Health and Safety Proposal to Reduce Risks in the Construction of a School

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to propose safety measures and enhance worker health in building construction to minimize risks. The methodology followed a basic approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design at a quantitative level involving a sample of 45 workers. This research employed methods such as direct observation, interviews, and documentary exploration, as well as tools including a comparison list, the SPSS program, and an impact evaluation. Scores, ranges, and levels of health and safety were determined, resulting in a score of 105 and dimensions ranging from 6 to 40. Similarly, for construction-related risks, a score of 105 was achieved, and the dimensions ranged between 6 and 40 points. The study’s findings indicated that, concerning health and safety distribution, 8.89% considered the proposal as poor, 24.44% perceived it as average, and 66.67% regarded it as good. In terms of construction risks distribution, 33.33% perceived them as low, 31.11% as moderate, and 35.56% as high. This underscores the necessity of adhering to protective measures during construction projects to address the risks and uncertainties of prevention.

1. Introduction

Safety at work and the health of workers occupies a prominent place at a universal level. Through the affirmation of components, compliance with a strict rule on the matter is required, which allows the surveillance of the dangers of workers and the protection of the health of workers. Despite this, [1] human safety in the universe is not guaranteed, so there are some workplaces where health and safety regulations are not met. The most worrying statistic, according to the WHO, is that, annually, approximately 12 million workers in low-income countries die during work hours due to unsustainable wages, and it is widely recognized that many workers in various labor markets lack health insurance plans and stable employment. In Peru, the regulation of rigorous practices in terms of greater health and safety at work is Law No. 29783, updated by Law No. 30222, and its regulations, DS 005-2012-TR, modified by DS 006-2014-TR and DS 016-2016-TR at the national level, based on the common commitment of businessmen, associations, and the State.

The Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST), as a technique, is significantly interconnected and multiple, which is why it is subject to interrelated compound causes, has dependencies, and responds through their components. When the objectives are achieved, these methods are considered effective [2].

In turn, the Ministry of Labor and Employment Promotion claims that the execution of works are the most vulnerable to accidents at the national level, according to an investigation that registered more than 2500 notices of work accidents in the first month of 2019 (112% more than in 2018) [3].

On the other hand, the General Directorate of Statistics and Information and Communication Technologies of the MTPE in Peru reported that, as of May 2017, only five cases of work accidents had been identified. This indicates that the number of actual incidents is lower. In addition, according to Law 29,783 of OSH, the causality principle could be the number of experts that undertake such investigations or the lack of investigations and observations made by public and private providers [4].

Likewise, the International Labor Organization records 2.78 million deaths caused by work-related accidents and illnesses, out of the 374 million who suffer from them. These accidents not only generate expenses for companies, but also loss of life that could have been avoided. Therefore, it is crucial to implement a security plan to prevent these losses [4].

Likewise, industries and the advancement of world standards require the monitoring and reporting of hazards that affect workers who work on site to protect their physical integrity, which motivates the implementation of policies to reduce hazards. This sort of event is defined as “a harmful event in the future” when it interferes or prevents the normal development of the association’s work or causes work accidents, suffering at work, or damage to health [5].

As Roa [6] pointed out, general safety concerns in construction companies are alarming enough to warrant immediate attention and intervention. Likewise, she points out that one of the great challenges of today’s society is to guarantee respect for the occupational health and safety (OSH) of the members of the community who work in companies, highlighting how vital this is when it comes to performing their jobs. To meet SG-SST objectives, SG-SST must be administered.

Then, according to the suggested logic of the presented process, strategies such as action plans and continuous improvement should be developed when there are discrepancies in those measurements. This will help to achieve and contribute to the purpose of the system to avoid catastrophic events by reducing potential accident monitoring and control precursors [6].

As reported by Roa [6], a safe environment consists of three components: education and training, risk assessment, and risk prevention. These three components, along with company guidelines, standards, and legislation, form the fabric of a secure environment. In this sense, Roa advocates for inclusion and systematic clarity between the internal components of an organization and those that involve external contexts.

Therefore, the following question is formulated: what is the result of the health and safety proposal for the reduction in risks in the construction of a school? The hypothesis is as follows: a proposal for safety at work and worker health for the reduction in risks in the construction of a school. The present research work is demonstrated in theory since it allows us to gather hypotheses about health and safety in the workplace and, in this way, manage to reduce the risks of workers within a school. With this health and safety proposal, it will be possible to optimize the way of working in construction. It serves as an excuse because it leaves the proposal of health and safety at work, prioritizing the safety techniques aimed at being able to investigate the risks and thus being able to appreciate the risks and recognize the dangers in construction, as well as the consequences of the minimization of the number of accidents at work. Likewise, within the economic framework, it is precisely specified that this health and safety proposal minimizes risks and warns of occupational accidents, which cause very high restoration costs, which can be prevented and controlled. Finally, the methodological part is explainable because the project proposal respects a generalizable roadmap, which could be used in future research.

This research was of paramount importance in highlighting the essential focus of ensuring a safe environment for construction workers, students, and staff involved in creating the school. This specialized emphasis underscores the need to proactively address potential hazards during the construction phase, not only to protect the immediate workforce, but also to set a positive precedent for safety-conscious construction practices. By prioritizing health and safety measures, this proposal extends its impact beyond the construction site, shaping a responsible construction culture that prioritizes the well-being of future occupants and contributes to the overall reduction in occupational accidents and illnesses. Additionally, the proposal’s dedication to creating a safe and conducive learning environment aligns with the core values of education, growth, and development, thus fostering a sustainable and safe space for generations to come.

The general objective evaluated is as follows: define the credibility of the health and safety proposal in the reduction in risks in the construction of a school. The specific objectives are as follows: define the credibility of the planning of the health and safety proposal in the reduction in risks in the construction of a school; define the credibility of the implementation of the health and safety proposal in the reduction in risks in the construction of a school; and define the credibility of the verification of the health and safety proposal in the reduction in risks in the construction of a school. The proposed hypothesis is as follows: the health and safety proposal significantly reduces the risks in the construction of a school.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Theoretical Framework

We will take into consideration the following background for this research project:

On a global scale, we can draw insights from the work of Pinilla [7], who conducted a thesis in Colombia. His study aimed to implement a plan that enhances and sustains the integrated management of the SSOMA program while aligning it with project requirements to mitigate potential risks. The findings suggested that a well-executed management plan could effectively address accidents and illnesses, thereby facilitating project progression and minimizing work-related incidents. Similar to how an environmental plan facilitates various activities, this maintenance plan streamlines processes, allowing for better time planning and environmental protection.

Zambrano [8] also contributes to our understanding through research carried out in Ecuador and Colombia. This study integrated elements from the international standard OHSAS 18,001 [9] and local laws to design a tool for assessing worker health and safety risks. The resulting tool, named “Evaluation of the Health and safety of Workers in the Work Area for Colombian and Ecuadorean Companies,” was developed and validated. It covers aspects like normal conditions, workers’ health and safety competencies, observation, and advisory reviews.

Shifting our focus to the national context, Calixto [10] conducted research at a university in Barranca, aiming to establish the interconnectedness of health, worker safety, and environmental management. Using a non-probabilistic approach, the study engaged 37 participants. A questionnaire was employed to evaluate dimensions such as the ultimate outcome, the Worker’s Health Plan, Instructional Planning, and Environmental Exploitation Project.

Turning to Potosi Arotinco and Manosalva Figueroa [2], their study in a machinery and construction company in Cajamarca, Andes, explored the relationship between worker safety, health, and productivity. By surveying 80 workers, the research aimed to determine the alignment between health and safety factors. The study’s questionnaire encompassed three dimensions: working conditions, ergonomics, and occupational risks. The results indicated a strong correlation between worker safety, health, and productivity.

Nevado [11] offers insights from his investigation conducted within a Chinese company’s Peru branch in Lima. A sample of 250 workers was examined to assess the correlation between security, company health, and worker health. Document examination and monitoring techniques were employed, reflecting a diagnostic foundation, planning, implementation, verification, and continuous improvement action.

Furthermore, Aguilar Ninaquispe et al. [12] addressed the relation between health and safety in the construction sector. Their research aimed to reduce the negative impact of worker health and safety practices. The collection of data highlighted the significance of these variables in enhancing health and safety within construction sites.

At the national level, Aguilar Ninaquispe et al. [12] proposed a coordination method to address the absence of current regulations (Law 29783) within a company. They employed the IPER matrix, monitoring, risk assessments, and corrective actions to instill a better health and safety culture among construction workers, thereby transforming risk scenarios into healthy environments.

Similarly, in the research by Aguilar Ninaquispe et al. [12], the exploration of dimensions aimed at anticipating and addressing concerns. This documentary study emphasized compliance with regulations, instruction, and prevention across various socioeconomic contexts.

The Republic of Peru introduced Supreme Decree No. 011-2019-TR, a regulation governing Occupational Health and Safety Standards in the Construction Sector. The decree’s objective was to enhance the health and safety of construction workers, minimizing injuries and illnesses while promoting education and training.

Gagliardo [13] underscored that workplace health and safety encompasses management strategies designed to safeguard employees physically and mentally, which, in turn, can boost productivity. A comprehensive understanding of coordinating worker health and safety mechanisms involves implementing standards and necessary policies.

Alarcón [14] emphasizes the significance of human capital within companies and its impact on productivity and quality of services. While work contributes to various aspects of well-being, risk conditions necessitate prevention efforts in the workplace.

The Ministry of Energy and Mines [15] further underscored the importance of worker safety through Law No. 29783, which seeks to promote risk prevention training and collaboration between workers, the State, and unions to ensure compliance and accountability.

Given the multitude of risks across various occupations, the need for prevention is emphasized to improve health and safety at work, reducing accidents and occupational diseases [3].

Ordoñez et al. [16] highlighted the benefits of prioritizing worker health and safety, citing reduced incident risks, increased efficiency, improved work relations, and enhanced performance.

Within the international context, Gómez et al. [17] conducted a quantitative study in Quito, addressing the challenges of workplace accidents. Their findings revealed common patterns of accidents due to inadequate instructions, supervision, and protective equipment, highlighting the need for worker education and better adherence to safety measures.

Nava [18] presented a strategic approach involving private companies from the engineering sector, focusing on achieving a balance in project development. The Organizational Project Management Maturity Model was employed to evaluate and improve organizational capacities for project management.

Novoa [19] carried out a project in Lima, proposing a Security Management Plan for the Amazonas–Peru region. The research identified the lack of a safety plan and inadequate training among personnel. Implementing a Health and Safety Management System was recommended to prevent accidents and promote compliance with regulations.

These various studies and regulations together underscore the importance of worker safety, health, and the implementation of effective management systems to ensure a safe and productive work environment.

2.2. Methodology

2.2.1. Type and Design of Research

The survey is of an applied nature, focusing on gathering current data about health and safety in the construction of the specific school being studied. This research involves formulating hypotheses and generating proposals to enhance health and safety practices. This initiative aims to uphold health and safety standards during construction, with the added benefit of yielding advantages in school construction projects.

This research employed a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design at a correlational level, focused on collecting reports on the variables under study. As Aponte Castillo and Quispe Rodríguez [20] suggest, cross-sectional forms aim to capture insights into variables, societies, environments, events, or circumstances, while also describing the prevalence of an evaluation aimed at concluding an investigation.

The image of the research design is a shown (Figure 1):

• where
• M: construction workers
• r: health and safety proposal
• and O: risks in construction

2.2.2. Variables and Operationalization

The independent variable, health and safety, was quantitatively measured in this study. Chayan [21] emphasized the importance of a protective project for construction workers and vulnerable individuals in less secure work areas. Three dimensions were used: planning, execution, and verification, with a Likert-scale questionnaire of 21 items. Indicators included hazard identification, risk assessment, process establishment (planning); company resources, functions, responsibilities, control, and emergency response (execution); and performance measurement, incident investigation, actions, and record control (verification).

The dependent variable, construction risks, was also quantitatively measured. Chayan [21] suggested that risks could be mitigated through improved connections with the work environment, and warnings could signify potential hazards. Operationally, risks were defined as reactions hindering work progress and endangering individuals. Chayan’s [21] approach encompassed three dimensions: environmental safety, work environment, and physical, chemical, and biological pollutants. The measurement involved a 14-item Likert-scale questionnaire with indicators including work accidents, unsafe conditions, and occupational diseases (Physical Risks); work overload, prolonged work, stress, and fatigue (Ergonomics and Work Environment); and physical, chemical, and biological risks (Polluting Risks in Construction).

2.2.3. Population, Sample, Sampling

The population for this research, defined in accordance with Aponte Castillo and Quispe Rodríguez [20], constitutes a specific, bounded, and accessible collection of cases essential for sample selection and adheres to predefined criteria. In this context, the research population comprises 45 construction workers actively involved in the school construction project. The exclusion criteria were applied to all individuals except the workers, maintaining the study’s focus. The sample was composed of these 45 workers, a representative subset selected to capture pertinent and reliable information. Employing a non-probability convenience sampling method, as described by Aponte Castillo and Quispe Rodríguez [20], researchers chose participants based on availability and relevance, enabling them to concentrate on specific research objectives. Thus, the core unit of analysis consisted of the group of 45 construction workers, allowing the study to delve into health and safety aspects within the construction context.

2.2.4. Techniques and Instruments for Data Collection

Regarding Data Collection Techniques, a questionnaire was employed as the primary instrument. This tool proved effective in providing relevant answers to address potential enigma cases. In terms of Data Collection Instruments, a questionnaire consisting of a series of questions was utilized to gather information from the surveyed individuals and quantify variables. As outlined by Chayan [21], this approach revolved around presenting a sequence of questions to a specific group of individuals to inquire about a particular research topic (Table 1 and Table 2).

Table 1. Data sheet of the measuring instrument.

Number	Questionnaire
Authors:	- Ancajima Gaona, Luis Eduardo - Colonel Fields, Clinton Sumner - Delgado Ventura, Jeanpierre Fernando - Flores Montero, Dimas Hugo - Huilca Alcántara, Walter Enrrique - Castro Mejía Percy Junior
Year:	2023
Type of instrument	Questionnaire
Objective:	Determine the relationship between the variables
Population:	Site personnel
Number of items:	42 total divided into V1:21 items, V2:21 items.
Application:	Direct
Administration Time:	20 min
Scale:	Likert: (5) Always, (4) Almost Always, (3) Sometimes, (2) Almost Never, (1) Never
Level and rank:	Variable 1: low (40–56), medium (57–73), high (74–90) Variable 2: bad (43–54), fair (55–66), good (67–78)

Information on the data collection instrument. Adapted from “Management of Health and safety at Work in Occupational Hazards of Constructora Vital Perú SAC, Lambayeque 2022”, by Chayan [21], (https://repositorio.ucv.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12692/106139/Chayan_ACD-SD.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y, accessed on 27 August 2023).

Table 1. Data sheet of the measuring instrument.

Number	Questionnaire
Authors:	- Ancajima Gaona, Luis Eduardo - Colonel Fields, Clinton Sumner - Delgado Ventura, Jeanpierre Fernando - Flores Montero, Dimas Hugo - Huilca Alcántara, Walter Enrrique - Castro Mejía Percy Junior
Year:	2023
Type of instrument	Questionnaire
Objective:	Determine the relationship between the variables
Population:	Site personnel
Number of items:	42 total divided into V1:21 items, V2:21 items.
Application:	Direct
Administration Time:	20 min
Scale:	Likert: (5) Always, (4) Almost Always, (3) Sometimes, (2) Almost Never, (1) Never
Level and rank:	Variable 1: low (40–56), medium (57–73), high (74–90) Variable 2: bad (43–54), fair (55–66), good (67–78)

Information on the data collection instrument. Adapted from “Management of Health and safety at Work in Occupational Hazards of Constructora Vital Perú SAC, Lambayeque 2022”, by Chayan [21], (https://repositorio.ucv.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12692/106139/Chayan_ACD-SD.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y, accessed on 27 August 2023).

• Data Collection Instruments:

Table 2. Reliability of the instrument that measures health and safety.

Cronbach’s Alpha	N of Elements
0.946	21

Table 2. Reliability of the instrument that measures health and safety.

Cronbach’s Alpha	N of Elements
0.946	21

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be 0.946, which indicates that the reliability of this instrument is very good (

Table 3. Reliability of the instrument that measures risks in construction.

Cronbach’s Alpha	N of Elements
0.817	21

).

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be 0.817, indicating that the instrument is very reliable.

2.2.5. Data Collection Procedure

For the variables, questionnaires verified by experts were used, the task was carried out using Google Forms, and the information was separated in Microsoft Excel and then in the statistical program SPSS. After extracting the tabular results and interpreting them graphically (descriptive statistics) and comparing each hypothesis, the principle of naturalness was taken into account, the Ro Spearman pattern was used, and after obtaining this result, the corresponding explanations are given in the following, followed by a constructive discussion. The results consider the triangle of results, theory, and background.

2.2.6. Data Analysis Method

We considered the use of descriptive and inferential statistics to confirm the relationships. Since 3 hypotheses were developed, this allowed comparisons between each hypothesis. Therefore, we used an Excel database, imported the results into SPSS to create frequency tables for each level of the variable, and used inferential statistics to test our hypotheses. For this, the Rho Spearman formula was used to obtain statistically probable matches.

2.2.7. Ethical Aspects

This research was conducted using APA standards [22], information from sources considered reliable, and respect for copyright. Again, the study was carried out using a questionnaire that preserved the anonymity of the participants so as not to distort the study and influence the responses. For the protection of information, the name of the research company will be kept confidential. We follow the guidelines and recommendations of the Cesar Vallejo University.

3. Results

3.1. Descriptive Analysis

3.1.1. Variable Assessment Scale

The following table shows the scores, ranges, and levels for the health and safety variables. The score comes to 105, but the dimensions are 6–40 (

Table 4. Health and safety variable scale.

Variable and Dimensions	Scores		Levels
	Minimal	Maximum	Suitcase	Regular	Good
Health & Safety	21	105	21–48	49–76	77–105
Planning	6	30	6–13	14–21	22–30
Implementation	8	40	8–18	19–29	30–40
Verification	7	35	7–16	17–26	27–35

).

The theoretical score, range, and level of the construction risk variable are displayed. This gives a score of 105 and a dimensional range of 6 to 40 points (

Table 5. Construction Risk Sliding Scale.

Variable and Dimensions	Scores		Levels
	Minimal	Maximum	Low	Middle	High
Construction risks	21	105	21–48	49–76	77–105
Physical hazards	6	30	6–13	14–21	22–30
Ergonomics and work environment	8	40	8–18	19–29	30–40
On-site risk contaminants	7	35	7–16	17–26	27–35

).

3.1.2. Descriptive Analysis of the Results of the Health and Safety Variable

Table 6. Distribution of health and safety dimensions.

	Suitcase		Regular		Good		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Planning	7	15.56	9	20.00	29	64.44	45	100
Implementation	4	8.89	10	22.22	31	68.89	45	100
Verification	4	8.89	11	24.44	30	66.67	45	100

shows that, of 45 school construction workers, 15.56% affirm that the planning of the health and safety proposal is bad, 20% maintain that it is regular, and 64.44% affirms that it is good; regarding the implementation of the health and safety proposal, 8.89% think it is bad, 22.22% think it is regular, and 68.89% think it is good. In terms of the verification of the health and safety proposal, 8.89% affirm that it is bad, 24.44% maintain that it is regular, and 66.67% affirm that it is good.

Table 7. Health and safety distribution.

		Frequency	Percentage	Valid Percentage	Cumulative Percentage
Valid	Suitcase	4	8.9	8.9	8.9
	Regular	11	24.4	24.4	33.3
	Good	30	66.7	66.7	100.0
	Total	45	100.0	100.0

shows that, of the 45 school construction workers, 8.89% affirm that the health and safety proposal is bad, 24.44% maintain that it is regular, and 66.67% claims it is good.

3.1.3. Descriptive Analysis of the Results of the Risk Variable in Construction

Table 8. Distribution of dimension risks in construction.

	Low		Middle		High		Total
	n	%	n	%	N	%	n	%
Physical hazards	10	22.22	12	26.67	23	51.11	45	100
Ergonomics and work environment	12	26.67	19	42.22	14	31.11	45	100
On-site risk contaminants	19	42.22	17	37.78	9	20.00	45	100

shows that, of the 45 construction workers in a school, 22.22% maintain that the physical risks in construction are low, 26.67% maintain that they are at a medium level, and 51.11% affirm that they are at a high level; regarding ergonomics and work environment, 26.67% think it is bad, 42.22% think it is at a medium level, and 31.11% think it is at a high level. In terms of risky contaminants at work, 42.22% affirm that they are of a low level, 37.78% believe that they are of a medium level, and 20% affirm that they are of a high level.

In

Table 9. Distribution of risks in construction.

		Frequency	Percentage	Valid Percentage	Cumulative Percentage
Valid	Low	15	33.3	33.3	33.3
	Middle	14	31.1	31.1	64.4
	High	16	35.6	35.6	100.0
	Total	45	100.0	100.0

, we observe that, of 45 school construction workers, 33.33% maintain that the risks in construction are low, 31.11% think that they are at a medium level, and 56% affirm that they are at a high level.

3.2. Inferential Analysis

The Nagerkerke coefficient is an indicator in logistic regression analysis that quantifies how much variability is explained by a fitted model compared with a null model. Its value ranges from 0 to 1 and reflects the model’s ability to explain variability, typically being closer to 0. It assists in evaluating the quality of model fit in logistic regression.

Since the data are analyzed using logistic regression, the normality test is not required.

3.2.1. General Tests of Hypotheses

Ha: 

The health and safety proposal significantly influences risk reduction in the construction of a school.

Ho: 

The health and safety proposal does not significantly influence risk reduction in the construction of a school.

Table 10. General tests of hypotheses.

Model	Logarithm of Likelihood -2	Chi-Square	Gl	Itself.	Pseudo R-Squared
					Cox and Snell	Nagelkerke	McFadden
Intersection only	31.212				0.289	0.326	0.156
Final	15.841	15.371	2	0.000

shows that the significance is 0.000 < 0.05, so the alternative hypothesis is accepted. Ultimately, the health and safety proposals will have a significant impact on risk mitigation in school construction. In addition, the value of the Nagerkerke coefficient is 0.326, which indicates that health and safety suggestions have an impact of 32.6% for risk reduction in construction.

3.2.2. Test of Specific Hypotheses

Test of specific hypotheses 1.

H1: 

The planning of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school.

Ho: 

The planning of the health and safety proposal does not significantly influence the reduction in risks in the construction of a school.

Table 11. Specific Hypothesis Test 1.

Model	Logarithm of Likelihood -2	Chi-Square	Gl	Itself.	Pseudo R-Squared
					Cox and Snell	Nagelkerke	McFadden
Intersection only	27.722				0.179	0.201	0.090
Final	18.852	8.870	2	0.012

shows that the significance is 0.012 < 0.05. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. Ultimately, the plans in the Health and Safety Proposition will have a significant impact in mitigating school construction hazards. The value of the Nagerkerke coefficient is 0.201, which indicates that the proposed health and safety plan has an impact of 20.1% for risk reduction in construction (Table 12).

Test of specific hypotheses 2.

H2: 

The implementation of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school.

Ho: 

The implementation of the health and safety proposal does not significantly influence risk reduction in the construction of a school.

Table 12. Specific Hypothesis Test 2.

Model Tuning Information
Model	Logarithm of Likelihood -2	Chi-Square	Gl	Itself.	Pseudo R-Squared
					Cox and Snell	Nagelkerke	McFadden
Intersection only	30.080				0.258	0.290	0.136
Final	16.678	13.402	2	0.001

Table 12. Specific Hypothesis Test 2.

Model Tuning Information
Model	Logarithm of Likelihood -2	Chi-Square	Gl	Itself.	Pseudo R-Squared
					Cox and Snell	Nagelkerke	McFadden
Intersection only	30.080				0.258	0.290	0.136
Final	16.678	13.402	2	0.001

Test of specific hypotheses 3.

H3: 

The verification of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school.

Ho: 

The verification of the health and safety proposal does not significantly influence risk reduction in the construction of a school.

Table 13. Specific Hypothesis Test 3.

Model Tuning Information
Model	Logarithm of Likelihood -2	Chi-Square	Gl	Itself.	Pseudo R-Squared
					Cox and Snell	Nagelkerke	McFadden
Intersection only	31.715				0.330	0.371	0.182
Final	13.704	18.011	2	0.000

shows that the significance is 0.000 < 0.05, which accepts the alternative hypothesis. In short, the verification of the health and safety proposals will have a significant impact on the mitigation of risks in the construction of schools. The value of the Nagerkerke coefficient is 0.371, which indicates that the validation of health and safety proposals has an impact of 37.1% for risk reduction in construction.

4. Discussion

In the progress of this investigation, a contest was shown based on the comparison with other information, starting from the general objective that the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school. It is shown that the significance is 0.000 < 0.05; therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted, that is, the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school. In addition, the value of the Nagelkerke coefficient is 0.326, which indicates that the health and safety proposal has an influence of 32.6% in risk reduction in construction.

This allowed us to know that there is a low connection of certain direct statistics between both variables, proving that adequate health and safety at work is often related to the evolution of harmful events that can occur at work; in other words, work under conditions presents risk circumstances to workers that dominate the failure in security as a consequence of the growth of occupational accidents.

In accordance with the principle of comparison, the rejection of the null hypothesis and the approval of the general hypothesis of the research work was clarified, that is to say, there is a correlation between health and safety with the level of risks at school work.

These results coincide with what was said by Chayan [21], in which he ensures that the implementation of an occupational health and safety system develops the degree of job performance in employees, permanently assigning continuous improvement to the existence of an adequate implementation.

Regarding the first specific hypothesis, the planning of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school, it was found that the significance is 0.012 < 0.05; therefore, the hypothesis is accepted. In addition, the value of the Nagelkerke coefficient is 0.201, which indicates that the planning of the health and safety proposal influences the risk reduction in construction by 20.1%.

These achievements coincide with what was stated by Chayan [21], who presented a support instrument for groups to manage risks and resolve monitoring arrangements that cooperate with a global management method, essential in generating a favorable environment for workers for personal purposes regarding health and safety, fostering the continuous development of work circumstances and the optimization of planning to achieve these objectives.

In addition, in his investigation, the planning period in carrying out the procedures was added, applying the provisions of protection at work and performance. Likewise in his investigation, he proposes a planning counselor who collaborates in the protection of workers and associated property against negative events that may occur in associations or works. What was mentioned in his studies about him was in no way consistent with the achievements of this investigation.

Regarding the second specific hypothesis, the implementation of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school, it was found that the significance is 0.001 < 0.05, which makes us accept the alternative hypothesis, that is to say that the implementation of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school. In addition, the value of the Nagelkerke coefficient is 0.290, which indicates that the implementation of the health and safety proposal holds a 29% influence in risk reduction in construction.

These results coincide with what was stated by Chayan [21], who in his research considered that it was essential to apply a project with clear objectives, in which workers’ health and safety is protected in the execution of their work, considering at all times the current standards; in the same way, he declared that the management of the public servant must be aware of health and safety at work and of their business development, declaring their obligation to activate the main assets for the administration, known functions, and duly substantiated and communicated obligations, in the same way as knowing how to decentralize work for a competent administration.

Regarding the third specific hypothesis, the verification of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school, it was found that the value of significance is 0.000 < 0.05, which makes it possible to accept the alternative hypothesis, that is, the verification of the health and safety proposal significantly influences the reduction in risks in the construction of a school. In addition, the value of the Nagelkerke coefficient is 0.371, which indicates that the verification of the health and safety proposal in risk reduction in construction has a 37.1% influence.

These results coincide with what was stated by Chayan [21], who in his study said that in the regular actions of the different construction guilds, quantitative provisions must be incorporated according to the requests of the construction guild, which must be reviewed. and continuously monitored by those responsible for the association.

Referring to what was previously explained and observed in these results, it is possible to deduce that improvements are being made in the verification, the improvements in monitoring, the development of the administration method, the study of mishaps, teaching, prevention, and the registration of monitoring. This study demonstrates that the management method is carried out productively and in protected provisions, subject to an evaluation as a control instrument followed by management efficiency, all of which improves the level of monitoring of occupational risks in the company.

Finally, according to Chayan [21,23], although the verification of the correlation cooperates with the recognition of the dispositions in two variables that go together, it does not mean that the correlation is necessarily intended; there is causality in the same line. It can be affirmed that it is necessary to resort to novel properties that require simple correlation and to analyze if it has causality in the study variables.

5. Conclusions

This research work defined a beneficial relationship between health and safety suggestions in risk reduction in school construction, coinciding with the expected hypothesis with a significance of 0.000 and a Nagerkerke coefficient of 0.326, demonstrating high quality. The value of this relationship was to optimize the level of hazard monitoring in school construction by working together, strengthening and ensuring safe conditions between the workers and the project.

This study defined a beneficial interplanning relationship between health and safety proposals in risk reduction in school construction, coinciding with the expected significance hypothesis of 0.012 and the Nagerkerke coefficient of 0.201. Quality was defined in this relationship as follows: the construction was considered as part of the plan, a determined approach to improvements in the realization of standards, quality of the planned work in relation to the safety situation, and the level of risk management during construction.

This research work defined a beneficial relationship between the implementation of health and safety recommendations in risk reduction in school construction, coinciding with the expected significance hypothesis of 0.001 and the Nagerkerke coefficient of 0.290. Demonstrating quality in the definition of this relationship, its purpose, and the best-executed performance levels, the construction responded to improvement works, occupations and assignments, inspection of orders, and response to events, helping to quantify the level of risk of the constructive intervention.

This study defined a moderate relationship between testing the health and safety proposals in risk reduction in school construction, coinciding with the prediction hypothesis with a significance of 0.000 and a Nagerkerke coefficient of 0.371. In the definition of this relationship, in this regard, it suggests that in the construction, as part of the verification work in the missions, in the improvement work in the inspections, in the work of the coordination systems, and in the investigation of facts, the coordination system works effectively and positively. Corrective decisions and protective and exploratory inspections demonstrated that when construction risk is high, assessment as an investigative tool and subsequent adjustment safety assessments can increase the level of construction risk inspection.