Intra-Annual Cumulative Effects and Mechanisms of Climatic Factors on Global Vegetation Biomes’ Growth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1. NDVI Data
2.2. Climate Data
2.3. Vegetation Type Data
3. Methods
3.1. Accumulated Climatic Factors
3.2. Partial Correlation Analyses and Cumulative Effect Analyses
4. Results
4.1. Global Distribution of Unchanged Vegetation Types
4.2. Accumulated Climatic Effect Durations
4.3. Correlations between Accumulated Climatic Factors and Vegetation Growth
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Climate Regions | ENF | EBF | DNF | DBF | MF | CS | OS | SAVA | WS | GL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warm Temperate Moist | 3.58% | 2.51% | 0.00% | 38.55% | 1.51% | 0.02% | 0.00% | 4.36% | 7.40% | 0.64% |
Warm Temperate Dry | 0.42% | 0.43% | 0.00% | 2.58% | 0.27% | 10.08% | 13.33% | 4.22% | 2.86% | 12.62% |
Cool Temperate Moist | 42.00% | 0.41% | 0.01% | 42.37% | 67.10% | 0.99% | 0.12% | 5.74% | 13.21% | 6.92% |
Cool Temperate Dry | 1.89% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.72% | 2.13% | 0.61% | 3.12% | 2.00% | 1.86% | 49.60% |
Polar Moist | 1.12% | 0.00% | 0.05% | 0.02% | 0.04% | 7.69% | 18.93% | 1.16% | 0.57% | 5.80% |
Polar Dry | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.90% | 0.14% | 0.01% | 0.57% |
Boreal Moist | 48.18% | 0.00% | 63.71% | 2.36% | 24.73% | 8.87% | 17.91% | 27.86% | 40.07% | 2.58% |
Boreal Dry | 2.61% | 0.00% | 36.23% | 0.13% | 4.08% | 0.04% | 2.19% | 6.63% | 9.46% | 7.11% |
Tropical Montane | 0.03% | 4.07% | 0.00% | 0.21% | 0.01% | 2.32% | 4.32% | 4.99% | 7.83% | 2.56% |
Tropical Wet | 0.00% | 59.91% | 0.00% | 0.17% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 4.14% | 2.66% | 0.70% |
Tropical Moist | 0.16% | 32.46% | 0.00% | 9.58% | 0.12% | 0.20% | 0.01% | 30.42% | 10.13% | 3.71% |
Tropical Dry | 0.00% | 0.21% | 0.00% | 2.31% | 0.00% | 69.19% | 38.17% | 8.34% | 3.95% | 7.19% |
Biomes | APRE | ATEM | ASOLAR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Accumulation | Climate Zones | Percentage | Time Accumulation | Climate Zones | Percentage | Time Accumulation | Climate Zones | Percentage | |
ENF | 12 | 7 | 18.58% | 0 | 7 | 46.48% | 3 | 7 | 24.55% |
7 | 7 | 11.51% | 0 | 3 | 27.52% | 4 | 7 | 17.83% | |
12 | 3 | 11.09% | 7 | 3 | 5.00% | 4 | 3 | 15.23% | |
0 | 3 | 8.86% | 6 | 3 | 4.31% | 5 | 3 | 8.17% | |
6 | 7 | 8.24% | 0 | 8 | 2.43% | 3 | 3 | 6.99% | |
6 | 3 | 5.52% | 1 | 3 | 1.19% | 0 | 3 | 2.97% | |
7 | 3 | 4.55% | 5 | 3 | 1.12% | 2 | 7 | 2.83% | |
1 | 3 | 3.32% | 0 | 4 | 1.06% | 6 | 3 | 2.18% | |
2 | 7 | 2.86% | 0 | 0 | 0.96% | 7 | 3 | 2.14% | |
2 | 3 | 2.26% | 0 | 5 | 0.89% | 3 | 8 | 1.72% | |
EBF | 9 | 10 | 10.86% | 0 | 10 | 19.09% | 0 | 10 | 19.95% |
1 | 11 | 10.41% | 0 | 11 | 14.67% | 3 | 10 | 6.15% | |
1 | 10 | 7.01% | 1 | 10 | 8.01% | 2 | 11 | 5.71% | |
6 | 10 | 5.41% | 1 | 11 | 6.90% | 0 | 11 | 5.69% | |
0 | 10 | 5.07% | 5 | 10 | 5.58% | 2 | 10 | 5.57% | |
5 | 10 | 4.83% | 6 | 10 | 4.37% | 4 | 10 | 5.42% | |
10 | 10 | 4.71% | 7 | 10 | 4.06% | 12 | 10 | 5.01% | |
8 | 10 | 4.32% | 2 | 10 | 3.62% | 1 | 10 | 3.86% | |
0 | 11 | 4.10% | 12 | 10 | 3.33% | 7 | 11 | 3.80% | |
2 | 10 | 4.09% | 4 | 10 | 2.88% | 7 | 10 | 3.48% | |
DNF | 2 | 7 | 35.10% | 0 | 7 | 62.40% | 3 | 7 | 61.57% |
2 | 8 | 12.12% | 0 | 8 | 36.17% | 3 | 8 | 35.50% | |
7 | 8 | 11.87% | 12 | 7 | 1.23% | 4 | 7 | 1.13% | |
12 | 7 | 10.54% | 0 | 5 | 0.05% | 2 | 7 | 0.69% | |
7 | 7 | 9.36% | 12 | 8 | 0.05% | 4 | 8 | 0.49% | |
3 | 8 | 6.84% | 5 | 7 | 0.03% | 0 | 7 | 0.22% | |
3 | 7 | 3.97% | 4 | 7 | 0.03% | 2 | 8 | 0.21% | |
8 | 7 | 2.08% | 0 | 0 | 0.02% | 9 | 7 | 0.10% | |
12 | 8 | 1.92% | 1 | 7 | 0.02% | 3 | 5 | 0.05% | |
8 | 8 | 1.54% | 0 | 3 | 0.01% | 3 | 0 | 0.01% | |
DBF | 12 | 1 | 22.93% | 0 | 3 | 29.25% | 5 | 1 | 21.41% |
12 | 3 | 15.98% | 6 | 1 | 26.05% | 4 | 3 | 17.19% | |
2 | 3 | 7.49% | 7 | 1 | 8.93% | 3 | 3 | 15.17% | |
1 | 11 | 6.52% | 6 | 3 | 5.53% | 4 | 1 | 13.67% | |
6 | 1 | 6.37% | 7 | 3 | 5.36% | 5 | 3 | 7.20% | |
0 | 3 | 5.01% | 8 | 11 | 2.62% | 1 | 11 | 2.64% | |
7 | 3 | 4.68% | 0 | 7 | 2.18% | 6 | 1 | 2.39% | |
5 | 1 | 3.32% | 3 | 11 | 2.17% | 2 | 11 | 2.13% | |
3 | 3 | 3.18% | 0 | 1 | 1.66% | 3 | 7 | 1.29% | |
12 | 2 | 1.72% | 0 | 0 | 1.31% | 5 | 2 | 1.24% | |
MF | 12 | 3 | 41.80% | 0 | 3 | 55.77% | 3 | 3 | 44.82% |
12 | 7 | 11.61% | 0 | 7 | 24.14% | 3 | 7 | 18.89% | |
7 | 3 | 6.04% | 6 | 3 | 6.56% | 4 | 3 | 16.63% | |
6 | 3 | 5.40% | 0 | 8 | 4.00% | 4 | 7 | 4.09% | |
0 | 3 | 5.09% | 7 | 3 | 2.99% | 3 | 8 | 2.85% | |
2 | 7 | 4.37% | 0 | 4 | 1.83% | 5 | 3 | 2.61% | |
7 | 7 | 2.81% | 0 | 0 | 0.50% | 3 | 4 | 1.51% | |
2 | 3 | 2.79% | 6 | 1 | 0.46% | 2 | 7 | 1.25% | |
12 | 8 | 2.46% | 5 | 3 | 0.43% | 4 | 8 | 0.84% | |
10 | 3 | 1.77% | 7 | 1 | 0.33% | 6 | 3 | 0.62% | |
CS | 9 | 12 | 19.17% | 0 | 12 | 25.29% | 6 | 12 | 13.12% |
10 | 12 | 9.83% | 12 | 12 | 16.26% | 5 | 12 | 9.33% | |
5 | 12 | 9.19% | 0 | 7 | 7.22% | 10 | 12 | 9.01% | |
7 | 12 | 7.39% | 0 | 5 | 6.53% | 7 | 12 | 8.75% | |
8 | 12 | 5.88% | 4 | 12 | 5.36% | 12 | 12 | 8.57% | |
7 | 7 | 5.78% | 8 | 12 | 4.64% | 4 | 12 | 7.81% | |
6 | 12 | 5.37% | 7 | 12 | 4.27% | 0 | 7 | 4.43% | |
4 | 12 | 5.04% | 3 | 12 | 3.68% | 0 | 12 | 3.78% | |
7 | 5 | 2.84% | 0 | 2 | 2.62% | 4 | 5 | 3.29% | |
3 | 12 | 2.55% | 7 | 2 | 2.31% | 7 | 2 | 3.07% | |
OS | 9 | 12 | 8.11% | 0 | 7 | 14.68% | 3 | 7 | 12.24% |
8 | 5 | 5.13% | 0 | 5 | 10.35% | 3 | 5 | 9.07% | |
12 | 7 | 4.84% | 0 | 12 | 8.55% | 12 | 12 | 7.53% | |
8 | 12 | 4.82% | 1 | 5 | 8.27% | 2 | 5 | 7.04% | |
5 | 12 | 4.80% | 12 | 12 | 7.86% | 7 | 12 | 6.02% | |
3 | 12 | 4.37% | 0 | 2 | 5.00% | 6 | 12 | 5.06% | |
7 | 12 | 4.23% | 7 | 12 | 3.49% | 0 | 12 | 4.66% | |
8 | 7 | 3.59% | 3 | 12 | 3.47% | 10 | 12 | 4.51% | |
4 | 12 | 3.57% | 1 | 7 | 3.06% | 2 | 7 | 3.01% | |
10 | 12 | 2.72% | 7 | 2 | 2.31% | 8 | 12 | 2.78% | |
Sava | 7 | 7 | 10.09% | 0 | 7 | 27.11% | 3 | 7 | 19.42% |
12 | 7 | 6.67% | 0 | 3 | 2.88% | 2 | 11 | 5.72% | |
1 | 11 | 5.56% | 0 | 8 | 6.38% | 4 | 7 | 5.23% | |
2 | 11 | 4.80% | 6 | 1 | 1.47% | 3 | 8 | 4.87% | |
5 | 11 | 4.17% | 3 | 9 | 0.75% | 1 | 11 | 4.46% | |
12 | 8 | 3.36% | 0 | 11 | 7.79% | 6 | 11 | 3.31% | |
2 | 7 | 3.28% | 7 | 1 | 0.41% | 7 | 11 | 2.92% | |
4 | 11 | 2.97% | 2 | 11 | 2.75% | 3 | 11 | 2.57% | |
6 | 11 | 2.69% | 12 | 1 | 0.75% | 0 | 11 | 2.32% | |
0 | 11 | 2.67% | 4 | 9 | 0.58% | 9 | 11 | 2.20% | |
WS | 7 | 7 | 11.53% | 0 | 7 | 38.95% | 3 | 7 | 28.37% |
12 | 7 | 9.28% | 0 | 3 | 9.85% | 4 | 7 | 8.88% | |
2 | 7 | 8.01% | 0 | 8 | 9.07% | 3 | 8 | 7.36% | |
12 | 3 | 4.99% | 6 | 1 | 2.12% | 3 | 3 | 5.31% | |
6 | 7 | 4.81% | 3 | 9 | 1.93% | 4 | 3 | 4.92% | |
12 | 8 | 4.14% | 0 | 11 | 1.70% | 1 | 9 | 2.25% | |
0 | 9 | 3.10% | 7 | 1 | 1.63% | 6 | 1 | 1.88% | |
12 | 1 | 2.53% | 2 | 11 | 1.46% | 5 | 1 | 1.80% | |
1 | 11 | 2.21% | 12 | 1 | 1.40% | 4 | 1 | 1.62% | |
2 | 8 | 1.85% | 4 | 9 | 1.39% | 2 | 7 | 1.55% | |
GL | 12 | 4 | 27.98% | 3 | 4 | 10.99% | 4 | 4 | 13.73% |
2 | 4 | 12.70% | 4 | 4 | 10.97% | 3 | 4 | 11.99% | |
1 | 4 | 5.54% | 0 | 4 | 7.34% | 2 | 4 | 11.38% | |
12 | 8 | 3.40% | 6 | 4 | 5.73% | 5 | 4 | 6.47% | |
2 | 8 | 3.30% | 5 | 4 | 5.23% | 4 | 8 | 4.37% | |
2 | 5 | 3.17% | 0 | 8 | 4.91% | 3 | 5 | 2.93% | |
12 | 2 | 3.14% | 0 | 5 | 3.70% | 6 | 2 | 2.85% | |
2 | 2 | 2.76% | 6 | 2 | 3.53% | 5 | 2 | 2.31% | |
2 | 12 | 2.40% | 2 | 4 | 2.82% | 6 | 4 | 2.07% | |
1 | 12 | 1.87% | 0 | 3 | 2.51% | 4 | 3 | 2.06% | |
CL | 12 | 4 | 16.54% | 0 | 4 | 12.77% | 4 | 4 | 15.87% |
12 | 3 | 11.54% | 6 | 3 | 8.76% | 3 | 3 | 7.85% | |
12 | 2 | 8.19% | 0 | 3 | 7.58% | 3 | 4 | 7.23% | |
2 | 2 | 5.99% | 6 | 4 | 5.47% | 4 | 3 | 6.51% | |
1 | 4 | 5.09% | 0 | 2 | 5.46% | 4 | 2 | 6.42% | |
2 | 4 | 4.87% | 4 | 4 | 5.10% | 5 | 2 | 5.67% | |
3 | 2 | 3.38% | 5 | 4 | 4.59% | 5 | 4 | 4.95% | |
12 | 1 | 3.07% | 6 | 2 | 4.54% | 5 | 3 | 4.82% | |
2 | 12 | 2.69% | 6 | 1 | 4.44% | 6 | 2 | 4.09% | |
1 | 2 | 2.67% | 5 | 2 | 3.57% | 5 | 1 | 2.93% |
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Du, G.; Yan, S.; Chen, H.; Yang, J.; Wen, Y. Intra-Annual Cumulative Effects and Mechanisms of Climatic Factors on Global Vegetation Biomes’ Growth. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050779
Du G, Yan S, Chen H, Yang J, Wen Y. Intra-Annual Cumulative Effects and Mechanisms of Climatic Factors on Global Vegetation Biomes’ Growth. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(5):779. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050779
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Guoming, Shouhong Yan, Hang Chen, Jian Yang, and Youyue Wen. 2024. "Intra-Annual Cumulative Effects and Mechanisms of Climatic Factors on Global Vegetation Biomes’ Growth" Remote Sensing 16, no. 5: 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050779
APA StyleDu, G., Yan, S., Chen, H., Yang, J., & Wen, Y. (2024). Intra-Annual Cumulative Effects and Mechanisms of Climatic Factors on Global Vegetation Biomes’ Growth. Remote Sensing, 16(5), 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050779