RETRACTED: Study on Mechanical Properties of Soil Stabilization by Different Vegetation Roots on High Steep Slope

Abstract

The tensile and shear properties of plant roots are important factors that determine their slope protection and are also direct indicators for evaluating plant roots for slope protection. In order to explore the soil-fixing properties of root system and root–soil composite of Indigofera amblyantha and Cassia bicapsularis, the high and steep slope of Zhaofu quarry in Wudang District of Guiyang City was taken as the research background. The effects of root diameter, tree species, root water content and normal pressure on the tensile properties of single root, direct shear friction of root system and shear properties of root–soil composite were investigated by an indoor mechanical test and a direct shear friction test. Results showed that under saturated water content, the tensile strength of C. longifolia decreased, and the tensile strength of C. bifolia also decreased. With the increase in water content from 10.3% to 22.3%, the friction strength of the root–soil interface increased gradually, and the friction strength of root–soil interface of Cassia bicapsularis was greater than that of Cassia longifolia. With the increase in root diameter, the root–soil interfacial friction strength of the two shrubs increased slightly. The normal pressure also increases the density of the soil, so that the roots give full play to the reinforcement effect. The greater the normal pressure, the greater the shear strength of the root–soil composite. When the water content increased from 10.3% to 22.3%, the shear strength of the two-shrub root–soil composites increased first and then decreased gradually, reaching the maximum at 14.3%, followed by the shear strength at 10.3%, reaching the minimum at 22.3%.

1. Introduction

China is one of the countries with the most serious soil erosion in the world. Soil erosion and rocky desertification are the ‘throat’ to curb China’s economic development. ‘Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’ further highlights the country’s emphasis on environmental and ecological construction and restoration. Following Guizhou Province to become the country’s ninth county highway province, slope excavation damage is difficult to avoid [1,2]. In extreme rainstorm weather, it is easy to produce geological disasters such as soil erosion, landslide, collapse and debris flow [3,4]. In the restoration of the ecological environment, the ecological pattern of harmony between man and nature is formed. The traditional pure engineering slope protection has gradually faded out in the slope protection measures because it is not sustainable and beautiful. Vegetation has a positive effect on the enhancement of slope stability, especially for the restoration and reconstruction of carbonate rock slopes that are easily weathered and corroded, and plant measures are widely used. Most of the existing studies have focused on the northwest region with thick soil layer, and the tree species are mostly herbs and trees. Although there is a certain history of plant slope protection in the shallow soil area of southwest China, the research on the soil-fixing mechanism of shrub roots is still in its infancy [5].

Plants have both green and sustainable slope protection effects. Not only can the interception of the tree crown reduce splash erosion, but also the root system plays a great role in slope stability and soil fixation. The tensile and shear strength of roots is one of the important mechanical indexes to evaluate the stability of slope [6]. On the research of the tensile properties of single root of plant, mainly concentrated in the root diameter, gage, stretching rate, between different tree species, the above factors and tensile properties of the research show that the single tensile resistance increases with the increase in root diameter, the power function relationship, single tensile strength with the increase in root diameter, generally showed a trend of decrease, or a negative exponent function relationship, or the relationship was not significant [7,8,9,10,11]. The root diameter less than 2.5 mm has the highest tensile strength. Genet et al. [12] showed that the single root tensile strength was significantly different in winter and spring and revealed that the reason for this difference was the difference in root water content. Bischetti et al. [13] showed that there were significant differences in ultimate tensile strength of roots of different plants, which resulted from differences in development caused by genetic characteristics of roots, including differences in microstructure and the chemical composition of roots. In order to further explain the differences in mechanical properties of roots, many scholars conducted further studies by observing and calculating the transverse sections of roots. Jiang Kunyun et al. [14] explained the mechanical mechanism of single root tensile strength from the microscopic perspective of roots, and showed that tracheids microfilament angle, the percentage of wood fiber area, the percentage of phloem area, the length of wood fiber, the ratio of wall to cavity of wood fiber, and the ratio of length to width of wood fiber had a positive correlation with the root tensile properties. By dissecting wheat roots, Guo Weijun et al. [15] measured the main indexes of mechanical properties of wheat roots at maturity stage, studied the stress-strain law of roots, observed the microstructure of roots, obtained the anatomical structure image of roots, and established the cross-sectional mechanical model of wheat roots. Li Ke et al. [16] conducted electron microscope scanning on the tensile section and found that the tube pore diameter of the root cross-section of Caragana korshinskii and Poa pratensis gradually decreased with the increase in the tensile rate, which further explained the internal factors of the difference of tensile rate in the tensile characteristics. Plant roots as the fiber in composite material, through the growth and development together with the soil to form a special complex structure—root–soil, made with tensile and compressive strength of the root and not having the compressive and tensile soil organic collection, with tensile and compressive properties of complex root soil, and transform the mechanical properties of the undisturbed soil. Therefore, the soil with relatively good compressive resistance and poor tensile resistance has a certain ductility and can resist shear failure. Li Weiping et al. [17] studied the soil shear characteristics of Cypress roots in sandy land and showed that the shear strength increased first and then decreased with the increase in the root–soil cross section ratio, which further indicated that there was an optimal root–soil cross section ratio. Lv Chunjuan et al. [18] used a consolidation undrained triaxial test to study that confining pressure, root embedding method, and root diameter all affected the ultimate principal stress difference of the root–soil complex, and based on the data, corrected the Wu-Waldron root cohesion model with the correction coefficient K ranging from 0.11 to 0.37.

In this paper, based on previous research results, the single root of common slope protection shrubs was measured by mechanics, and the change law of their mechanical properties was discussed. The shear test of remolded root–soil complex was conducted to explore the factors affecting the shear properties of root–soil complex. The shear action of roots was studied from the root–soil complex and friction test. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of plant slope protection from root soil and provide some reference for slope protection.

Project Overview

The research area is selected in Zhaofu Quarry Factory, Wudang District, Guiyang City, which is about 5.0 km away from Wudang District government and 15.0 km away from Guizhou provincial government. The mining area is located in the east of the north section of Xintian Avenue, which is directly connected by 600 m long simple road, and the traffic is relatively convenient. The central coordinate of the mining area is 106.78124 east longitude and north latitude: 26.67041. See Figure 1 for the traffic location in the project area. Wudang District of Guiyang City is located in the mountainous area of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau with low latitude and high altitude. It is located in the intersection zone of warm and cold air currents and belongs to the subtropical mild and humid climate zone. The climate is mild and humid, showing the characteristics of subtropical mild climate, no cold winter, no summer heat, light, heat, water in the same season, vertical climate difference is obvious. According to the statistics of meteorological data of Guiyang city, the average temperature of Wudang district for many years is 14.6 °C, the highest month (July) average temperature is 24 °C, and the lowest month (January) average temperature is 5 °C. The annual average precipitation in the region is 1154.3 mm, which is affected by monsoon circulation and topography, with obvious spatio-temporal differences and strong regionalism. The precipitation in April to September accounts for 75–80% of the annual total, and the maximum daily rainfall has reached 226.2 mm. Due to the influence of topography, the precipitation in the region varies to some extent, and the general trend increases gradually from south to north. The landform in this area is mainly mountainous and hilly, with an altitude of 1130–1326 m and a slope of 10°–15°. 94% of the area is karst landform, the average soil thickness is about 6 cm, and the bedrock exposure rate is 45%. Most of the soil is acid yellow loam and lime soil, and the soil layer is shallow and discontinuous. The vegetation in the study area is mainly shrub, mainly polyfloriferous blue, Pyracantha and Cassia bifida.

2. Experimental Design

2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation

In this study, three representative tree species were selected as the research objects, namely, polyflorum, Pyrrhinitis and Cassia biculata. Among them, Corollaria polyflorum and Cassia bipinnata grow naturally by taking slope protection measures and Pyracantha is a native shrub. These three tree species are good representatives and typical for studying soil fixation mechanical properties of roots of different types of tree species in this area.

Root system in field sampling, selecting natural growth with a 4 sower slope, looks like 3 cm in diameter, trees and tidy area and surrounding intervals larger indigofera kirilowii and looks like the double pod tree and tree diameter consistent firethorn native tree species for 4 years, removing the ground part of the plant, the underground part adopts the method of fully excavating step by step ang dig all roots of a tree, clean and absorb the excess water. Measure the diameter and length one by one with vernier calipers, and then put the root classification number in a sealed bag and put it in a 4 °C freezer. Try to conduct the experiment in a short time. The soil sample is the soil where the root was taken. In the bare soil about 10 m adjacent to the root sample, surface impurities were removed, and the surface soil of about 200 mm was planted away, and the soil in the longitudinal range of 200–800 mm was taken. This method of soil acquisition was to better ensure that the soil taken was consistent with the soil distributed by roots in the vertical direction. Soil moisture content and soil dry density were measured on site and brought back to the laboratory for air drying and ground through a 2 mm sieve, then bagged and sealed for storage until use. The pH of the soil was 7.4 determined by pH meter, and the mechanical composition of the soil was shown in

Table 1. Soil particle composition used in the experiment.

Particle size range /mm	2.0~0.2	0.2~0.05	0.05~0.02	0.02~0.002	<0.002
Particle concentration /%	1.2	19.2	11.7	34.4	33.5

.

In this paper, we selected the slope to sow the two plants, which had grown naturally for 4 years and had a ground diameter of 2 cm and the same growth, and used the whole plant excavation method to excavate, 10 plants of each. In order to ensure the freshness of the root system, the experiment was divided into three stages according to the progress of the experiment. Clean the roots with normal growth and no disease and insect pests, absorb the excess water, classify and number the roots and put them in a sealed container in the refrigerator. The root was cleaned and the excess water was removed. The root was numbered and placed in a sealed container at 4 °C. The test was carried out within 7 days at each stage.

2.2. Experimental Design

2.2.1. Single Root Tensile Test

Select Mulan and double cinnamon roots, test equipment for Jinan endurance testing machine Co., Ltd. Production of microcomputer control electronic universal testing machine, model DWD-10, maximum range 10 kN, maximum speed 500 mm/min. It is divided into test terminal and computer terminal. According to the Chinese standard DB15/T 456-2009 ‘Technical Specification for Forage Silage with Stretch Film Wrapping’, the drawing rate was set to 10 mm/min, and the computer terminal would automatically reset after the test was completed. In the experiment, Velcro was used to wrap both ends of the roots to prevent damage to the roots caused by the pulling fixture. In order to eliminate the influence of the fixture, the fracture location within the standard distance is considered effective for testing. The testing process is shown in Figure 2.

2.2.2. Determination of Natural Water Content of Different Root Diameters

In order to study the natural water content of roots under different root diameters, the root diameter was 1 (1 ± 0.5 mm) according to the literature (Zhang Qiaoyan et al., 2019). 2 (2 ± 0.5 mm); 3 (3 ± 0.5 mm); 4 (4 ± 0.5 mm); 5 (5 ± 0.5 mm). After removing surface impurities from the graded roots, the fresh weight was measured by electronic balance (accuracy: 0.001 g) and recorded as M₁. Then they were put into the oven at 85 °C to dry for 48 h. The weight M₂ was weighed again and recorded. Each experiment was repeated three times, and the average water content of the root was taken as the water content index. Formula (1) was used to calculate the root water content.

$$W=\frac{M_1-M_2}{M_1}\times 100\%$$

(1)

Where: M₁ is fresh root weight/g; M₂ is the root weight/g after drying; W—root water content/%.

2.2.3. Determination of Chemical Composition of Roots

The determination of root chemical composition can be found in the literature (Zhang Qiaoyan et al., 2019). In order to make the chemical composition more representative, Celorrhiza multiflora and Cassia bifida were divided into 6 levels according to the root diameter, which were 1 (1.00 ± 0.5 mm), 2 (2.00 ± 0.5 mm), 3 (3.00 ± 0.5 mm), respectively. 4 (4.00 ± 0.5 mm), 5 (5.00 ± 0.5 mm), 6 (6.00 ± 0.5 mm). Sluiter J B, 2010 was used to determine root cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents by hydrolysis method. The root system classified by root level was cleared of surface impurities, dried in an oven at 80 °C for 48 h, crushed by high-speed multifunctional pulverizing machine (model: 800 Y), and passed through a 40-mesh screen. The samples were hydrolyzed with 72% concentrated sulfuric acid and 4% dilute sulfuric acid in two steps to hydrolyze the components of lignocellulose into easily quantifiable substances. Among them, cellulose and hemicellulose were hydrolyzed to monosaccharides and quantified by Agilent 1200 series HPLC. According to the chromatographic results, the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose were calculated. For the conversion of six-carbon sugars such as glucose to cellulose, the coefficient of multiplication was 0.9, and the conversion of five-carbon sugars such as xylose to xylan, the coefficient of multiplication was 0.88. Lignin was quantified by burning.

2.2.4. Pore Measurement of a Cross Section Catheter

The porosity of the root section was determined according to the literature (Zhang Qiaoyan et al., 2019). Fresh roots of 1–5 mm were divided according to diameter class to remove impurities on the root bark surface. The roots were evenly cut into 1 cm long segments, placed at the bottom of a centrifuge tube, and fixed with a certain amount of glutaraldehyde for 12 h. Wash once with 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer. Then 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, 90 % tert-butanol/alcohol mixture was dehydrated for 5 min each. Finally, it was dehydrated twice with 100 % tert-butanol for 5 min each time. After that, the tert-butanol was drained and placed at 4 °C for 5–10 min. When the tert-butanol became solid, it was placed in a freeze dryer at LGJ-10D for 1 h. Finally, the roots were gilded and scanned under S-3400 N electron microscope to obtain SEM images of root cross sections (Figure 3).

2.2.5. Shear Test of Root Soil Complex

Preparation of Soil Moisture Content

The size of the direct shear sample (diameter × height) is 61.8 mm × 20 mm, and the cross-sectional area of the sample is 2998 mm², according to field measurement. The soil moisture content was 11.2–22.4%, so four water content gradients (10.8%, 14.3%, 18.2%, 23.1%) were set. The sample is prepared according to the Standard for Geotechnical Test Methods (GBT50123-1999), and the calculation method of soil moisture content is shown in Equation (2). Weigh a certain quality of air dried soil in the acrylic impermeable tray, calculate the required water content through Equation (2), spray evenly with the spray device mix, cover tightly, stand for one day and night for use.

$$M_W=\frac{M_0}{1+0.01W_0}\times 0.01(W_1-W_0)$$

(2)

Where: M_W is the mass of water required for sample preparation (G); M₀ is air-dried soil mass (g); W₀ is moisture content of air-dried soil (%); W₁ is the moisture content (%) required for sample preparation.

The preparation of root soil complex was made according to the literature (Zhang Qiaoyan et al., 2018), as follows:

(1) Preparation of control sample: Due to the low moisture content, low viscosity and easy dispersion of the lime soil, it could not be compacted and formed, and the soil would be damaged in the process of the ring cutter pressing soil into the direct shear box, so the prepared soil was poured into the direct shear box three times by the method of stratified compaction.

(2) Preparation and test of complex sample: fix the direct shear box, put it into a layer of soil, gently smooth and press solid, and then insert the graded prepared root into the soil, the root arrangement is vertical, then pour into a layer of soil, and press solid gently. In this way, place all the soil in the sample box and place the root in the center of the sample. Each experiment was repeated three times, and the above operation was repeated with different root diameters. The test was carried out on the ZJ strain controlled direct shear instrument produced by Nanjing Soil Instrument Factory Co., LTD. The shear rate was set at 0.8 mm/min. Each test was carried out under four normal pressures (50, 100, 150, 200 kPa), and each normal pressure was repeated for three times.

2.2.6. Test Method

The direct shear friction test method refers to the size of pervious stone (diameter × height) is 61.8 mm × 20 mm, the cross-sectional area of the sample is 2998 mm², and cut wood blocks of the same size. In order to reduce the experimental error, it is not easy to peel the root less than 3 mm, and it is easy to cause a large error. As a shrub, the root diameter larger than 5 mm is less. Therefore, only root diameters of 3, 4 and 5 mm were selected for friction test. The specific steps are as follows: cut the graded root longitudinally with a peeling knife, carefully peel off the skin, and paste the root skin on the wood block with A8 super glue (paste as smooth as possible). After solidification, put it in the lower part of the direct cutting box, and then configure it well a certain soil sample (56 g in this experiment) was poured into the upper box of quadruple shear, and the soil was smoothed. See Figure 4.

3. Analysis of Test Results

3.1. Analysis of Tensile Properties of Single Root of Celia polyflorum and Cassia bifida

Root tensile resistance is an important index to evaluate the soil and water conservation and soil stabilization of plant roots. The tensile test results of single root of polyflorum blume are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the mechanical effect of slope protection of plants changes with the growth and development of roots, and the tensile resistance of single root of polyflorum blume increases with the increase in root diameter, and there is a power function relationship between them, R² = 0.9001. The results showed that there was an obvious size effect between tensile resistance and root diameter. Similarly, the change trend of tensile resistance and root diameter of Cassia dipteris was similar to that of C. polyflorum, but the values were not the same. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the average tensile strength of each diameter class of polyflorum is higher than that of Cassia seed. In addition, there was a certain size effect between the tensile strength and root diameter of Cassia japonicum, and the correlation was as high as 0.9416, showing an increasing finger function relationship. Combined with Figure 5 and Figure 6, it can be seen that the root resistance was positively correlated with root diameter of the two shrubs, that is, the thicker the root diameter, the greater the root resistance was. The tensile strength decreased gradually with the thickening of root diameter, and the tensile strength was greater in polyflorum than in Cassia biloba. There was a negative correlation between the ultimate elongation and root diameter. The smaller root had a relatively greater toughness. Root tensile strength and ultimate elongation (toughness) are important indexes for characterizing and evaluating root soil fixation and slope protection. With the increase in root diameter, both of them decreased, indicating that the tensile capacity of root section per unit area decreased with the increase in root diameter, and the tensile strain capacity of root section per unit area also decreased.

The roots with smaller diameter have relatively higher toughness and strength, which is due to the low lignification degree of fine roots. With the development of plants, the root thickens and the lignification degree increases, which leads to the decrease in toughness. It should be said that with the increase in root lignification degree, root strength should be relatively higher, but the research results are somewhat different from this. This should be due to the degree of lignification is a factor affecting root tensile strength, but not the only factor. Plant roots, as a variety of biomass materials, are affected by many factors.

3.2. Characteristics of Root Responses to Soil Water in Xylodendrine multiflorum and Cassia bifilata

The response of root system to soil moisture, that is, the root water content changes with the change of soil water content, and then has an impact on the tensile resistance characteristics of slope protection shrubs. The results of field investigation show that geological disasters such as slope collapse and landslide often occur when soil moisture content is over-saturated after rain. Therefore, studying the changes of root tensile resistance properties under saturated water content has certain guiding significance for slope protection theory. Figure 7 changes in the tensile resistance properties of multiflowered Celiac blue roots at saturated water content. It can be seen that the ultimate tensile resistance increases with the increase in root diameter, while the ultimate tensile strength and ultimate elongation decrease with the increase in root diameter. Compared with the change trend of root tensile properties under natural water content, it indicates that the change of root water content has no obvious effect on the change of root mechanical properties and root diameter, but there are some differences in values.

3.3. Shear Characteristics of the Root Soil Complex of Xylanulosa polyflorum and Cassia bifilata

3.3.1. Relationship between Normal Pressure and Shear Properties of Root Soil Complex of Xylodendrine polyflorum and Cassia bifilatum

Normal pressure mainly refers to the force exerted on the root soil complex in the vertical direction, which is mainly reflected in the increase of soil compactness, and its magnitude represents the compactness of the complex. In practice, the normal pressure can be used to evaluate the shear properties of root soil complex at different soil depths to a certain extent. The effect of normal pressure on the shear strength of the root–soil complex was investigated with a water content of 14.3%. The results are shown in

Table 2. Effect of normal pressure on shear strength of root soil complex.

	More Indigofera Kirilowii				Double Tree Pods
normal pressure/kPa	50	100	150	200	50	100	150	200
shear strength/Mpa	36.5 ± 1.35	85 ± 6.05	105.2 ± 5.25	124.8 ± 2.82	35.17 ± 0.72	72.7 ± 7.16	107.97 ± 3.96	124.13 ± 8.16

(root diameter of Xylanulosa multiflorum is 3 mm, root diameter of Cassia bipod is 2 mm). As can be seen from Table 2, the shear strength of the two-plant root–soil complexes increased significantly with the increase of normal pressure, showing a significant linear positive correlation (R² > 0.95), and the difference of shear strength of the two-plant root–soil complexes was significant under different normal pressures (p < 0.05). Secondly, the shear strength of Cassia diploides was less than that of C. polyflorum, but slightly higher than that of C. polyflorum at 150 kPa. The normal pressure increased the shear strength of soil by changing the compactness of the complex. The difference between the shear strength of root soil complex and the normal pressure was significant (p < 0.05), which further indicated that the normal pressure had a more significant effect on the shear strength than the root diameter.

Pore arrangement is one of the important indicators to reflect the pore structure, is an important factor affecting the physical and chemical properties of wood materials. Under different root diameters, the roots of Cassia amblyantha and Cassia bicapsularis have different root diameter root cross-section SEM images. It can be seen from Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8 that when the root diameter is 1–2 mm (Figure 8a,b), each tube hole exists alone as a single tube hole, and the former is more evenly distributed on the cross section than the latter. When the root diameter was 3 mm (Figure 8c), more than two tube holes were arranged in radial or chordal direction to form compound tube holes, and the distribution of tube holes in root section was uniform. When the root diameter increased to 4 mm (Figure 8d), the arrangement of the tube holes changed, and the tube holes were arranged in chain along the radial direction. The distribution of the root section was uneven but radial. When the root diameter was 5 mm (Figure 8e), the arrangement of the tube holes was the most complex, and the tube holes were piled up adjacently to form tube clusters. Some of the tube clusters were arranged radially in chains, and the distribution of the tube holes in the root section was the most uniform. This shows that for the same kind of plant roots, the arrangement of the distribution of pores changes with plant growth and development. With the increase in root diameter, the arrangement of tube holes became more and more complex, showing the trend of single tube hole → compound tube hole → tube hole chain → tube hole group.

Similarly, for double pod cassia, it can be seen from Figure 9. When root diameter is 1 mm (Figure 9a), similar to Cymbidium cyrtonema. Wherein, each tube hole exists independently, forming a single tube hole. Regardless of pore size or pore distribution, the distribution on the root section is more uniform. Uniform. Different from the roots of Indigofera amblyantha, the tubular pores of the root cross-section of Cassia bicapsularis with a root diameter of 2 mm (Figure 9b) can be clearly seen arranged in the direction of the tubular pores to form a tubular pore chain, and the larger tubular pores are more evenly distributed on the cross-section. When the root diameter is 3 mm (Figure 9c), the holes of each tube are arranged in radial or chordal direction, and the number of holes increases significantly. It is worth noting that the large tube holes are concentrated and evenly distributed in the periphery of the xylem, and the tube holes in the middle of the xylem are smaller. With the increase in root diameter, root diameter 4 mm (Figure 9d), the phenomenon was aggravated, that is, the middle part of the xylem was smaller, that is, the density of the middle part of the root system increased relatively. No matter in the middle or periphery of the root section, the root section holes of Cassia bicapsularis were evenly distributed in the form of single hole or double hole. When the root diameter was 5 mm (Figure 9e), the root cross section was obviously divided into two parts, the middle and the periphery. The tubular holes in the middle of the root section are distributed radially along the wood ray in chain shape.

In summary, due to the different tree species, although both are legumes, in previous studies, it is often believed that the two have similarities in many aspects under the same habitat. Through the microscopic analysis of root cross-section, the re-transport of water and nutrients differed greatly. It is manifested in: the arrangement of tube holes, with an increase in root diameter, the change trend is quite different; the uniformity of tube hole distribution: root diameter 1–5 mm, the most uniform root diameter 5 mm; the root diameter of Cassia bicapsularis was 1–5 mm, and the distribution of tubular pores did not change with the increase in root diameter, resulting in uneven distribution. Regarding growth and development: with the increase in root diameter, the root section of wood changes little. As for double pod cassia: with the increase in root diameter, the degree of lignification is strengthened, resulting in the phenomenon of ‘partition’. In addition, it can be seen from the SEM image that with the increase in root diameter, the cortex thickness of Cassia amblyantha and Cassia bicapsularis showed an increasing trend, but the cortex of Cassia amblyantha was thicker than that of Cassia bicapsularis.

Combined with the mechanical properties of roots, it can be seen that for tensile strength, the root section of the smaller pore diameter of the cymbidium is higher than the double pod cassia with the larger pore diameter.

3.3.2. Relationship between Water Content and Shear Properties of Root–Soil Complex of Xylodendrine polyflorum and Cassia diploides

Water content is an important factor affecting the root–soil complex. In the rocky desertification area, the soil layer is shallow, the lime soil viscosity is not high, the normal pressure is relatively small (50 kPa), the root diameter of polyflorum azulosa is 3 mm, and the root diameter of Cassia bifidus is 2 mm to illustrate the effect of water content on the shear strength of the root soil complex. As can be seen from Figure 10, the shear strength of both root soil complex and plain soil increased first and then decreased with the increase in water content, which was generally consistent with the research results of Ge Zhile (2014) and Chen Hongxing (2007). When the water content is 22.3%, the shear strength of root soil complex is significantly higher than that of plain soil. When the water content is 10.3% and 18.3%, the difference in shear strength is not significant. The water content is 14.3%, and the shear strength of the root soil complex is relatively the largest, which may be due to the better cementation between the soil and the root system at this water content, which is more resistant to shear failure. It can be seen that about 14.3% moisture content may be the best moisture content. In addition, when the water content is 23.1%, the shear strength of plain soil and root soil complex is the lowest. It is worth noting that at this water content, the shear strength of the multiflorum xylanulosa root soil complex is 24.3 kPa, the shear strength of the Cassia twinae root soil complex is 23.17 kPa, and the shear strength of the plain soil is 25.1 kPa. The shear strength of the complex with roots was lower than that of the plain soil. In conclusion, for the lime soil-root complex with low viscosity in the rocky desertification area, its shear strength is affected by many factors. Whether it contains roots or not, the shear strength of the root soil-root complex will decrease if the water content is too large. Secondly, soil compactness has a significant effect on the samples of the root soil complex, and the higher the normal pressure, the higher the shear strength of the root soil complex. Root diameter can increase the shear strength of soil in a certain range, but its enhancement effect is slightly lower than that of normal pressure which increases the shear strength of soil by enhancing the compactness of soil. This explains the phenomenon that geological disasters such as landslides occur even in the presence of plants. This conclusion is not contrary to the theory of soil fixation and slope protection by plant roots, but root diameter has limited effect on strengthening the shear strength of soil.

3.4. Direct Shear Friction Characteristics of Roots of Celia multiflorum and Cassia bifilata

3.4.1. Relationship between Normal Pressure and Shear Properties of Roots of Polyflorum and Cassia

Plant roots play a role in soil reinforcement and slope protection, transforming the mechanical properties of roots into soil reinforcement and soil protection, concave and convex on the surface of roots. The friction generated by the volt played a great role. It can be seen from Figure 11 that there are differences in the concave and convex characteristics (friction) of the root bark of the two species. For Indigofera amblyantha, the root diameter increased from small to large, the root epidermal gully depth and crack width generally increased, and the root epidermis appeared convex. For Cassia bicapsularis, the root bark color is darker, and the overall color is dark brown. As the root diameter increases, the color gradually becomes lighter. Similarly, the increase in root diameter leads to different cracks and gullies on the root epidermis, and there are also some bulges. It is worth noting that, compared with the two, with the increase in root diameter, the root epidermis of the root epidermis is mainly composed of longitudinal gully-type protrusions, and with the increase in root diameter, the gully gradually widens and deepens.

In summary, for different plants, the root skin friction characteristics with the increase in root diameter showed different trends, which. It is bound to affect the friction between roots and soil, thus affecting the characteristics of soil slope protection.

In this study, different roots were classified according to diameter class, the root bark was lightly cut open with a knife, and then the root bark was peeled off. The root bark was kept intact as much as possible during the experiment. In the experiment, it was difficult to peel the roots with smaller root diameter less than 2 mm, which would affect the scientific nature of the experiment. Therefore, this study mainly studied the friction characteristics of root bark and soil under different normal pressures through three diameter classes of 3, 4 and 5 mm roots. As can be seen from Figure 12, when the root diameter was 4 mm, the friction strength between root soil and soil increased linearly with the increase in normal pressure. This is because the higher the normal pressure, the closer the contact between root epidermis and soil, and the better the resistance to shear. It is worth noting that the higher the normal pressure, the higher the friction strength between root soil, which does not mean that the friction strength between root bark and soil can reach this strength. The strength is the sum of soil strength and root bark-soil friction strength.

According to the microscopic images of the root bark of the two plants, the convexity of the root bark of C. multiflorum was lower than that of C. diflorum in the same diameter class. The experimental study showed that the friction strength between the root soil of C. multiflorum with more convexity of the root skin was significantly higher than that of C. multiflorum. However, when the normal pressure was 50 kPa, there was no significant difference between them, and the difference was slightly lower than that of polyflorum. The reason is that when the normal pressure is small, the contact between root soil is weak, and the friction of root epidermis is not completely released.

3.4.2. Relationship between Soil Water Content and Shear Properties of Roots of Polyflorum and Cassia

Soil water content is also one of the important factors affecting the contact between root epidermis and soil. In order to further study the effect of root water content on the friction characteristics between roots and soil, the protective effect of roots on slope under different humidity conditions was discussed. According to the fluctuation of natural water content (14.3%), and referring to the national standard DIN ISO 16586-2012 “Soil quality-volume fraction gravimetric analysis method for determining soil moisture content based on known dry bulk density”, three water contents (10.3%, 14.3% and 18.3%) were designed for research. Because the study area is generally located in the karst rocky desertification area, the soil layer in the area is generally shallow. In order to make the research results more suitable for the repair and treatment of slopes in Guizhou, the normal pressure of 100 k Pa and the root diameter of 4 mm were selected as the research objects to explore the influence of soil moisture content on root–soil friction.

As can be seen from Figure 13, the friction characteristics of the two root soils gradually increased during the change of soil moisture content from 10.8% to 22.3%. It indicates that the increase in water content in this range is helpful to the cementation between root and soil and improve the slope protection strength of plant roots. The natural water content of the study area measured in the experiment is 14.3%, and the water content decreases, and the lime soil is in a loose state, which is difficult to bond with the root soil, resulting in the difficulty of the root system to play its frictional role. With the increase in water content, soil aggregates increased to a certain extent, which enhanced the cementation between root soil and soil. This indicates that in the early stage of rain, when the soil moisture content is more suitable, it is helpful to increase the friction between root and soil. However, continuous rainfall will form a water film at the root–soil interface and reduce root soil friction. The variation range of water content in this study is not large, and the effect of large variation of water content on the friction characteristics of root soil needs further study. In addition, the friction strength of root soil of Cassiae japonicum was greater than that of Xanthophylla polyflorum at any water content, indicating that the convexity of root bark had a decisive effect on the friction characteristics of root soil. Therefore, no matter in karst area with shallow soil layer or loess plateau area with thick soil layer, the influence of plant root bark convexity should not be ignored when selecting plant species.

3.4.3. Relationship between Root Diameters and Shear Properties of Roots of Celia polyflorum and Cassia bifilata

With the growth and development of plants, plant tissues will change, so is the root bark. It can be seen from above that with the increase in root diameter, the root formed longitudinal gully and transverse raster cracks in the macroscopic view. The appearance of the crack changed the convexity of the root bark surface, which had a great influence on the root bark-soil friction to a certain extent. In order to quantitatively study the influence of root diameter change on the friction characteristics of root soil, the influence of root diameter change on the friction of root soil was investigated at 14.3% water content and 100 kPa normal pressure. It can be seen from Figure 14 that, for polyfloral xylem blue, the friction strength is minimum when the root diameter is 3 mm, and maximum when the root diameter is 5 mm. The root diameter has a great influence on the friction of root soil, and there is a positive relationship between the two, that is, the larger the root diameter, the better the cementation effect between the root and the soil. In addition, the macroscopical Angle of root bark was significantly different between the 5 mm root diameter and the 5 mm root diameter. The friction intensity of the root soil with longitudinal gully type was significantly lower than that with transverse grid type. The results indicate that the root bark cracks have better bond with the soil when the root bark cracks are of the transverse grid type. It is worth noting that for different tree species, the increase in diameter mainly changes the width and depth of cracks to affect the bond between root soil, but has little effect on the change of crack type. When the root bark was transverse grid, the contact area between root bark and soil was relatively larger, which was one of the reasons for the higher friction intensity of root soil of Cassia bifida.

3.4.4. Relationship between Water Content and Shear Properties of Root Soil Complex of Xylanulosa polyflorum and Cassia bifilata

Water content is an important factor affecting root soil complex. In the rocky desertification area, the soil layer is shallow, the lime soil viscosity is not high, the normal pressure is relatively small (50 kPa), the root diameter of polyflorum azulosa is 3 mm, and the root diameter of Cassia bifidus is 2 mm to illustrate the effect of water content on the shear strength of the root soil complex. According to Figure 15, the shear strength of both root soil complex and plain soil increased first and then decreased with the increase in water content, which was generally consistent with the research results of Gerile (2014) and Chen Hongxing (2007). When the water content is 22.3%, the shear strength of root soil complex is significantly higher than that of plain soil. When the water content is 10.3% and 18.3%, the difference in shear strength is not significant. The water content is 14.3%, and the shear strength of the root soil complex is relatively the largest, which may be due to the better cementation between the soil and the root system at this water content, which is more resistant to shear failure. It can be seen that about 14.3% moisture content may be the best moisture content.

In addition, when the water content is 23.1%, the shear strength of plain soil and root soil complex is the lowest. It is worth noting that at this water content, the shear strength of the multiflorum xylanulosa root soil complex is 24.3 kPa, the shear strength of the Cassia twinae root soil complex is 23.17 kPa, and the shear strength of the plain soil is 25.1 kPa. The shear strength of the complex with roots was lower than that of the plain soil. In conclusion, for the lime soil-root complex with low viscosity in the rocky desertification area, its shear strength is affected by many factors. Whether it contains roots or not, the shear strength of the root soil-root complex will decrease if the water content is too large. Secondly, soil compactness has a significant effect on the samples of the root soil complex, and the higher the normal pressure, the higher the shear strength of the root soil complex. Root diameter can increase the shear strength of soil in a certain range, but its enhancement effect is slightly lower than that of normal pressure which increases the shear strength of soil by enhancing the compactness of soil. This explains the phenomenon that geological disasters such as landslides occur even in the presence of plants. This conclusion is not contrary to the theory of soil fixation and slope protection by plant roots, but root diameter has limited effect on strengthening the shear strength of soil.

4. Slope Treatment Scheme

With the “14th Five-Year Plan” scientific and technological innovation key task for the "utilization of bulk solid waste resources in mining areas", the comprehensive utilization of solid waste is also more and more attention, and the use of waste rock tailings for land reclamation in subsidence areas has become an important direction. According to the actual situation of the mine, this paper puts forward the treatment plan, the specific implementation plan is as follows:

(1) Make a comprehensive plan for the subsidence area, and determine the level elevation and vegetation type after filling according to the ecological environment and topography of the subsidence area;

(2) Peel off the topsoil layer. The soil layer with a surface thickness of about 20 cm has the highest soil activation, which is a good substrate for plant growth and development. Therefore, live soil with 20 cm thickness in the surface of the subsidence area should be stripped and stored before filling, and its weathering and flushing should be prevented.

(3) gangue filling. Due to the principle of filling from outside to inside, from bottom to top, layering and filling, layering and compaction, each filling 0.5 m high, a spray with lime milk, then use bulldozer for leveling, the selection of at least 15 t more than roller rolling 2~3 times, and the strong vibration is not less than 2 times. After repeated work, when the thickness of waste rock tailings reaches 5 m, loess or clay is selected to cover 0.5 m and compacted, so as to block the oxygen supply channel, avoid energy accumulation inside the waste rock tail section and prevent spontaneous combustion.

(4) Topsoil is backfilled, and vegetation is planted on its surface according to local conditions. As shown in Figure 16, this area is a planting area of polyfloristic blue, which can not only restore the ecological environment to a certain extent, but also achieve the effect of anti-slip of the soil layer.

The growth of rhizomes is very important for the soil anti-sliding in the filled area. The rhizome investigation adopts the sampling method and the direct excavation method. The soil near the rhizome is excavated slowly, and the excavated rhizome is cleaned with a brush. The soil of the rhizome is made into a vetiver rhizome sample as shown in Figure 17. It can be seen from Figure 17 that the main diameter of vetiver root is generally longitudinal, which can grow to 2–3 m. The surface of its rhizome is attached with a large number of root hairs, which can form a unified whole with the surrounding soil. The effect is more effective in strengthening the soil and reducing the probability of sliding damage caused by rainfall and other reasons.

In order to determine the difference of mechanical parameters of soil with or without rhizomes, the soil and root-containing soil in the filling area without vetiver grass were taken. The elastic modulus of soil was measured by light consolidation instrument, and the internal friction angle and cohesion coefficient were measured by electric direct shear instrument, as shown in Figure 18. The test results of sample soil are shown in

Table 3. Mechanical parameters of the sample.

Sample Material	Elastic Modulus E/kPa	Angle of Internal Friction ф/°	Cohesion c/kPa
Rootless soil	4100	21.426	17.516
Rhizome soil	8216	24.174	31.824

. According to Table 3 and related literature, the elastic modulus and cohesion of rhizome soil are about 2 times that of non-rhizome soil, and the corresponding internal friction angle also increases, and the stability of the soil also increases.

In order to further verify the reliability of vegetation slope protection, this paper uses FLAC 3D numerical simulation software to analyze the slope stability with or without plant roots under rainfall conditions. Slope soil parameters are shown in

Table 4. Slope soil mechanical parameters.

Sample Material	Elastic Modulus E/kPa	Angle of Internal Friction ф/°	Cohesion c/kPa	Density kg/m3
Rootless soil	4100	21	17	2020

. The total displacement distribution of the slope under the condition of no rain and rainstorm is shown in Figure 19. It can be seen that under the condition of no rain, the maximum displacement of the slope appears in the slope of the upper step, which is about 30 mm. From the upper step slope to the top or toe of the slope, the displacement of the slope soil gradually decreases, but the decrease in the direction of the toe of the slope is significantly smaller. From the top of the lower step slope to the foot of the slope, the displacement of the rock and soil mass of the lower step slope gradually decreases from 21 mm to 9 mm. It can be seen that from the point of view of the maximum displacement, the repaired slope can maintain good self-stability and can ensure safety and stability under the condition of no rain. Under the condition of heavy rain, the displacement of red clay slope after repair mainly appears in the top area of the upper step slope, and the displacement value reaches nearly 300 mm, which shows that the upper step is prone to overall sliding instability under the condition of heavy rain. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of engineering construction, it should be prohibited to excavate the slope under heavy rain; At the same time, it is necessary to cover or reinforce the slope surface to prevent the slope instability caused by rainwater infiltration when rainstorm comes. Figure 20 shows the time-history curves of slope soil displacement at different positions. Under the condition of no rain, the displacement of the soil at the top, middle and bottom of the slope increased by 6.2 mm, 33.7 mm and 14.6 mm respectively, while the displacement of the soil at the top, middle and bottom of the lower slope increased by 17.3 mm, 5.0 mm and 1.1 mm respectively. During the excavation and repair process of the lower slope, the soil displacement of the upper slope remains basically unchanged, while the soil displacement at the top, middle and bottom of the lower slope increases by 0.9 mm, 4.6 mm and 2.3 mm respectively. Under the condition of rainstorm, the displacement of the soil at the top, middle and bottom of the upper slope increased by 364 mm, 389 mm and 16.2 mm respectively, while the displacement of the soil at the top, middle and bottom of the lower slope increased by 18.1 mm, 6.9 mm and 1.7 mm respectively. During the excavation and repair process of the lower slope, the soil displacement of the upper slope remained basically unchanged, while the soil displacement at the top, middle and bottom of the lower slope increased by 1.8 mm, 7.5 mm and 4.1 mm respectively. It can be seen that the excavation of the upper slope has the greatest influence on the displacement of the red clay area of the red clay slope, especially under rainstorm conditions. Therefore, in the construction of the project, the red clay area of the slope should be focused on prevention and monitoring.

According to Figure 21, after plant slope protection, the top of the potential sliding surface of the slope is located about 6 m behind the top of the upper slope, but its bottom is not located at the bottom of the upper slope, but at the top of the lower slope. That is to say, compared with the condition without vegetation, the potential sliding surface of the slope supported by green vegetation moves down 2–3 m. At the same time, its overall stability coefficient under no rain and heavy rain conditions is increased to 1.88 respectively, which not only beautify the surrounding environment of the factory, but also meet the safety requirements of the project. It can be seen that the use of green plant reinforcement technology for the slope can significantly improve the economic and environmental benefits of the project.

5. Conclusions

With the increase in root diameter, the tensile resistance gradually increased, and there was a positive correlation between them. However, due to the different tree species, there are some differences in the increase in the two species, and the tensile resistance of polyfloriferous blue is greater than that of double pod Cassia. The root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, that is, the smaller root had better tensile strength than the coarser root. Similar to the tensile strength, the tensile strength of the root system of C. polyflorum was higher than that of C. polyflorum. This conclusion has a certain significance in guiding the selection of slope species.

• Under the moisture content of saturated moisture content and nature, two kinds of shrubs tensile resistance and tensile strength and the change tendency of the differences between the root diameter is not big, but have a certain influence on the value, its performance for the saturated moisture content, the more indigofera kirilowii applied in general is on the decline, while the double pod tree, on the contrary, tensile resistance and tensile strength are increased. The lignin content decreased with the increase in root diameter, while the cellulose and hemicellulose contents increased with the increase in root diameter. With the increase in root diameter, lignin content decreased, cellulose and semi-fiber content increased, and lignin content was the highest.
• The normal pressure has a great influence on the friction characteristics of the root–soil interface. With the increase in normal pressure, the friction characteristics of root–soil interface increase. With the increase in water content from 10.3 to 22.3%, the friction strength of the root–soil interface gradually increased, and the friction strength of the root–soil interface of Cassia bilbilis was higher than that of Xylothorax polyflorum. With the increase in root diameter, the friction strength at the root–soil interface of the two shrubs increased to a certain extent, but the increase was small.
• With the increase in root diameter, the shear strength of the root–soil complex generally increased first, then decreased and then increased. The optimal shear strength was 3 mm in the root diameter of P. multiflorum, and 2 mm in Cassia bipinnata. The normal pressure also increased the soil compactness so that the root system can give full play to its reinforcing function. The greater the normal pressure is, the greater the shear strength of the root–soil complex will be. When the water content increased from 10.3% to 22.3%, the shear strength of the root–soil complex of the two shrubs increased first and then decreased gradually, reaching the maximum value at 14.3%, followed by the shear strength at 10.3% and the minimum value at 22.3%.
• The tensile and shear properties of plant roots are important factors to determine the slope protection, and the tensile properties are direct indicators to evaluate the slope protection. In this paper, the effects of normal pressure, soil moisture content, and root diameter on the direct shear friction of root system and the shear characteristics of the root–soil composite were studied by measuring the tensile and shear characteristics of single root of Cassia macrocarpa and Cassia bicapsularis. We hope to further reveal the mechanism of soil reinforcement and slope protection of the root system, and provide some theoretical guidance for ecological restoration and reconstruction in rocky desertification areas.