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Article

Spatio-Temporal Experience of Tour Routes in the Humble Administrator’s Garden Based on Isovist Analysis

by
Huishu Chen
1 and
Li Yang
2,*
1
School of Architecture & Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
2
College of Architecture & Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(16), 12570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612570
Submission received: 12 July 2023 / Revised: 11 August 2023 / Accepted: 17 August 2023 / Published: 18 August 2023
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Abstract

:
Chinese classical gardens (CCGs), as a distinct spatial category within architectural, historical research, are renowned for creating intricate and ever-changing spatial experiences within confined areas. Despite the existing literature and theories that attempt to explain these rich experiential qualities, many of these explanations need concrete empirical evidence due to the complex nature of gardens, where visual characteristics transform with the movement of people. This study employs a computational analysis method known as isovist to measure the evolving visual features of visitors along four representative pathways within a large-scale garden, the Humble Administrator’s Garden. By analyzing and comparing the changing visual attributes of these four routes, the aim is to validate the relationship between the garden’s pathway system and its spatial structure and assess the influence of pathway selection on the overall garden spatial experience.

1. Introduction

Chinese classical gardens (CCGs) are generally regarded as ‘urban forests’ created by the literati class of ancient China within limited land, embodying the concept of ‘see the big world through small one’. The terms ‘varying sceneries with changing view-points’ and ‘winding paths leading to secluded spots’ are often used to describe the complexity of garden spaces [1,2,3]. This complexity primarily arises from the disjointed visual lines and path systems within the gardens, where reaching a visually accessible point often requires navigating through meandering and indirect routes [4]. Similar to Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception, which unfolds the ‘embodied field in time’ [5], visitors, through their selection of tour routes and the temporal nature of their exploration, achieve a holistic experience of the garden space.
Until now, scholars from various fields have conducted extensive research on CCGs. In architecture, scholars such as Yigang Peng and Hongxun Yang have analyzed the garden design principles of CCGs from the perspectives of architectural composition and spatial organization, providing rational insights [6,7]. Congzhou Chen and Dunzhen Liu have analyzed garden spaces from the perspectives of landscape creation and spatial intention [8,9]. In recent years, due to issues such as limited land resources, a scarcity of public spaces, and excessive carbon emissions in modern cities [10,11,12,13,14], the methods employed by CCGs to create diverse spaces within limited land and their ecological concept of ‘Unity Between Man and Universe’ have drawn increasing attention [15,16]. Some scholars have attempted to learn from CCGs in the design of public spaces and urban green areas [17,18,19,20], while others have analyzed and utilized the ecological functions of gardens [21,22,23,24,25]. Many scholars have researched the relationship between garden paths and visual lines in garden spatial design and research. Andong Lu studied Wang’s Humble Administrator’s Garden (HAG) in its early stage using Wang’s HAG in his research based on the poem “Description of HAG” by Wen Zhengming, focusing on the restoration of paths and visual lines [26]. Shaoming Lu employed geometric analysis to study the spatial structure patterns of Yu Garden [27]. Yunda Wang et al. evaluated and studied the paths of 14 traditional gardens and 1 contemporary garden using correlation and factor analysis with six indicators [28]. Space syntax, as a method for analyzing spatial topological characteristics, has been widely used in urban planning and architectural design in recent years [29,30]. Some scholars have explored its application in the spatial analysis of CCGs. Haofeng Wang et al. used the visibility Graph analysis method to analyze the relationship between visual lines and movement in the overall spatial structure organization of gardens from the perspective of garden visitors [31,32]. D. S. Tceluiko et al. analyzed garden development’s history and spatial structure using spatial syntax theory [33,34]. Tiantian Zhang et al. combined field surveys with visibility analysis to analyze the visual line design of Lion Grove Garden [35]. Rongrong Yu et al. published several articles using spatial syntax to study traditional Chinese private gardens. Among them are the literature analyzing the spatial visual features of path movement in Yu Garden using isovist and visibility graph analysis [36]; an analysis of traditional historical gardens using connectivity graphs, using the results as rules for a parameter system to generate new examples of Suzhou-style gardens [37,38]; and a study on the issue of pedestrian path selection in traditional Chinese private gardens using convex mapping [39,40].
There needs to be more literature concerning the spatial experiences of garden tour routes, with a predominant focus on small- to medium-sized gardens. In contrast to these, the path systems within larger gardens tend to be more intricate, resulting in a greater diversity of tour route possibilities. This study focuses on the Humble Administrator’s Garden, a representative example of a prominent large-scale Jiangnan classical garden. From the existing descriptions of tour routes within the Humble Administrator’s Garden, four distinct tour routes have been identified for comprehensive analysis.
These four routes have been curated based on the accounts provided by Congzhou Chen, Xiaoxiang Sun, Weiquan Zhou, and Zhiming Li [41,42,43,44]. The initial three routes result from these authors’ subjective interpretations and grasp of the spatial layout within the Humble Administrator’s Garden, yielding varying optimal tour paths. While commonalities exist among these routes, there are also points of divergence, such as the sequence of site visits and the selection of specific points of interest. In contrast, the fourth route has been deduced by Zhiming Li using space syntax analysis. This particular approach involves an assessment of the integration level of the garden’s central area and an analysis of the average depth of nodal spaces. The resultant route presents visitors with an optimal tour trajectory grounded in the comprehensive spatial structure of the Humble Administrator’s Garden.
Although the derivation of the fourth route differs from that of the preceding three in that it is not exclusively founded upon the author’s experiential understanding, it is rooted in the overall spatial organization of the garden. The temporal evolution of spatial experiences from a visitor’s standpoint is well-suited for evaluating the rationality of this tour route. Through computational analysis, this study compares and contrasts temporal-spatial variations along the four routes, shedding light on the interplay between path experiences and spatial configurations within the garden. Furthermore, the research delves into the influence of tour route organization on visitors’ spatial encounters.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Humble Administrator’s Garden

The Humble Administrator’s Garden (HAG), known as the “Number One Garden in Wu Region”, has been hailed as a representative of CCGs in the Jiangnan region throughout history (Figure 1). The garden was built between the fourth and eighth years of the Zhengde era in the Ming Dynasty (1509–1513). It was inspired by the retreat of Pan Yue, an official of the Western Jin Dynasty, as Wang Xianchen, an imperial censor at the time, was disheartened by his career in the government. The name “Humble Administrator” is derived from Pan Yue’s poem “Idle Dwelling”, which describes cultivating gardens and selling vegetables to sustain oneself, reflecting the sentiment of disillusionment and retreat from officialdom [45].
The present-day HAG comprises the Western Supplemental Garden, the Central HAG, and the Eastern Returning Garden and Rural Dwelling. Among these, the central HAG is considered to preserve the most valuable remnants of the Ming Dynasty and is the focus of analysis in this article [46]. In around 1960, Mr Liu Dunzhen conducted surveys and created a plan for the central and western sections of the HAG (Figure 2a). The current layout of the central section remains unchanged from Liu Dunzhen’s time, except that the entrance initially located on the southern side, leading from the residential area, has been closed off. Visitors can now only enter the central section of the present-day HAG through the Eastern Returning Garden and Rural Dwelling located on the eastern side [9].
The central part of the HAG covers an area of approximately 1.2 hectares. The garden primarily features water elements, with hills constructed within the ponds, and various halls, pavilions, etc., arranged around the water, following the layout of the Ming Dynasty. Based on the different architectural and landscape arrangements, the central part of the HAG can be divided into four scenic areas: Yuanxiang Hall Area (A), Central Water Scenic Area (B), Loquat Garden Area (C), and Little Canglang Water Garden Area (D) (Figure 2b). Each of the four scenic areas has its distinctive landscape layout characteristics, with the Central Water Scenic Area (B) covering 3/5 of the total garden area and serving as the main sub-garden (Table 1).

2.2. The Selection of Tour Routes

The pathway system in the HAG accounts for approximately 18% of the entire garden area. This pathway system has 88 points where directional choices need to be made. Among them, 82 are three-way intersections, 4 are four-way intersections, and 2 are five-way intersections, guiding visitors to change their walking routes. Apart from these intersections, there are approximately 100 turning points along the pathways. Furthermore, within these pathway spaces, indoor paths, covered corridor paths, and outdoor paths account for 7.2%, 21.4%, and 71.4% of the total pathway area, respectively. There are 60 transition points between these different pathway spaces. The presence of intersections, turning points, and spatial transformations in the pathway system create a sense of complexity in how visitors navigate the paths, enriching their spatial experience. For example, visitors can experience transitions between large and small spaces and between light and darkness through the selection or turning of pathways.
Professor John Dixon Hunt has explored visitors’ garden activities and categorized their recreational experiences into ceremonial procession, sequential touring following a predetermined route, and free roaming without a fixed path. Regarding the second type of recreational experience, Hunt pointed out that if visitors do not have an optimized touring route, the effectiveness of their visit will be significantly diminished [47]. As shown in Figure 3, In response to Hunt’s second type of garden touring, this paper will utilize the method of isovist analysis to quantitatively analyze the visual spatiality along the four touring paths in order to explore which type of route organization within the central part of the HAG allows visitors to experience the maximum spatial transformations of CCGs, including the concept of ‘varying sceneries with changing view-points’.

2.3. Isovist Analysis

Isovist analysis is a static and localized analytical method that quantifies space characteristics by parameterizing a specific region’s instantaneous perception from a single viewpoint. The visual area that can be seen from a particular point in space is referred to as the Isovist, which is a shape-flexible polygonal plane centered around the viewpoint. The quantitative analysis of the isovist polygon from a given viewpoint is known as an isovist analysis [48,49]. Mathematically, the isovist can be explained as the set of lines passing through the observation point in the plane where the observer is located or the set of points visible from that point. An isovist only represents the spatial configuration perceived by the observer at the viewpoint, and other parts of the building in the diagram are meaningless to the observer at point A if there is no spatial movement. Assuming the observer starts moving from point A, each point along the path will generate a specific isovist. The accumulation of these numerous isovists forms the observer’s overall perception of the space [50].
The isovist polygon can be parameterized using various variables, and this study primarily focuses on four commonly used variables: isovist area (IA), isovist occlusivity (IO), isovist drift magnitude (IDM), and isovist max radial (IMR). These variables are utilized to analyze spatial openness, visual mystery, visual tension strength, and perception of the maximum depth of the visual field at the viewpoint [51]. Table 2 provides explanations and meanings of these four variables.

2.4. Plane Simplification and Analysis Tool

The garden plan needs to be simplified to conduct an isovist analysis of the garden space. Isovist 2D primarily focuses on parameterizing the isovist polygon at eye level. Considering the average height of adults in China, the eye level is set at 1.6 m. Through on-site surveys of the HAG, information regarding obstructing elements and building heights within the garden is recorded. When drawing the vector graphics of the garden, the artificial hills obstructing the line of sight are treated as building walls, while doors and windows are made transparent. Indoor furniture and trees are not taken into consideration. Figure 4 represents the simplified result of the visual layer at the 1.6 m eye level based on Liu Dunzhen’s plan of the HAG.
In this study, the DeCodingSpaces Toolbox, a plugin for Grasshopper, was utilized to analyze the isovists along the tour routes [52]. Concerning the human body scale and stride, a viewpoint was set every 0.6 m along the path. The DeCodingSpaces Toolbox was then used to calculate the values of the four isovist parameters at each viewpoint along the path. The results were collected and visualized as charts [53].

3. Analysis and Comparison of Four Tour Routes on Four Sub-Gardens

Just like the spatial arrangement in the montage [54], the ‘varying sceneries with changing viewpoints’ of a garden can be compared to the writing techniques and basic structure used in traditional Chinese literature and poetry, known as “Qi Cheng Zhuan He” [55] (initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion). “Qi” represents the beginning, “Cheng” signifies the continuation and elaboration of the previous content, “Zhuan” denotes the turning point or twist, and “He” represents the conclusion of the entire piece. In exploring the spatio-temporal experience of gardens based on tour routes, visitors undergo multiple visual experiences that follow the pattern of “Qi Cheng Zhuan He” [56,57]. This chapter visualizes the isovist parameter values in the order of tour routes, facilitating a more intuitive analysis of the spatial transitions and scenic changes along the paths.

3.1. Comparison of the Analysis of the Four Routes in Yuanxiang Hall Area (A) (Figure 3, Table 3; Route 1, 0–4; Route 2, 0–5; Route 3, 0–5; Route 4, 29–34)

As shown in Table 3, the first three routes all start from the southern residential entrance and follow a linear path towards Yuanxiang Hall in the north. Route 1 takes the left corridor to bypass the Yellowstone Rockery, while Routes 2 and 3 pass through underneath the Yellowstone Rockery. According to Table 3, the IA, IO, IDM, and IMR values at the waist gate (Route 1, 0–1; Routes 2 and 3, 0–2) are consistently among the lowest in the entire garden, primarily due to the obstruction caused by the Yellowstone Rockery to the north of the waist-shaped entrance gate. The IA value of Route 1 gradually increases until it reaches its highest point north of the Yuanxiang Hall. On the other hand, Routes 2 and 3 have their lowest IA, IO, IDM, and IMR values while passing underneath the Yellowstone Rockery (Routes 2 and 3, 1–3), and these values sharply increase as they emerge from the rockery, creating a sense of openness. Overall, for the first 1/10th of the journey, all three routes enter the HAG through the original southern entrance, experiencing spatial transformations of initiation (waist-shaped entrance gate)–establishment (Yellowstone Rockery)–transition (Yuanxiang Hall)–conclusion (northern platform of Yuanxiang Hall).
Table 3. Variation of the isovist parameter values on the four routes in Yuanxiang Hall Area (A).
Table 3. Variation of the isovist parameter values on the four routes in Yuanxiang Hall Area (A).
IA and IOIDM and IMR
Route 1Sustainability 15 12570 i001Sustainability 15 12570 i002
Route 2Sustainability 15 12570 i003Sustainability 15 12570 i004
Route 3Sustainability 15 12570 i005Sustainability 15 12570 i006
Route 4Sustainability 15 12570 i007Sustainability 15 12570 i008
Route 4 starts by exiting the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D), heading south to the Yellowstone Rockery, and then passing through the rockery. When traversing the Yellowstone Rockery, the IA, IO, IDM, and IMR values experience a sudden drop and rise. However, unlike the previous three routes, at this point, the visitors have already toured the three scenic areas of the garden, and the obstructive effect of the Yellowstone does not come into play. Instead, the visitors embark on a journey of crossing the rockery’s cave along the designated tour route. After passing through the cave, the sense of surprise and openness that was previously experienced is no longer present. At this location, the visitors undergo a spatial transformation of Initiation (northern corridor of the waist-shaped entrance gate)–establishment (southwest of the Yellowstone Rockery)–transition (Yellowstone Rockery)–conclusion (north of the Yellowstone Rockery).

3.2. Comparison of the Analysis of Four Routes in the Central Water Scenic Area (B) (Figure 3, Table 4; Route 1, 5–19; Route 2, 15–29; Route 3, 20–34; Route 4, 0–20)

As shown in Figure 3, the first three routes have virtually the same path in the Central Water Scenic Area, with routes 1, 2, and 3 overlapping completely. Route 3 is the reverse direction of routes 1 and 2. Route 4 incorporates an additional path from the Dezhen Pavilion to the Jianshan Pavilion (Figure 3; Route 4, 11–15). Due to their elevated position, the isovist 2D analysis does not cover the Jianshan Pavilion, the Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion, and the two rockeries. Therefore, in the route analysis, these structures are bypassed directly from the foot of the mountain (Figure 3, Table 4; Route 1, 9–11; Route 2, 18–20; Route 3, 28–30; Route 4, 7–9).
Table 4. Variation of the oisovist parameter values on the four routes in Central Water Scenic Area (B).
Table 4. Variation of the oisovist parameter values on the four routes in Central Water Scenic Area (B).
IA and IOIDM and IMR
Route 1Sustainability 15 12570 i009Sustainability 15 12570 i010
Route 2Sustainability 15 12570 i011Sustainability 15 12570 i012
Route 3Sustainability 15 12570 i013Sustainability 15 12570 i014
Route 4Sustainability 15 12570 i015Sustainability 15 12570 i016
As shown in Table 4 for Route 1 and Route 2, both routes experience three instances of spatial transformation in the Central Water Scenic Area: Yihong Pavilion and Wuzhuyouju Pavilion (initiation)–Daishuang Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (establishment)–the stone bridge between the two mountains (transition)–Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (conclusion); Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (initiation)–Hefengsimian Pavilion (establishment)–Liuyinluqu Corridor (transition)–Jianshan Two-story Pavilion (conclusion); east exit of the Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion (initiation)–west corridor of Jianshan Two-story Pavilion (establishment)–Liuyinluqu Corridor (transition)–Bieyoudongtian Pavilion (conclusion).
As shown in Table 4 for Route 3, despite its opposite direction to Route 1 and Route 2, Route 3 still undergoes three instances of spatial transformation in terms of the isovist perspective: Bieyoudongtian Pavilion (initiation)–Liuyinluqu Corridor (establishment)–west corridor of Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion (transition)–Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion (conclusion); Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion (Initiation)–Liuyinluqu Corridor (establishment)–Hefengsimian Pavilion (transition)–Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (conclusion); Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (initiation)–the stone bridge between the two mountains (establishment)–Dai Shuang Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (transition)–Wuzhuyouju and Yihong Pavilion (conclusion).
As shown in Table 4 for Route 4, there are three instances of spatial transformation from Yihong Pavilion to Bieyoudongtian Pavilion: Yihong Pavilion (initiation)–Yuanxiang Hall, Yiyu Pavilion, and Hefengsimian Pavilion (establishment)–Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (transition)–Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion at the north foot of the mountain (conclusion); Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion at the north foot of the mountain (initiation)—the small bridge between the two mountains (establishment)–Daishuang Pavilion at the foot of the mountain (transition)–Daishuang Pavilion West Curve Bridge (conclusion); Lvyi Pavilion (Initiation)–North Bank Path (establishment)–Jianshan Two-Story Pavillion (Transition)–Liuyinluqu and Bieyoudongtian Pavilion (conclusion). Although Route 4 adds a path along the north bank of the water, it still undergoes three instances of spatial transformation from an isovist perspective, that are similar to the previous three routes. The same number of spatial transformations is due to the layout of the Central Water Scenic area and the distribution of significant attractions mainly concentrate on linear paths represented by Daishuang Pavilion, Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion, Hefengsimian Pavilion, Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion, and Liuyinluqu Corridor.

3.3. Comparison of the Analysis of Four Routes in the Loquat Garden Area (C) (Figure 3, Table 5; Route 1, 30–34; Route 2, 7–14; Route 3, 35–42, Route 4, 34–41)

Table 5 shows that the four visual parameters of the Loquat Garden Area (C), except for the waist-shaped entrance gate, are generally the lowest throughout the entire garden. The low parameters are due to the sub-garden being a tranquil ‘gardens within a garden’ enclosed by walls. The main building within the garden, Haitangchunwu (Table 5; Route 1, 33–34; Route 2, 13–14; Route 3, 41–42; Route 4, 40–41), represents the courtyard with the highest values for the IA, IO, IDM, and IMR parameters within the Loquat Garden.
Table 5. Variation of the isovist parameter values on the four routes in Loquat Garden Area (C).
Table 5. Variation of the isovist parameter values on the four routes in Loquat Garden Area (C).
IA and IOIDM and IMR
Route 1Sustainability 15 12570 i017Sustainability 15 12570 i018
Route 2Sustainability 15 12570 i019Sustainability 15 12570 i020
Route 3Sustainability 15 12570 i021Sustainability 15 12570 i022
Route 4Sustainability 15 12570 i023Sustainability 15 12570 i024
As shown in Figure 3 and Table 5, it can be seen that Route 2 and Route 3 in the Loquat Garden tour overlap entirely and are the longest among the four routes. Route 1 does not pass through Jiashi Pavilion and Tingyu Pavilion (Table 5, Route 2, 8–11; Route 3, 36–39; Route 4, 35–36, 37–40). However, since Linglong Hall and Tingyu Pavilion share a courtyard, even though Route 1 has a shorter path, it still goes through a complete spatial sequence of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion within the Loquat Garden Area.

3.4. Comparison of the Analysis of Four Routes in the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) (Figure 3, Table 6; Route 1, 20–29; Route 2, 30–41; Route 3, 6–19; Route 4, 21–28)

As shown in Figure 3 and Table 6, the four routes in the Small Canglang Water Courtyard area exhibit variations, with different frequencies of spatial sequences of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion: four, four, five, and two, respectively. The Small Canglang Water Courtyard, although occupying a relatively small area, has the highest architectural density among all the sub-gardens within the entire garden. It features a layout in the shape of a “U”, with water serving as the main element and guiding the overall design of the area.
Table 6. Variation in the iIsovist parameter values on the four routes in Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (C).
Table 6. Variation in the iIsovist parameter values on the four routes in Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (C).
IA and IOIDM and IMR
Route 1Sustainability 15 12570 i025Sustainability 15 12570 i026
Route 2Sustainability 15 12570 i027Sustainability 15 12570 i028
Route 3Sustainability 15 12570 i029Sustainability 15 12570 i030
Route 4Sustainability 15 12570 i031Sustainability 15 12570 i032
As shown in Table 6, Route 1 encompasses four instances of spatial sequences of Initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion within the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area: Bieyoudongtian (Initiation–the west corridor of Yulan Hall (establishment)–the north platform of Yulan Hall (transition)–the entrance before Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (conclusion); the stern of Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (initiation)–the bow of Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (establishment)–south of Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (transition)–Dezhen Pavilion (conclusion); Dezhen Pavilion (initiation)–the south corridor of Dezhen Pavilion (establishment)–Small Canglang Pavilion (transition)–Songfeng Pavilion (conclusion); the east corridor of Songfeng Pavilion (initiation)–the south courtyard corridor wall of Yiyu Pavilion (establishment)–south of Yuanxiang Hall (transition)–the entrance of Loquat Garden (conclusion).
Route 2 includes an additional segment from Dezhen Pavilion to Zhiqingyiyuan Pavilion (Table 2, 5; Route 2, 33–36) compared to Route 1. From Table 6, it can be observed that although Route 2 also undergoes four instances of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion, the points of these sequences differ from Route 1 in the latter two segments: Dezhen Pavilion (initiation)–the east–west corridor to the south of Dezhen Pavilion (establishment)–the northwest corridor of Zhiqingyiyuan (transition)–Zhqingyiyuan Pavilion (conclusion); Small Canglang Pavilion (initiation)–Songfeng Pavilion (Establishment)–the northeast corridor of Songfeng Pavilion (transition)–Yiyu Pavilion (conclusion).
As shown in Figure 4 and Table 6, Route 3 differs significantly from the previous two routes. Firstly, Route 3 follows a clockwise direction. Secondly, the path of Route 3 is distinct from the previous routes. Route 3 undergoes a total of five instances of spatial sequences of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion within the Small Canglang Water Courtyard area: Yiyu Pavilion (initiation)–Xiaofeihong Bridge (establishment)–Dezhen Pavilion (transition)–south of Dezhen Pavilion (conclusion); Dezhen Pavilion (initiation)–the south corridor of Dezhen Pavilion (establishment)–Small Canglang Pavilion (transition)–Small Canglang (conclusion); Zhiqingyiyuan Pavilion (initiation)–the west corridor of Zhiqingyiyuan (establishment)–the exit corridor (transition)–the westward area after exiting the corridor (conclusion); the east corridor of Yulan Hall (initiation)–the stern of Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (establishment)–the bow of Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (transition)–the stern of Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (conclusion); the west gate of Xiangzhou Ship-Shaped Pavilion (initiation)–the north platform of Yulan Hall (establishment)–the west gate of Yulan Hall (transition)–the south corridor of Bieyoudongtian Pavilion (conclusion).
Route 4 is the shortest route among the four routes within the Small Canglang Water Courtyard area, as it directly bypasses the southern part of Dezhen Pavilion. From Table 6, it can be observed that this segment only undergoes two instances of spatial sequences of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion: Bieyoudongtian (initiation)–the west corridor of Yulan Hall (establishment)–the north platform of Yulan Hall (transition)–the east corridor of Yulan Hall (conclusion); the west corridor of Dezhen Pavilion (initiation)–Dezhen Pavilion, Xiaofeihong Bridge (establishment)–the southeast corridor of Xiaofeihong Bridge (transition)–North–south corridor (conclusion).

3.5. Analysis of Isovist Parameters of Significant Buildings in the Four Sub-Gardens

Although the four routes have different paths within the four sub-gardens, it can be observed that certain significant buildings or structures within each sub-garden are essential points along the routes. Furthermore, the spatial variations of each route within a sub-garden are closely related to the spatial layout of the sub-garden itself and the arrangement of its main buildings. In this section, we will combine the previous analysis of the spatial aspects of the four sub-gardens to outline the Isovist polygons and their parameter variables for the main buildings in each sub-garden. This analysis aims to provide insights into the layout characteristics of each sub-garden and its relationship with the experience of following the routes.
  • The Yuanxiang Hall Area (A), as the entrance area of the HAG, significantly impacts the path experience depending on the visiting sequence within the sub-garden. When it serves as the first area visited along the tour route, visitors undergo a sudden increase in the isovist space while moving from the Waist-Shaped Gate to Yuanxiang Hall through the Yellowstone Rockery. As shown in Table 7, when visitors are at the Waist-Shaped Gate, their isovist space appears similar to the traditional view of a residential building, with the northern Yellowstone Rockery obstructing the view. Only glimpses of the scenery within the garden can be vaguely seen through gaps in the western corridor. On the other hand, Yuanxiang Hall, as the main hall building within the entire garden, offers an isovist space that is 30 times larger than that at the Waist-Shaped Gate. This intentional design by the garden creators creates a spatial effect of ‘restrain first and then raise’ and ‘see the big world through small one’ [58]. However, when the Yuanxiang Hall Area is not the first area visited along the tour route, the sense of ‘suddenly come across a panoramic scene’ created by the sequential experience no longer exists [59].
  • The Central Water Scenic Area (B), as the central area of the HAG, is predominantly focused on water and features a lower density of buildings, showcasing a natural and scenic ambience. Although it occupies 3/5 of the entire garden area, the overall path within this area is linear, connecting all the attractions in the Central Water Scenic Area. The isovist parameters of the buildings within the Central Water Scenic Area vary due to their different locations. Despite the high values of the isovist parameter variables for the buildings in the Central Water Courtyard, visitors do not perceive the experience as monotonous due to the distinct locations of these buildings. The ‘One Pond and Three Hills’, [60] composed of the Daishuang Pavilion, Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion, and Hefengsimian Pavilion, serves as the visual focus of the entire garden and offers the broadest isovist. As shown in Table 7, we can see that the Hefengsimian Pavilion has a low IDM value but high IA, IO, and IMR values. The low IDM is due to the pavilion’s central location within the water area, where the isovist polygon exhibits a relatively stable form that radiates outward from the center of the viewpoint. The Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion, located in the northwest, follows as the second regarding isovist characteristics. The Yihong Pavilion, situated at the easternmost part of the area, has high IDM and IMR values, with an isovist polygon that extends from east to west in an elongated shape. Although the isovist polygon of the Bieyoudongtian Pavilion appears expansive, its viewpoint is at the westernmost part of the garden resulting in a powerful visual pull force and a sense of perceiving the maximum depth of the Isovist space. These Isovist characteristics of the Hefengsimian Pavilion and Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion correspond to the concept of ‘distant and expansive’ in traditional Chinese landscape painting, while the Yihong and Bieyoudongtian Pavilion correspond to the concept of ‘profound and far-reaching.’ Xuexiangyunwei and Daishuang Pavilion, being at higher elevations, embody the concept of ‘elevated and distant’ [61]. Therefore, despite the lengthy path within the Central Water Scenic Area, the presence of a distinct mainline path and the unique Isovist characteristics of the buildings allow visitors to not only experience different spatial sequences of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion, but also appreciate the aesthetic beauty reminiscent of ancient Chinese landscape paintings.
  • The Loquat Garden Area (C), known as the most enclosed ‘garden within a garden’ in the HAG, primarily consists of the main hall, Linglong Hall, and its associated courtyards. It provides a serene and contemplative environment. Regardless of the chosen path, there is less emphasis on pronounced spatial sequences of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion. As shown in Table 7, the isovist space of Linglong Hall exhibits a relatively stable isovist polygon centered around itself. On the other hand, Haitangchunwu, due to its windows facing north, offers a view of the beautiful scenery in the Central Water Scenic Area, resulting in the highest values for all four isovist parameters within the Loquat Garden Area.
  • The Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) is a semi-enclosed water-centric landscape within the HAG. Despite its small size, it has the highest architectural density among the sub-gardens. The number of spatial sequences of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion in the isovist space along the path closely relates to whether or not all the buildings and corridors within the sub-garden can be fully explored. As shown in Table 7, being located at the southernmost part of the entire garden, both Small Canglang Pavilion and Xiaofeihong Bridge exhibit an isovist space that diverges from south to north. This solid visual pull motivates visitors to move towards the Central Water Scenic Area. Additionally, the pavilions and corridors in the southwestern part of the water courtyard, with their clever layout of courtyards and corridors, offer a rich spatial experience that prevents visitors from feeling bored. This spatial organization embodies the aesthetic of ‘winding paths leading to secluded places’ in traditional Chinese gardens.

4. Spatial Analysis and Comparison of the Overall Isovist of the Four Routes

After analyzing and comparing the spatial changes of the four routes in the four sub-gardens separately, this section will now analyze the overall changes in the visual space along the four routes. Due to the different sequences of the sub-gardens on each route, we will examine the overall variations in the visual space across the routes.
As shown in Table 4, the total lengths of the first three routes are approximately 1000 m each. Route 1 follows the sequence of Yuanxiang Hall Area (A)–Central Water Scenic Area (B)–Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D)–Loquat Garden Area (C). The length of Yuanxiang Hall Area (A) represents approximately 16% of the total route length, the Central Water Scenic Area (B) comprises 52%, the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) occupies 24%, and the Loquat Garden Area (C) accounts for 18%. Route 2 follows the sequence of Yuanxiang Hall Area (A)–Loquat Garden Area (C)–Central Water Scenic Area (B)–Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D). The length distribution for these four areas along the route is 15%, 15%, 46%, and 24%, respectively. Route 3 follows the sequence of Yuanxiang Hall Area (A)–Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D)–Central Water Scenic Area (B)–Loquat Garden Area (C). The length distribution for these four areas along the route is 14%, 30%, 46%, and 10%, respectively. Unlike Routes 1 and 2, the direction of each sub-garden on this route is reversed, except for that of the Yuanxiang Hall Area. Route 4, with a modified entrance, starts directly from the Central Water Scenic Area (B). The overall route follows the sequence of Central Water Scenic Area (B)–Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D)–Far Fragrance Hall Area (A)–Loquat Garden Area (C). The total length of this route is approximately 800 m, with the Central Water Scenic Area (B) comprising 63% of the route length, Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) occupying 14%, Yuanxiang Hall Area (A) representing 10%, and Loquat Garden Area (C) accounting for 13% of the route length.
From the perspective of route length and the proportion of path occupied by the four sub-gardens, Routes 1–3 can be seen as the tour route of the HAG during the period when the entrance was the south waist-shape gate. The total length and the proportions occupied by each sub-garden are roughly the same. On the other hand, Route 4 serves as the current entrance from the west side of the garden. Although its total length is only 7/10 of the first three segments, the tour length and the time spent in the Central Water Scenic Area are nearly 30% higher than those of the first three tour routes. Therefore, compared to the first three routes, Route 4 offers a spatial experience with a clear advantage in exploring the Central Water Scenic Area (B).
As shown in Table 8, we can rank the average values of IA, IO, IDM, and IMR for the four sub-gardens. Except for the IDM value, where the Central Water Scenic Area (B) is slightly lower than the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D), the rankings for the other three parameters in the four sub-gardens are as follows: Central Water Scenic Area (B) > Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) > Far Fragrance Hall Area (A) > Loquat Garden Area (C). This ranking is because the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) opens towards the Central Water Scenic Area (B) in a “U” shape. When in the U-shaped water area, the center of the isovist polygon is biased towards the Central Water Scenic Area in the north, resulting in high visual attraction.
As shown in Table 9, there is a significant difference in the parameter values between the area of Yellowstone Rockery and its southern region and the area of Yuanxiang Hall in the Yuanxiang Hall Area (A). In order to reduce errors, the four parameter values of the Yuanxiang Hall Area are divided into two parts. As shown in Table 7, the four-parameter values at Yuanxiang Hall are all higher than the average values of the Central Water Scenic Area (B). Therefore, the overall ranking of the four parameters in the four sub-gardens can be summarized as follows: Yellowstone Rockery and its southern region, very low; Yuanxiang Hall Area, high; Central Water Scenic Area (B), high; Loquat Garden Area (C), low; Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D), medium.
Therefore, by sorting the overall values of the isovist parameters for each of the four routes, we can determine the overall experience of the path in terms of its start, development, turning point, and resolution sequence. For Route 1, the overall sorting of isovist parameters is very low–high–high–medium–low. This order creates a sequential spatial experience across the four sub-gardens starting from Yuanxiang Hall, with a progression of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion. For Route 2, the visual sorting of the four sub-gardens is very low–high–low–high–medium–high. The overall isovist space experience exhibits fluctuations, with the Central Water Scenic Area located at the center, creating an interconnected structure centered around the Central Water Scenic Area. For Route 3, the visual sorting of the four sub-gardens is very low–high–medium–high–low. creating a spatial structure centered around the Central Water Scenic Area (B) with a symmetrical arrangement at the beginning and end. For Route 4, the isovist sorting of the four sub-gardens is high–medium–very low–low. This arrangement creates a sequential spatial experience across the four sub-gardens starting from the entrance at Yihong Pavilion, with a progression of initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion.
In summary, routes 1 and 4 present a spatial experience characterized by initiation, establishment, transition, and conclusion. Apart from the difference in entrance, it can be observed that both routes follow a similar sequence of sub-gardens, namely the Central Water Scenic Area (B), followed by the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D), and then the Loquat Garden Area (C). On the other hand, for routes 2 and 3, after reaching the Yuanxiang Hall, the sequence follows the Loquat Garden Area (C) and the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D). Yuanxiang Hall, as a prominent architectural feature within the garden, provides an unobstructed view of the Central Water Scenic Area (B), as illustrated in the isovist polygon in Table 7. Consequently, regardless of whether or not visitors choose the Loquat Garden Area (C) or the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) next, the visual experience at the Yuanxiang Hall and its northern platform creates a sense of anticipation and mystery, resembling a prelude to the Central Water Scenic Area (B). This approach of creating a reverse sequence is akin to that of spatial montage in filmmaking, which is often applied in landscape arrangements within gardens [62]. For instance, many gardens incorporate latticed windows on corridor walls to offer glimpses of other scenic areas, thus generating spatial tension and a sense of suspense.

5. Discussion

Describing the spatial experiences of visitors in classical gardens involves terms like mystery, complexity, excitement, and discovery to convey emotions. Some previous studies have also provided theoretical support for the factors that evoke these sensory feelings in visitors. These theories can be broadly summarized in three main aspects.
Firstly, scholars like Keswick suggest that the experience of spatial transitions between open and closed states along tour routes in gardens follows a rhythmic pattern [2,63,64,65,66]. Secondly, Gu and others propose that the intentional elongation and intricate design of garden paths create an illusion of exploring a larger space [67]. Lastly, some researchers argue that elements such as windows, bridges, and colonnades disrupt the perceived dimensions of observable space, resulting in fragmented visual experiences and emphasizing the importance of focal points [68].
Isovist analysis offers a computational method to measure and verify spatial attributes of garden path experiences. Rongrong Yu and Michael J. Ostwald employed the isovist approach to analyze the spatial and visual characteristics of movement paths in Yu Garden. In their study, they selected paths highlighted by Keswick to explore the spatial essence of Yu Garden. They used isovists and visibility graphs to test four theoretical hypotheses concerning classical garden path experiences [36].
Their findings revealed that while the spatial experiences along paths in Yu Garden exhibit a rhythmic transition between openness and enclosure, this shift is not consistently periodic. The overall pattern of openness and enclosure increases and then decreases along the entire path.
Compared to the latter two theories on the experiential aspects of garden paths, the first theory is more generalized and may sometimes apply a different open–close rhythm and trend to different garden spaces. Beyond quantifying classic theories of garden spatial experiences through computational methods, this study also seeks to answer whether or not an optimal path exists within a garden to maximize visitors’ perception of mystery, complexity, excitement, and discovery in spatial experiences.
Considering this question, the author noticed a difference between Yuyuan Garden and the Humble Administrator’s Garden regarding widely recognized walking routes. Experts and scholars have yet to consistently agree on the sequence of visits to different sub-gardens, particularly after reaching the Distant Fragrance Hall. Previous research indicates that no fixed ‘optimal solution’ exists for selecting a tour route through the Humble Administrator’s Garden, especially when dealing with complex spaces like the Small Canglang Pavilion.
The author’s selected fourth tour route is derived from spatial syntax analysis and a method contemporary scholars use to analyze a garden’s overall spatial structure and individual spatial nodes. This route aims to provide visitors with a comprehensive spatial variation experience in the garden’s central part within their limited time and energy. However, the analysis in this paper indicates that Route 4, particularly from the Wuzhu Studio to the Jianshan Two-Story Pavilion (Figure 3; Table 4; Route 4, 11–15), lacks significant spatial variations between openness and enclosure, making it less coherent than Routes 1–3. Additionally, Route 4’s path through the Small Canglang Pavilion only includes the Yulan Hall, Dezhen Pavilion, and Xiaofeihong Bridge, failing to capture the enigmatic charm of the ‘meandering path through seclusion’ in the Small Canglang Pavilion. The result underscores the importance of analyzing path experiences based on the time–space relationship for complex spatial structures like gardens.
Furthermore, the analysis suggests that Rongrong Yu’s observations regarding the rhythmic transition between spatial openness and closure in Yu Garden may only sometimes apply to the Humble Administrator’s Garden or even to specific routes or sub-garden spaces within the latter. The result highlights the complexity of garden spaces, particularly concerning spatial variations, emphasizing the need for context-specific spatial analyses.
Therefore, in the future, we also plan to apply this analytical method to study other gardens. Different gardens possess distinct landscape features and design styles. By using isovist analysis methods, researchers can delve into the visual space of gardens and explore the design principles and perceptual effects involved. This application will enhance garden design’s quality and user experience while providing powerful tools and methods for garden planning and conservation [69].
Future research will attempt to use isovist 3D analysis to examine the visual spatiality of gardens, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by landscape features such as mounds and hills. Isovist 2D only analyzes the visual characteristics at eye level, while gardens often feature elevated landscapes such as mounds or artificial hills that require looking up or standing on to overlook. In the future, combining isovist 3D with 3D scanning technology can be carried out to reconstruct the entire garden’s three-dimensional landscape. Then, integrating the model with isovist 3D analysis techniques can be conducted to achieve a more intuitive and three-dimensional analysis of the spatio-temporal experience along the routes [70,71].
Additionally, isovist analysis, based on the spatio-temporal experience, can be applied during the design stage to analyze complex visual spaces. This analysis can assist designers in making judgments, adjustments, and redesigning their designs [72]. For instance, in urban design and landscape visualization, the quantitative analysis methods applied in this study can assist architects and landscape designers during the conceptual design phase. These methods allow them to analyze users’ spatial experiences while navigating city blocks or landscape spaces. By integrating users’ spatial and visual preferences for landscapes, adjustments to the design can be made promptly [73,74]. In the spatial layout of residential complexes, a desirable lakeside view and scenic quality are among the most significant ecological factors residents prefer. Isovist analysis can aid designers in timely adjustments to planning layouts and façade designs, enabling users to undergo enhanced residential spatial experiences and visual landscape enjoyment [75].

6. Conclusions

Based on the analysis of the view space on the four paths in the Humble Administrator’s Garden, the following conclusions can be drawn.
  • The spatial experience of the paths in the HAG is closely related to the spatial characteristics of its four sub-gardens, namely Yuanxiang Hall Area (A), which exhibits a strong sense of linear spatial order in that visitors must enter through the entrance gate and traverse or bypass the Yellowstone Rockery to reach Yuanxiang Hall and its northern platform to experience the meticulous design of the garden entirely; Central Water Scenic Area (B), where, although it occupies a large area, the density of buildings is not high, and the overall path forms a circular shape, making it the area that best embodies the artistic conception of a traditional Chinese literati landscape painting; Loquat Garden Area (C), has a tranquil and inward-oriented spatial layout, making it more suitable for ‘contemplation’ and quiet observation; Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D), which unlike the Central Water Scenic Area (B), is smaller and has a higher density of buildings, as well as offering more diverse route choices and representing the essence of the ‘winding paths leading to secluded spots’ concept, providing a sense of intrigue and exploration. ‘If visitors want to fully experience the artistic conception of ‘winding paths leading to secluded spots’ it is essential to delve as deeply as possible into the exploration of the Small Canglang Water Courtyard area (D)’.
  • In order to enhance the spatial experience of the paths in the four sub-gardens of the HAG and achieve a better sense of spatial progression, it is essential not to miss the critical buildings in each sub-garden. These buildings are Yuanxiang Hall, Hefengsimian Pavilion, Jianshan Two-story Pavilion, Small Canglang Pavilion, and Xiaofeihong Bridge. The choice of entrance plays a decisive role in shaping the path experience in the Yuanxiang Hall Area (A). However, apart from the Yuanxiang Hall Area, the order and direction of visiting the other three sub-gardens will not significantly impact each sub-garden’s path experience.
  • From the perspective of the sequence and arrangement of sub-gardens and their spatial composition, placing the Central Water Scenic Area (B) before the Loquat Garden Area (C) and the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) upon entering the central part of the HAG (Routes 1 and 4) represents the optimal choice for showcasing the visual-spatial transitions and overall progression along the path. Conversely, positioning the Central Water Scenic Area (B) in between the Loquat Garden Area (C) and the Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D) (Routes 2 and 3) creates a visually engaging spatial transformation centered around the Central Water Scenic Area (B), with a cohesive and complementary effect. The visual experience at the Yuanxiang Hall and its northern platform further contributes to a montage-like effect, adding a sense of suspense and intrigue to the overall path experience.
  • Due to the change in its entrance, the current HAG has lost the deliberate creation of a sense of the concept ‘see the big world through small one’ and the spatial, artistic conception of a ‘utopian paradise’ that CCGs aimed to embody. As a large-scale garden that receives many visitors daily, the original narrow entrance space and corridors in the south area cannot accommodate the current flow of people. This transformation reflects the shift of the HAG from a private garden primarily enjoyed by a select few literati to a modern public recreational garden.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.C.; methodology, H.C.; software, H.C.; formal analysis, H.C.; investigation, H.C.; resources, H.C.; data curation, H.C.; writing—original draft preparation, H.C.; writing—review and editing, L.Y.; visualization, H.C.; supervision, L.Y.; project administration, L.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Humble Administrator’s Garden (photos by the author).
Figure 1. Humble Administrator’s Garden (photos by the author).
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Figure 2. The layout of the central HAG (a) and the division of sub-gardens (b) (the author drew the figure, and the base map was adapted based on Dunzhen’s drawing).
Figure 2. The layout of the central HAG (a) and the division of sub-gardens (b) (the author drew the figure, and the base map was adapted based on Dunzhen’s drawing).
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Figure 3. The selection of four routes. The numbers in the figure represent the nodes at each turning point in the order of the routes.
Figure 3. The selection of four routes. The numbers in the figure represent the nodes at each turning point in the order of the routes.
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Figure 4. Simplification of the visual layer plane.
Figure 4. Simplification of the visual layer plane.
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Table 1. The layout features and buildings of the four sub-gardens in the HAG.
Table 1. The layout features and buildings of the four sub-gardens in the HAG.
Sub-GardensLayout FeaturesMain BuildingsSecondary Buildings,
Constructions, etc.
Yuanxiang Hall Area (A)The entrance scenery of the old garden, with the main hall building in the garden, Yuanxiang Hall, which is the primary place for elegant activities in the gardenYuanxiang HallYellowstone Rockery, waist-shaped entrance gate, Yuquan Well
Central Water Scenic Area (B)The main scenic area that the open water in the middle and the landscape of “one pond and three hills” createDaishuang Pavilion, Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion, Hefengsimian Pavilion, Jianshan PavilionYihong Pavilion, Wuzhuyouju Pavilion, Lvyi Pavilion, Bieyoudongtian Pavilion
Loquat Garden Area (C)Fully enclosed layout with dozens of loquats in the garden, which are both ornamental and economically valuable when ripeLinglong Hall, Haitangchunwu HallTingyu Pavilion, Xiushi Pavilion, Jiashi Pavilion
Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D)Water-based semi-enclosed layout.Little Canglang Pavilion, Xiangzhou Pavillion, Yulan HallYiyu Pavilion, Dezhen Pavilion, Songfeng Pavilion, Jingshen Pavilion, Zhiqingyiyuan Pavilion, Xiaofeihong Bridge
Table 2. Explanation of isovist parameter variables.
Table 2. Explanation of isovist parameter variables.
Variables of IsovistExplanation
Isovist Area (IA)“IA” represents the area of the isovist polygon. The larger the area of the isovist, the more open the spatial perception of that viewpoint.
Isovist Occlusivity (IO)“IO” represents the mystery level of the isovist. The occluding length is a part of the perimeter of the isovist, which represents the remote part of the building on the boundary of the isovist. The higher the value of IO, the higher the mystery of Isovist of this viewpoint.
Isovist Drift Magnitude (IDM)“IDM” represents the strength of visual tension. Drift Magnitude is the distance of the viewpoint from the center of the isovist. The higher the value of “IDM,” the greater the strength of visual tension, indicating a stronger force compelling the viewpoint to move.
Isovist Max Radial (IMR)“IMR” represents the human perception of the maximum depth of space. Max radial is the maximum diameter of the visual field. It is the longest of all straight lines from the point of view to the boundary of the osovist polygon.
Table 7. Isovist polygon and parameter values of the main buildings in the four sub-gardens.
Table 7. Isovist polygon and parameter values of the main buildings in the four sub-gardens.
Sub-GardensMain BuildingsIsovist PolygonIAIOIDMIMR
Yuanxiang Hall Area (A)Waist-shaped entrance gateSustainability 15 12570 i033204.209124.1952.98526.225
Yuanxiang HallSustainability 15 12570 i0345895.6661327.10933.561157.722
Central Water Scenic Area (B)Yihong PavillonSustainability 15 12570 i0354122.4621064.34465.700188.390
Hefengsimian PavillonSustainability 15 12570 i0367216.4431766.6356.508121.510
Jianshan PavilionSustainability 15 12570 i0375511.249761.34429.284114.037
Bieyoudongtian PavilionSustainability 15 12570 i0387209.7861307.24136.003124.230
Loquat Garden Area (C)Linglong HallSustainability 15 12570 i039574.614248.0207.73428.675
Haitangchunwu PavillionSustainability 15 12570 i0401181.990252.29934.66174.661
Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D)Little Canglang PavillionSustainability 15 12570 i0413668.420734.10351.173107.446
Little Feihong BridgeSustainability 15 12570 i0425262.0791078.17533.696117.711
Table 8. The average value of the isovist parameter on the four routes in the sub-gardens of HAG.
Table 8. The average value of the isovist parameter on the four routes in the sub-gardens of HAG.
Route 1Route 2Route 3Route 4Average
Yuanxiang Hall Area (A)IA2801.5612739.1392774.6972742.0832764.370
IO784.332693.292695.483839.313753.105
IDM25.86424.63824.32337.44128.067
IMR106.73899.675100.312116.203105.732
Central Water Scenic Area (B)IA5060.7604813.3285068.8885075.7595004.684
IO1053.6361038.7911059.401987.7571034.896
IDM34.81732.57634.16434.63734.049
IMR128.035119.349126.471137.012127.717
Loquat Park Area (C)IA836.985626.254744.589794.714750.635
IO319.077312.081330.757382.752336.167
IDM19.19811.66914.57613.68814.783
IMR66.30762.98469.68668.26766.811
Small Canglang Water Courtyard Area (D)IA4006.1834261.5733948.1853531.0773936.755
IO956.2911006.443971.202915.056962.248
IDM36.05133.10435.73438.66335.888
IMR107.643113.000110.408110.292110.336
Table 9. Variation of the isovist parameter values on the four routes in HAG.
Table 9. Variation of the isovist parameter values on the four routes in HAG.
IA and IOIDM and IMR
Route 1Sustainability 15 12570 i043Sustainability 15 12570 i044
Route 2Sustainability 15 12570 i045Sustainability 15 12570 i046
Route 3Sustainability 15 12570 i047Sustainability 15 12570 i048
Route 4Sustainability 15 12570 i049Sustainability 15 12570 i050
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Chen, H.; Yang, L. Spatio-Temporal Experience of Tour Routes in the Humble Administrator’s Garden Based on Isovist Analysis. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612570

AMA Style

Chen H, Yang L. Spatio-Temporal Experience of Tour Routes in the Humble Administrator’s Garden Based on Isovist Analysis. Sustainability. 2023; 15(16):12570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612570

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Huishu, and Li Yang. 2023. "Spatio-Temporal Experience of Tour Routes in the Humble Administrator’s Garden Based on Isovist Analysis" Sustainability 15, no. 16: 12570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612570

APA Style

Chen, H., & Yang, L. (2023). Spatio-Temporal Experience of Tour Routes in the Humble Administrator’s Garden Based on Isovist Analysis. Sustainability, 15(16), 12570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612570

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