Spatial Network Evolution of Water Resources Green Efficiency in Yellow River Basin Urban Agglomerations

This study evaluates the transmission relationships and spatial correlation network structure of water resources green efficiency among seven urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin from 2008 to 2022. Using the Super-SBM model, water resources green efficiency was measured. A modified gravity model was then employed to assess the spatial linkage intensity among cities. Social network analysis was applied to explore the structural characteristics and evolution patterns of the network. Results reveal a fluctuating water efficiency trend, characterized by “rising, then falling, and finally rising,” with an average efficiency of 0.561. Significant regional disparities and considerable potential for improvement persist. The water efficiency network displays an uneven structure, with intensified spatial linkages and a “dense in the east, sparse in the west” pattern. The overall network density is moderate, characterized by more benefits than spillovers. Zhengzhou, Xi’an, and Jinan emerge as key hubs, exhibiting strong external influence and rapid communication within the network. The distinct and stable core-edge structure underscores the importance of inter-regional collaboration to enhance overall water resources green efficiency. This study provides critical insights and policy recommendations for optimizing water resource allocation and promoting sustainable regional development in the Yellow River Basin.