabitation [14,15,16]. Such new ways of conceptualising sustainable development—perhaps the most pressing global agenda in the wake of what Earth scientists call the ‘Holocene (or sixth mass) extinction’—are a pressing and urgent endeavour [17].
The focal lens we apply to this scholarship domain is spatial planning. Spatial planning is a critical component in sustainability strategies, because at the command of the spatial planner is a set of diverse procedural, regulatory, design, and implementation tools that are usually premised on and enacted by government policy frameworks [18,19,20]. The purpose of spatial planning is to balance human development and economic activities within ecological boundaries [21]. Spatial plans should have foresight based on credible evidence that includes population growth modelling [22], urban development pressures, ecologically vulnerable areas, and other landscape considerations such as regenerative design approaches to deal with the environmental legacy of exhausted quarry and abandoned mine sites [23]. These plans should be backed by normatively ‘good’ design principles contained within design and planning traditions of new urbanism, smart growth, sustainability, and ecological urbanism. Since spatial planning implicates the allocation of scarce resources, it is inherently a political activity by nature [19,20,24,25,26], and it also has the role of setting agendas for harmonious human–environment interactions. Plans and design guidance inform a range of urban and environmental planning instruments such as strategic environmental assessments, population growth and distribution, housing, ecological corridors, land use planning, and transport planning [22].
The significance of developing a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development in this article is derived from two domains, that is, more-than-human scholarship and spatial planning. While some human geography and urban theorists, for example, [13,27,28,29], have engaged with the possibilities of more-than-human cities, so far, there has been no concerted effort to strategically review the literature at this intersection with the aim of informing smart and sustainable urban development and spatial planning practices drawing on the domains of knowledge identified in more-than-human scholarship. By offering this horizon scan literature review, we endeavour to stimulate and extend debate and discourse about an emerging, yet still nascent, more-than-human spatial planning framework [30,31,32]. This article contributes to creating more nuanced understandings of sustainable and smart cities, which are stated objectives in the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda of the United Nations.
Our motivation in presenting this horizon scan is to start to articulate some of the possible implications of enacting and subscribing to a more-than-human sensibility in the practice of spatial planning. We draw attention to some of the key works emerging in the field as possibly trendsetting and game changing, and we start to organise their proposed ideas towards a nascent framework that can be utilised to design for multispecies justice [13,14,15,30]. Such a framework cannot be accommodated within the limited scope of this one review. As such, we can only offer a nascent research agenda, and accordingly, our aim is not and cannot be to attempt to present a fully formed framework. This would likely require a monograph-length treatment as well as many contributions from colleagues across different fields. Nonetheless, in this paper, we acknowledge that this movement is now underway, and our hope is that the findings of this review will recruit further supporters and contributors to this urgent task.
A more-than-human framework to smart and sustainable urban development can shape and inspire the practices of planners, geographers, and designers, who are working on a variety of spatial scales. These practitioners might be working in government agencies, design firms, environmental peak organisations, community organisations, or could be interested members of the community. While there has been a recent spike in interest in design competitions, conference proceedings, and special research teams, we believe there is still a need for this academic scholarship to be made more accessible to practitioners.
Scholars have identified the ontological and epistemological roots of a more-than-human approach in the environmental humanities, social sciences, and design. Such studies tend to be grounded in constructivism and are influenced by theoretical orientations in critical geography and humanities such as decolonial theory, deep ecology, posthumanism, urban studies, and human geography. The guiding objective of this review is to start orientating spatial planning practice towards such more-than-human sensibilities. This strategic horizon scan of the literature identifies the ontological foundation, on which a more-than-human approach to spatial planning practice can be built. We suggest that this ontological foundation can offer fertile ground for timely and urgent research questions to be posed by the urban studies research community at large. These can include questions such as:
  • How can a more-than-human perspective transform neighbourhoods into more ecological habitats?
  • What are the essential components of a more-than-human approach to spatial planning?
  • How does such an approach to spatial planning alter urban development?
  • What are the outcomes and impact of a more-than-human spatial planning praxis?
While the limited scope of this review does not allow us to offer a book-length treatment of these questions that can offer a satisfactory scope for answering them, we also suggest that what is important is not so much the scope and scale of any one output but a strong commitment to engaging, on an ongoing basis, with these questions with a more-than-human sensibility. As such, we want to be modest in offering this review as one step on the way, whilst, at the same time, acknowledging the many other steps other colleagues have taken and their contributions. By jointly working towards informing this ontological framework, our objective is to contribute to proliferating more-than-human perspectives on spatial planning across disciplines. The transformational change agenda implicit in this work is to provide evidence of the potential, the merit, and the urgency for reforming smart and sustainable urban development processes in spatial planning praxis to create and design post-anthropocentric urban futures [1,33].

2. A Horizon Scan of More-than-Human Approaches to Smart and Sustainable Urban Development

This review is not a conventional systematic literature review that uses a replicable and rigid search algorithm to perform a meticulous appraisal of all primary sources on a given research question over a longer time period. The specific literature relating to more-than-human approaches to smart and sustainable urban development that we want to capture for this review is far too recent, fast paced, and interdisciplinary to be adequately captured by the rigid and limiting methodology of a systematic literature review. Instead, in this review, we conduct a specific type of literature review called a horizon scan [7,8,9,10] in order to identify research work and studies of relevance, with the aim of contributing to emerging debates in the fields of urban planning and development about trends, gaps, opportunities, and implications. For this review, horizon scanning is a useful method, because it allows us to capture a diversity of recent research publications at an early stage of their development, and the resultant list of references offers a rich collection of publications for the reader to draw upon for follow-up reading and to form interdisciplinary connections, which, in itself, is a contribution of this study.
Our search method employs a broad horizon scan of relevant and recent papers. We used databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar. In addition to the urban studies literature, we also purposefully included papers from other disciplines such as STS, sociology, cultural studies, human geography, environmental humanities, and policy. This enabled us to establish a transdisciplinary perspective.
We position this horizon scan at the intersection of spatial planning and more-than-human theory. After providing contextual background to cities in the age of the Capitalocene (Section 2.1) and the responding emergence of sustainable smart cities (Section 2.2), the origins of the more-than-human sensibility is reviewed as considered in the social sciences and environmental humanities (Section 2.3). The purpose, here, is to provide definitional clarity and differentiation from other perspectives on human–environment interactions. In the final part of the review (Section 2.4), the convergence of domains of studies is presented in a structured form in order to sketch the beginnings of a nascent and emerging framework for more-than-human spatial planning and design that invites other readers to expand and contribute.

2.1. Cities in the Age of the Capitalocene

The impact of human activity on the environment is fundamentally changing ecological processes, and at the heart of this so-called ‘Capitalocene’ is the urbanisation of humanity [34,35,36,37]. Cities occupy between 2–3% of the global land coverage, which is set to triple by 2030 based on the current trajectory of low-density urban sprawl [38]. It is estimated that 1.8–2.4% of croplands will be converted to urban areas by 2030, resulting in widespread wildlife habitat loss, reduced biodiversity, and further food insecurity [39,40]. Cities are also the economic drivers of the world economy, accounting for 80% of the global GDP output with a commensurate environmental cost; cities consume over two-thirds of the world’s energy and account for more than 70% of the global CO2 emissions [41].
Opportunities for improved living conditions are found in urban environments, and thereby, become strong ‘pull factors’ driving the ‘second wave of urbanisation’ in Asia and Africa at a scale unprecedented since the industrial revolution [42]. The so-called secondary cities of less than 500,000 inhabitants are the fastest growing, and they account for 75% of urban dwellers. The UN [43] has estimated that, by 2050, approximately two-third of the global population (i.e., 6.68 of 9.77 billion people) will live in cities. Ninety per cent of urban land cover is near coastlines, raising concerns about resilience to flooding caused by rising sea levels and other impacts of climate change [44].
Environmental activism in the wake of the threat of Holocene extinction (or the sixth mass extinction) has placed the rights of nature on the global agenda [45,46,47,48,49]. Some countries have already enacted rights of nature, including Ecuador’s 2008 constitutional reforms and Bolivia’s 2010 ‘Rights of Mother Earth’ act. In India, the Ganga and Yamuna Rivers have been recognised with legal personhood [50], and in New Zealand, ecosystems such as the Whanganui River and the Urewera Forest have been granted legal rights [46]. Environmental advocacy and community activism groups such as the Australian Earth Laws Alliance (AELA) are lobbying national governments to follow suit [47]. The rights of nature agenda implicitly invoke the wisdom and cultural heritage of Indigenous populations past, present, and future, which provides cues to rethinking of spatial planning as ecological stewardship [48,51,52] grounded in an ethos of ‘Caring for Country’ [4,5,28,53,54,55].
Fighting for quality natural environments in cities ought not to be just an agenda of environmentalists. Studies have proven that healthy ecologies make people happier, healthier, more inquisitive, and more productive [56,57,58,59,60]. Local communities tend to experience a greater sense of local custodianship when urban green and blue belts are protected, healthy, and intact. They are also more likely to participate economically and co-produce outcomes such as ecotourism opportunities [59,61]. Conservationists and planners also have a responsibility to retain social access to these environments, since the phenomena of ‘green gentrification’ and elitist enclaves further entrench existing inequalities and access restrictions [59,62,63,64,65,66].

2.2. Sustainable Smart Cities

The imperative to grow cities of the future more sustainably is a global policy agenda, and the dedicated UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 seeks to “make cities and human settlements more inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.” The United Nations’ member states enacted the New Urban Agenda (NUA) in 2016, which requires national governments to work with regional and local governments to formulate urban plans in accordance with the International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning [67]. These guidelines seek to standardise city growth processes and establish normatively ‘good’ practices. Urban and environmental planning instruments are, therefore, in the spotlight for their potential to contribute to greater levels of biodiversity conservation, protection of waterways, and reduction in climate change risks within and beyond the urban footprint.
The investment case for sustainable cities and its associated infrastructure and human settlements have also recently been assessed. A new report by the Coalition for Urban Transitions, titled ‘Climate Emergency, Urban Opportunity’ [68] is one of the most comprehensive assessments on the investment case for sustainable cities. The findings of the report, representing the views of 50 leading organisations (such as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and the World Resources Institute), show that 90% of carbon emissions from cities can be cut by using existing technologies. This would require an investment of 2% of the global GDP (or 1.8 trillion USD) per annum. An expected return of 23.9 trillion USD by 2050 could be achieved and support the creation of 87 million jobs by 2030 in sectors such as waste, energy, and transport.
The transition towards sustainable cities is being enabled by the rapid evolution of ‘smart city’ technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), ecological infrastructure, and alternative energy [69,70,71,72]. There is a temptation to think that technology is a panacea for solving wicked problems, and scholars have critiqued the ontological roots of the smart city movement from critical science and technology studies (STS) and broader humanities, arts and social sciences (HASS) disciplines [1,73,74,75,76,77,78].
Green building rating tools (GBRT) are influential in shifting the urban development industry towards more sustainable outcomes [79,80], and could potentially incorporate calls for net-positive outcomes [81] and more-than-human design [31].

2.3. Encountering the More-than-Human City

Despite the global recognition of a need for sustainable cities, the perpetuation of the unsustainable status quo of the built environment necessitates bold and brave new responses to urban and environmental planning [82]. Drawing on empirical urban ecology research (e.g., street cats of Singapore and fruit bat colonies in Sydney), Franklin [27] argued for a more-than-human perspective to urban studies underpinned by theoretical constructs of ‘becoming/worlding cities’ and ‘urban ecology’ that went beyond previous approaches to design and planning such as biophilic design [83,84,85] and carbon-positive design [86]. Metzger [87] shared an optimism for a new focus in urban studies, but critically asked, “Are there any signals indicating that planning methodology is moving in such a direction? Not many would be my short answer” (p. 1005).
Studies in more-than-human, post-humanist, and post-anthropocentric perspectives have emerged from critical human geography and deep ecology, and have provided compelling examples of how a ‘more-than-human turn’ in social science and design research has been starting to grapple with the agencies of nonhuman actors [11,30,88,89,90,91]. When nonhuman agencies are better understood, complex problems such as conflict resolution in the law-space nexus of land management can be better managed, as illustrated, for example, in the research by Brown et al. [92] on wildlife corridors. Yigitcanlar et al. [1] proposed that designing post-anthropocentric cities of the future required a deeper engagement with the possibilities of ecological human settlement. This, in turn, requires increased attention to the temporalities, the wisdom of alternative knowledge systems (e.g., decolonising design and learning from Indigenous knowledge), and more sensitive design pedagogy [3,4,40,93,94,95].
The need to incorporate urban ecology concerns with the sustainable cities and smart cities movement is imperative to avoid a planetary ecocide [1] and transcend human exceptionalism [93]. Furthermore, cities are the next frontier in biodiversity conservation [96]. In Australia, cities support 30% of the threatened plant and animal species, which is the highest proportion of land use on a unit-area basis [97]. Scholars are calling for novel approaches to the scientific premise of a more-than-human city [27]. Biodiversity sensitive urban design (BDUD) considers intricate ways in which human and nonhuman lives are entangled in urban spaces [82,98]. In landscape theory, provocations for animal-aided design (AAD) seek ways in which conservation can be incorporated into the master plans of new urban development [99]. Incorporating more-than-human design and planning through new practices such as BDUD and ADD could contribute to the rewilding and realisation of more-than-human cities [100], but obstacles remain such as citizen’s willingness to coexist with animals and wildlife conflicts [11,101,102,103,104].
Urban studies have suffered from human exceptionalism for too long [100,105]. The challenge for urban theorists is to formulate responses to this perceived ‘turn’ in social sciences emanating from human geography, ecofeminism, and critical STS, highly influenced by the more-than-human geography of Bruno Latour, Sarah Whatmore, and Donna Haraway [100,106,107,108,109].

2.4. Towards a More-than-Human Approach to Smart and Sustainable Urban Development

Houston et al. [13] argued that the recasting of urban development processes from the more-than-human perspective could result in innovations such as more responsive and improved climate-adaptive planning tools and narratives for diverse forms of future city growth. The authors concluded by arguing that, “planning theory requires a thicker, relational and more responsive form of post-humanism to imagine and enact just and sustainable cities in a time of global environmental uncertainty and change” (p. 203). This was further corroborated by Roös [110] who argued for the merits of employing a design pattern language approach to embed biophilia in planning practice. This design pattern language, see also [111,112,113], provides a foundation to better recognise human–nature interactions and inform a new theory for the sustainable development and planning of human settlements and cities, which is also supported by Liaros [40,94,95].
Our horizon scan has identified a need for scholars of urban studies to investigate the possibilities of a spatial planning regime that considers more-than-human perspectives. The approaching planetary ecocide urges us to recast spatial planning across the built environment and environmental professional competencies from a more-than-human perspective. Spatial planning is a vital task in guiding sustainable development outcomes with its associated technologies and design instruments [28,32,114]. Urban planning intends to create a rational and transparent ‘development envelope’ at the local scale to guide the activities of public and private interests [115,116].
Adams and Tiesdell [117] understood the purpose of local plans and associated development processes under four broad categories:
  • Market shaping involves interventions to create a vision, sets development parameters, and integrates disparate investments to avoid the fragmentation of the urban fabric.
  • Regulatory instruments are legislative checks and balances to compel, manage, and prevent urban development outcomes.
  • Stimulus packages are utilised to kick-start desired outcomes.
  • Finally, building capacity requires a shift from regulation and planning towards proactive coordination and leadership of development that contributes to improved placemaking.
Cities require more compelling visions of environmental harmony in which human activities can be seen as contributing to the restoration of sensitive ecologies, the net reduction of carbon emissions, and an overall push towards what Birkeland called net-positive design and development [81]. These city visions are required to be translated into refined strategies and methods at the neighbourhood and/or district level. The neighbourhood unit is deemed to be an appropriate scale where urban sustainability can be proactively planned for in terms of public services, networked infrastructures, and greater community participation [80,118,119]. A new generation of Neighbourhood Sustainability Assessment (NSA) tools have the potential to better measure the sustainability of urban systems [120], and these assessments of built environment sustainability performance could benefit greatly from a more-than-human perspective on integrative planning and development [31]. By combining these recent thrusts in urban studies, a framework can be developed to articulate a more-than-human spatial planning praxis. Such a framework requires a taxonomy of concepts and emerging practices, similar to the way that the Feral Atlas [121], for example, has documented the diversity of shared encounters and entanglements between humans and nonhumans in the form of a digital encyclopaedia grounded in 79 ethnographic field reports “on diverse topics as ‘radioactive blueberries’ and the spread of coffee rust, all accompanied by drawings, music, and films.” [122]. Applying and expanding the framework, translating it into practice, evaluating its impact, and on that basis, refining its methods may start to address the knowledge gap of how to overcome human exceptionalism in urban studies [123].

3. Conclusions

In this horizon scan, we have demonstrated how subscribing to a more-than-human sensibility recognises the intricate ways in which human and nonhuman existences are entangled in urban space. This sensibility is premised on the notions of ‘becoming’/‘worlding’ [13,103,124], which are established concepts within process philosophy. Furthermore, the process of becoming lends itself to novel approaches to design and planning practices that can bring about the transformational reform work needed to bring about genuine urban sustainability [125].
While the scope of this review is sadly not sufficient to present a fully formed framework, Figure 1 shows a nascent sketch of the emerging agenda towards a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development based on the review conducted above. The core component of this framework that now requires further collaborative work is the spatial planning body of knowledge and practices and the associated toolkit. We suggest that this joint effort could be unpacked and broken down further into three types of inquiries, each of which has already received some attention from both researchers and practitioners as follows: (1) more-than-human engagement [75,93], (2) more-than-human spatial planning practice [28,32], and (3) more-than-human governance and policy [126,127].
This succinct yet cogent horizon scan across the urban studies domain has reviewed emerging scholarships from diverse disciplines including critical feminism, geography, and STS, which question human exceptionalism. Scholars are calling for research agendas to consider novel approaches to the discipline of spatial planning from a more-than-human perspective [32,128].
How should spatial planners and urban designers respond to provocations that cities are to become more-than-human? In addition, how are such provocations different, or similar, to pressing agendas such as calls to rewild cities [100,106,129,130] and invest in nature-based solutions to counteract anthropogenic climate change?
To address this gap in knowledge identified by this review, further work is urgently needed to develop taxonomies of theoretical constructs and case studies of emerging practices to indicate what such a more-than-human spatial planning framework to guide smart and sustainable urban development and support multispecies justice could entail and how it could be adopted by industry and government. Enacting a more-than-human spatial planning framework would expedite and even leapfrog our transition towards not only more nuanced understandings but actual implementations and deployments of sustainable and smart cities, which are stated objectives in the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda of the United Nations.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.F., M.F. and G.A.C.; formal analysis, W.F., M.F. and G.A.C.; funding acquisition, M.F.; investigation, W.F.; methodology, W.F.; project administration, W.F.; resources, M.F.; supervision, M.F. and G.A.C.; writing—original draft, W.F.; writing—review and editing, M.F. and G.A.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We dedicate this article to our colleague, collaborator, and friend Walter Fieuw who sadly passed away in January 2021. Walter was a brilliant mind and a passionate advocate for genuinely sustainable cities and designing for multispecies justice. We are grateful for Walter’s thought leadership, initiative, and research work. This article represents an edited version of Walter’s writings for his PhD studies at QUT just before his passing.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sustainability 14 00948 g001 550
Figure 1. A nascent sketch of the emerging framework towards a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development.
Figure 1. A nascent sketch of the emerging framework towards a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development.
Sustainability 14 00948 g001
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Fieuw, W.; Foth, M.; Caldwell, G.A. Towards a More-than-Human Approach to Smart and Sustainable Urban Development: Designing for Multispecies Justice. Sustainability 2022, 14, 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020948

AMA Style

Fieuw W, Foth M, Caldwell GA. Towards a More-than-Human Approach to Smart and Sustainable Urban Development: Designing for Multispecies Justice. Sustainability. 2022; 14(2):948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020948

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fieuw, Walter, Marcus Foth, and Glenda Amayo Caldwell. 2022. "Towards a More-than-Human Approach to Smart and Sustainable Urban Development: Designing for Multispecies Justice" Sustainability 14, no. 2: 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020948

APA Style

Fieuw, W., Foth, M., & Caldwell, G. A. (2022). Towards a More-than-Human Approach to Smart and Sustainable Urban Development: Designing for Multispecies Justice. Sustainability, 14(2), 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020948

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