Investigating the Emission of Hazardous Chemical Substances from Mashrabiya Used for Indoor Air Quality in Hot Desert Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Types and Characteristics of Raw Materials
2.1.1. Fiberboard
2.1.2. Glued Laminated Timber
2.2. Types and Characteristics of Surface Finishes
2.2.1. Veneer
2.2.2. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Sheet
2.2.3. Finishing Foil (F/F)
2.3. Hazardous Chemical Emission Test Method for Mashrabiya
2.3.1. Test Piece Overview
2.3.2. Experiment Conditions and Calculation of Emission Intensity
2.3.3. Sample Collection and Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Characteristics of TVOC Emission
3.1.1. Emission Characteristics Due to Differences in Raw Materials and Surface Materials
3.1.2. Emission Characteristics Due to Differences in Retention Period
3.2. The Characteristics of HCHO Emission
3.2.1. Emission Characteristics Due to Differences in Raw Materials and Surface Materials
3.2.2. Emission Characteristics Due to Differences in Retention Period
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Density | EPA HCHO Emission Standards |
---|---|---|
Hard Fiberboard (HB) - Veneer Core | More than 0.85 g/cm3 | 0.05 ppm |
HB - Composite Core | ||
Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) | 0.35 g/cm3–0.85 g/cm3 | 0.11 ppm |
Name | Material Composition for Test Piece | Production Date | Test Start Date |
---|---|---|---|
TP-01 | LLT + Wood Adhesive + PVC | 04/09/2021 | 28/09/2021 |
TP-02 | LLT + Wood Adhesive + F/F | 04/09/2021 | 28/09/2021 |
TP-03 | LLT + Wood Adhesive + Veneer | 04/09/2021 | 28/09/2021 |
TP-04 | MDF + Wood Adhesive + PVC | 04/10/2021 | 12/10/2021 |
TP-05 | MDF + Wood Adhesive + F/F | 04/10/2021 | 12/10/2021 |
TP-06 | MDF + Wood Adhesive + Veneer | 04/10/2021 | 12/10/2021 |
TP-07 | HB + Wood Adhesive + PVC | 02/11/2021 | 05/11/2021 |
TP-08 | HB + Wood Adhesive + F/F | 02/11/2021 | 05/11/2021 |
TP-09 | HB + Wood Adhesive + Veneer | 02/11/2021 | 05/11/2021 |
Surface Material | Raw Material | LLT | MDF | HB | Test Piece Retention Period after Production (Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retention Period (Days) | 90 | 180 | 180 | ||
PVC | 30 | TP-01 | 14 | ||
45 | TP-04 | 8 | |||
70 | TP-07 | 3 | |||
F/F | 30 | TP-02 | 14 | ||
45 | TP-05 | 8 | |||
70 | TP-08 | 3 | |||
Veneer | 30 | TP-03 | 14 | ||
45 | TP-06 | 8 | |||
70 | TP-09 | 3 |
Measuring Items | Measuring Instruments | Measurement Range/Accuracy |
---|---|---|
VOCs |
|
|
HCHO |
|
|
Room Temperature Relative Humidity |
|
|
Name | Material Composition for Test Piece | Emission Intensity (mg/m2h) | Evaluation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TVOC | HCHO | |||
TP-01 | LLT + Wood Adhesive + PVC | 0.808 | 0.004 | Unsuitable |
TP-02 | LLT + Wood Adhesive + F/F | 0.112 | 0.015 | Suitable |
TP-03 | LLT + Wood Adhesive + Veneer | 0.096 | 0.043 | Suitable |
TP-04 | MDF + Wood Adhesive + PVC | 0.106 | 0.006 | Suitable |
TP-05 | MDF + Wood Adhesive + F/F | 0.031 | 0.081 | Suitable |
TP-06 | MDF + Wood Adhesive + Veneer | 0.033 | 0.117 | Suitable |
TP-07 | HB + Wood Adhesive + PVC | 0.231 | 0.015 | Suitable |
TP-08 | HB + Wood Adhesive + F/F | 0.043 | 0.026 | Suitable |
TP-09 | HB + Wood Adhesive + Veneer | 0.036 | 0.033 | Suitable |
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Jung, C.; Al Qassimi, N. Investigating the Emission of Hazardous Chemical Substances from Mashrabiya Used for Indoor Air Quality in Hot Desert Climate. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2842. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052842
Jung C, Al Qassimi N. Investigating the Emission of Hazardous Chemical Substances from Mashrabiya Used for Indoor Air Quality in Hot Desert Climate. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2842. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052842
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Chuloh, and Nahla Al Qassimi. 2022. "Investigating the Emission of Hazardous Chemical Substances from Mashrabiya Used for Indoor Air Quality in Hot Desert Climate" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2842. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052842
APA StyleJung, C., & Al Qassimi, N. (2022). Investigating the Emission of Hazardous Chemical Substances from Mashrabiya Used for Indoor Air Quality in Hot Desert Climate. Sustainability, 14(5), 2842. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052842